FRENCH 17

• See French 17 (1994, 93).

ARVEILLER, RAYMOND. "Addenda au FEW XIX (Orientalia), 21e article." ZRP 108 (1992), 515–549.

Continues careful and important work of the FEW, with entries from "saih" (leader, prelate, elder, judge) to "sarbin" (cedar). Numerous 17 c. entries from diplomatic correspondance, accounts of voyages, histories, botanical studies as well as literary sources and dictionnaries. Further testimony to fascination with things Eastern.

ARVEILLER, RAYMOND. "Addenda au FEW XIX (Orientalia), 22e article." ZRP 109 (1993), 47–83.

Entries from (prince) to (talc) are rich and carefully done. Numerous significant 17th c. entries including roccoco and a lengthy section on "tambour."

ARVEILLER, RAYMOND. "Addenda au FEW XIX (Orientalia), 23e article." ZRP 110 (1994), 372–409.

Entries from "tamr hindi" to "turcique," including lengthy articles on "blé de Turquie" and "cucurbitacées." Section should be particularly useful for criticism focusing on clothing and gastronomy. Numerous 17 th c. examples.

BAL, WILLY, JEAN GERMAIN, JEAN-RENE KLEIN and PIERRE SWIGGERS. Bibliographie sélective de linguistique romane et française. Paris: Louvain-la-Neuve: Duculot, 1991.

Review: W. Schweickard in ZRP 109 (1993), 730–31: Includes sections on: I. Langues du monde and II. Langues romanes. Categories are: bibliographie; revues; manuels, synthèses, aperçus; approche synchronique de la langue; approche historique de la langue; onomastique; versification; anthologies de textes. Also contains an index of authors. Valuable reference tool.

BERGER, GUNTER. "Klassik als Ware: Selektion der classiques in Buchandelskatalogen des 18. Jahrhunderts," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 63–80.

BIEDERMANN-PASQUEZ, LISELOTTE. Les Grands courants orthographiques au XVIIe siècle et la formation de l'orthographe moderne. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1992.

Review: Corinne Etienne in FR (1995), 886–87: Careful analysis, rich with examples, of 44 works from the well-known (Vaugelas, D'Olivet) to anonymous writings of journalists and printers. Part I focuses on the reasons for the absence of orthographic standards; II, on problems of a developing phonology, and the first forward-looking attempts at description (especially Buffier); II offers a synthesis of the three currents of orthographic usage. A fine reference work.

BINGEN, NICOLE. Philausone (1500–1600). Répertoire des ouvrages en langue italienne publiés dans les pays de langue française de 1500 à 1660. Genève: Droz, 1994.

Review: M. Danzoni in BHR 57 (1995), 239–40: Nouveau volume est la suite de son Maître italien (1510–1660) de 1987.

BLECHET, FRANÇOISE. Les Ventes publiques de livres en France, 1630–1750. Répertoire des catalogues conservés à la Bibliothèque Nationale. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1991.

Review: C. Sorgeloos in RBPH 72 (1994), 1031–33: "Classé selon l'ordre chronologique des ventes, il recense près de 400 catalogues de ventes publiques appartenant aux collections de la Bibliothèque Nationale, de 1630 à 1750."

• See French 17 (1994, 92, 91).

BREDNICH, ROLF WILHELM, HERMANN BAUSINGER, WOLFGANG BRÜCKNER, LUTZ RÖHRICH and RUDOLF SCHENDA, eds. Enzyklopädie des Märchens. Vol. 6. Gott und Teufel auf Wanderschaft. Berlin/New York: Hyltén-Cavallius/Walter de Gruyter, 1988–1990.

Review: A. Gier in Archiv 230 (1993), 137–140. Midway to the proposed goal of the collection, this 6th volume, like its predecessors, contains much information on narrative subject matter, types, motifs, notes on literary texts, narrative historical theory, method and accounts of research by regions, countries or linguistic communities.

CARRIER, HUBERT. La Presse de la Fronde (1648–1653): les Mazarinades. II. Les Hommes du livre. Geneva: Droz, 1991.

Review: Nicole Aronson in FR 67 (1994), 513–14: Index, chronology, and vast bibliography for earlier La Conquete de l'Opinion. Information on the status of printers and authors, censorship measures, reflections of the people in this "Etats generaux du verbe."

CHAMBERS, BETTYE THOMAS. Bibliography of French bibles. II: Seventeenth Century French-Language Editions of the Scriptures. Genève: Droz, 1994.

Includes all French-Language editions of the complete Bible, the complete Old Testament, and the complete new Testament, published in any country between 1601 and 1700, including any diglot or polyglot editions where French is one of the languages. Valuable appendices listing libraries, holdings, printers, and publishers.

CHARLES, MICHEL, ed. Vingt-cing ans de Poétique, 1970–1994. Tables et index des numeros 1 à 100. Paris: Seuil, 1995.

CHARTIER, ROBERT. The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the 14th and 18th Centuries. Oxford: Polity Press, 1994.

Review: L.R.N. Ashley in BHR 57 (1995), 133–34: Erudite work which describes "the various systems that were devised to straighten out the world of manuscript and printed books over the centuries, the registration of titles, the classification and arrangement of works, the setting up of organized libraries, etc."

• See French 17 (1994).

CHATELAIN, JEAN-MARC. Livres d'emblèmes et de devises, une anthologie (1531–1735). Paris: Klincksieck, 1993.

Review: M. Engammare in BHR 56 (1994), 565–67: "Cette anthologie offre un choix de près de cent livres d'emblèmes et de devises, précédé d'une introduction avertie et subtile qui fait la part large aux rapports entre rhétorique et société aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles."

CIFARELLI, PAOLA. Catalogue thématique des fables épisodiques françaises du XVIe siecle. Paris: Champion, 1993.

Review: Hans R. Runte in FR 68 (1995), 729–30: A "user's guide" to the catalogue is followed by succinct characterizations of 16th-century fable literature (citing Latin editions, French translations and adaptations, and in musical form), good biblio and index of characters, listing of collections. Wide-ranging, voluminous, and clearly-presented information on sources, occurences, and analyses.

COLEMAN, KATHLEEN. Guide to French Poetry Explication. New York: G.K. Hall, 1993.

Review: Michael Brophy in FR 68 (1995), 859–60: Reviewer is negatively critical on omissions and on principles of selection and inclusion but singles out the ampleness of the entry of La Fontaine.

DE MULDER, WALTER, FRANC SCHUEREWEGEN, and LILIANE TASMOWSKI, éds. Enonciation et parti pris. Actes du colloque de l'Université d'Anvers. Amsterdam/Atlanta: Rodopi, 1992.

Review: M. Wauthion in LR 47 (1993), 299–303: Thirty essays of linguistic, literary or interdisciplinary nature convince the reader "que le texte littéraire a beaucoup à prendre de l'analyse énonciative et inversement." Although W. regrets numerous typographical errors, he underscores several helpful analyses among which Ch. Angelet's on sincerity in La Princesse de Cleves and Anne Ubersfeld's on theatrical discourse in its relation to the spectator.

DI CESARE, DONATELLA and STEFANO GENSINI, eds. Iter Babelicum. Studien zur Historiographie der Linguistik, 1600–1800. Münster: Nodus, 1990.

Review: W. Schweickard in ZRP 110 (1994), 680–81: Stimulating collection of ten essays (in English, French and German) provides "a synthesis . . . of linguistic issues in European culture between 17th and 19th centuries from a variety of vantage points." 17th c. specialists will appreciate essays on scientific vs. ordinary language from Galileo to Leibniz, the French tradition of linguistic analysis (1660–1822) and on Vaugelas.

HARRIS, JOHN. Current Research in French Studies at Universities in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Bath, England: The Society for French Studies, n.d. Vol. 22 (1993–94).

17th c. literature, pp. 29 31; history, p. 39, and passim.

HAUSMANN, FRANZ JOSEF, OSKAR REICHMANN, HERBERT ERNST WIEGAND and LADISLAV ZGUSTA, eds. Wörterbücher/Dictionaries/Dictionnaires, Ein internationales Handbuch zur Lexikographie. Vol. 3 Berlin/ New York: de Gruyter, 1991.

Review: G. Holtus in ZRP 109 (1993), 390–92: An important research tool, this international encyclopedia attests to the flourishing state of lexicography.

HAUSMANN, FRANK RUTGER. "Pierre Marteau ou Pierre du Marteau, imprimeur imaginaire à l'époque de Louis XIV." in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 229–244.

Studies the production of the fictitious publisher as a model for all clandestine literature published during the period.

HUDSON, NICHOLAS. Writing and European Thought, 1600–1830. New York: Cambridge UP, 1995.

Review: D. L. in Choice 33 (1995), 457: "Except in price [$49.95] this is an admirable book,," says P. "Combining Hans Aarsleff's approach to the history of linguistics with interest in orality and literacy, H. . . . isolates four stages in Western attitudes to writing between the Renaissance and Romanticism. (1) Renaissance: high valuation of the hieroglyph for its provision of occult knowledge; low valuation of merely demotic alphabets and speech." Also included are Enlightenment, Later 18th Century, and Romanticism (2, 3, and 4, respectively). "Individual elements in this history are familiar; H.'s virtue," in the reviewer's opinion, "is drawing them into a single story . . . . The author is weaker in providing explanations for change, but students of literature, philosophy, and linguistics will find this detailed and trustworthy connected history immensely useful."

HUPKA, WERNER. Die Illustrationem in Wörterbüchern und Enzyklopädien. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1989.

Review: H. Klöden in ZRP 109 (1993), 392–96: This reference tool comprises historical, linguistic, psychological, semiotic and aesthetic perspectives. Chapter six includes a history of illustrations in French dictionaries.

KESSELRING, WILHELM. Dictionnaire chronologique de la langue française: le XVIIe siècle. Tome I: 1601–1606. Heidelberg: Winter, 1989.

Review: G. Ernst in RF 105 (1993), 135–138: Limited to words still in the language, K.'s dictionary is here greeted by a number of reservations including methods of classification and omission of a bibliography of sources. Reviewer hopes that the next volume will be more pédantesque, in the non-pejorative sense "qui tient du maître."

KLAPP, OTTO. Bibliographie der französischen Literaturwissenschaft. Ed. by Astrid Klapp Lehrmann. Vol. 31 (1993). Frankfurt: V. Klostermann, 1995.

17th c. section, pp. 275 334.

LA LINGUA FRANCESE NEL SEICENTO. Prefazione diMaurice Gross. Bari/Paris: Adriatica/Nizet, 1989.

Review: G. Ernst in RF 104 (1992), 416–420: Volume 9 of the review Quaderni del Seicento francese is of high quality, similar to its preceding issues. Demonstrating intensive reflection on the language, essays treat numerous aspects including neologisms, preciosity, the popular "Bibliothèque bleue," and surprisingly, French creole speech.

LEFRERE, JEAN JACQUES. "Littérature clandestine." QL (16–31 juillet 1995), 16–18.

"L'histoire littéraire n'est pas seulement affaire de livres, d'oeuvres et de biographies d'écrivains. Elle inclut également, et dans une proportion non négligeable, le monde des éditeurs tout comme celui des collectionneurs et des bibliophiles. L'apport des éditeurs dans la vie littéraire est reconnu de tous, bien qu'il ait fait jusqu'ici l'objet de peu d'attention. On peut le déplorer. . . . Quant au monde des collectionneurs et des bibliophiles, il est encore moins connu." Includes brief reference to 17th century.

LEROY-TURCAN, ISABELLE. Introduction à l'étude du Dictionnaire étymologique ou Origines de la langue françoise, Gilles Ménage (1694). Lyon: Centre d'études linguistiques Jacques Goudet, 1991.

Review: M. Pfister in ZRP 110 (1994), 561–63: Partial publication of a thesis written under Colette Demaizière (1990). L.-T. recognizes M.'s errors but appreciates his originality and concludes that he was "un précurseur de la linguistique moderne." Two-part study: 1) Ménage et l'étymologie: De la théorie à la pratique; 2) Les étymologies proposées: Bilan des résultats gives an objective and accurate depiction of M.'s etymological achievements. Based on two copies of the 1650 Origines and the 1694 Dictionnaire, L.-T.'s work is an important contribution to the history of French etymology.

MECKING, VOLKER. "Der französische Wortschatz im Diaeteticon (1682) des Johann Sigismund Elsholtz (1623–1688)." ZRP 110 (1994), 195–99.

Born in France, J.S.E. studied medicine in Wittenberg, Königsberg and in Padua. His Diaeteticon, an original work on the healing and culinary arts, is valuable for the history of French vocabulary and is of particular interest to specialists of 17th c. French gastronomy. M. includes three pages of examples.

MEINEL, CHRISTOPH. Die Bibliothek des Joachim Junius: Ein Betrag zur Historia littereria der früher Neuzeit. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1992.

Review: Howard R. Bernstein in Isis 86 (1995), 109–10: Complete catalogue of the library of this polymath (1587–1657), inventory of 1614, acquisition record for 1616–24. Introductory essay insists on the value of private book collecting as a guide to intellectural development: a concise intellectural biography is based on the time-lapse development of the library.

MÜLLER, BERTRAND. Bibliographie des travaux de Lucien Febvre. Paris: Colin, 1990.

Review: P. Schöttler in HZ 256 (1993), 126–127: Impressive and exceedingly useful bibliography of the extensive, rich and deep work of Febvre who, with Marc Block, founded the periodical Annales d'histoire économique et sociale. Focusing on 16th c. as well as modern times, the bibliography is a precious instrument for students of every period because of the wide spectrum of its scholarship.

PARUSSA, GABRIELLA. Les recueils français de fables ésopiques au XVIIe siècle. Genève: Slatkine, 1993.

Review: A. Gier in ZRP 110 (1994), 772–73: Carefully prepared catalogue with index of each collection and extensive introduction focusing on the history of French fables printed from 1600–1715. Authors include: La Fontaine, Fénelon, Furetière and Perrault. Includes a section on translations from Greek, Latin and Italian.

Review: Hans Runte in FR 67 (1994), 1067: "A rich, if by no means complete, harvest" of 300 eiditions published during the "golden age" of the fable. Authors, "full-fledged fabulists" are in small number (14) but are accompanied by 13 "occasionals." Important dépouillement of 14 anonymous collections and periodicals. Excludes even the most basic dates for La Fontaine, but he figures prominently in the intro. Entries include library numbers. Chronological listing and index of incipits.

PEACH, TREVOR et JEAN BRUNEL. Le "Fonds Goujet" de la Bibliothèque municipale de Versailles. Textes littéraires du XVIe, XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Catalogue alphabétique. Genève: Slatkine, 1992.

Review: R. Arbour in BHR 57 (1995), 268–70: Ouvrage solide et d'une remarqable clarté qui présente toutes les oeuvres contenues dans ce fonds.

PRICE, GLANVILLE and DAVID A. WELLS, eds. The Year's Work in Modern Language Studies. Vol. 50 (1988), London: The Modern Humanities Research Association, 1988.

Review: W. Engler in ZRP 109 (1993), 729–730: Notes increased breadth and sections on francophone studies. Also incorrectly classified items such as Festschrift in honor of Wolfgang Leiner which is much more than a contribution to the classical period.

PRICE, GLANVILLE and DAVID A. WELLS, eds. The Year's Work in Modern Language Studies. Vol. 51 (1989), London: The Modern Humanities Research Association, 1990.

Review: W. Engler in ZRP 109 (1993), 729–730: This volume dropped the chapter on 17th c. Notes other items inadequately presented. Offers supplemental list of items (some 17 th c.).

RABIN, SHEILA, ed. "Recent Bibliographical Tools, Critical Editions, Translations, and Essay Collections." RenQ 46 (1993), 220–224.

Useful commentary on a number of works of interest to 17th c. scholars. Entries range from architecture, law, manuscripts, prohibited books and concordances of literary works.

RANCOEUR, RENE. Bibliographie de la littérature française (XVIIe–XXe siècles). Année 1994. Paris: A. Colin, 1995.

17th c. section, pp. 43–80. Also issued in no. 3–4 of RHL 95 (1995), 395–432.

ROBERTS, WILLIAM. "Bibliography of North American Theses on Seventeenth Century French Literature and Background (1994)." PFSCL 22 (1995), 699–712.

Expanded coverage corresponds to vol. 54 of DAI (7/93 6/94) and to DA Ondisc CD ROM Retrieval (1/93 6/94). Corresponding FR and MLJ listings consulted. Cites 156 active and recent titles, of which 118 completed in literary, background and foreign areas.

ROUSSEL, BERNARD. "L'Equipe d'Histoire des protestantismes." BSHPF 141 (1995), 435–36.

Description of the committee and a biblio. of their publications.

STEEN, SARA JAYNE. "Recent Studies in Women Writers of the Seventeenth Century, 1604–1674." ELR 24 (1994), 243–274.

Review article includes selected background studies, editions, general studies, studies of individual genres and studies of individual writers. As S. remarks on the state of criticism, she underscores its historical and literary contexts, and the broad scope of the inquiries. Believes that 17th c. women writers are now receiving "the amount and kind of recognition accorded a few years ago only to much later women writers." 17th c. French specialists will note with interest several works on Katherine Philips, translator of Corneille, Ann Rosalind Jones' The Currency of Eros: Women's Love Lyric in Europe, 1540–1620 (1990), Gerda Lerner's The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen-Seventy (1993).

WUNDERLI, PETER. Französische Lexikologie. Einführung in die Theorie und Geschichte des französischen Wortschatzes. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1989.

Review: M. Pfister in ZRP 109 (1993), 445–47: This welcome addition to field includes a historical classification of French vocabulary along with section on borrowings, word formation, semantics, connotations, translation and a bibliography.

• See French 17 (1994, 93).

CANOVA-GREEN, MARIE-CLAUDE. "History and Myth at the Court of the Bourbon Kings (1610–1643)." SCFS 17 (1995), 53–67.

Focus on several telling examples of the creation of "myth-history" in the royal ballets of the 1620s, then the 1660s, as royal propaganda. The course of historiography in the later century "was to prove impervious to the workings of mythhistory." Illustrated. Nothing new here; but the presentation is pointed and well developed.

CARRE, MARIE-ROSE. Le Bourgeois parisien de 1640 peint par lui-même. Paris; Nizet, 1994. Preface byRobert Aulotte.

Uses the conferences of Renaudot (1633–43) and achieves a "peinture sous le regard clairvoyant et compréhensif de Marie-Rose Carré, du Bourgeois parisien des bousculantes annees 1640: en train de se décourvrir, de se connaître et de se faire connaître dans la révélatrice pratique des conférences." (Aulotte)

CASTAGNO, PAUL C. The Early Commedia dell'arte (1550–1621): The Mannerist Context. New York: P. Lang, 1994.

Review: P. Koch in Choice 32 (1995), 1740: The author "believes this art form was, at least in its beginnings, a product of mannerism. Proof of this involves the author in a wide-ranging exploration of the post-Renaissance movement and requires extensive forays into the history, music and, above all, the fine arts of the period (roughly 1575–1625) in Italy and the rest of Europe." K. identifies numerous "tangible shortcomings" of the book. "On a purely mechanical level, the index is incomplete, titles mentioned in the notes do not always recur in the bibliography, and the frequency of typos is inordinately high, especially in the spellings of French and Italian quotations. Although . . . [C.'s] command of these two languages is generally sound," says K., "some of his mistranslations are astonishing enough to cast doubt on the overall reliability of the arguments. And the abundance of vexing neologisms does nothing to strengthen the reader's conviction."

CESSAC, CATHERINE. Marc Antoine Charpentier. Trans.E. Thomas Glasow. Ed. Reinhard G. Pauly. New York: Amadeus, 1995.

Review: K. Thomerson in Choice 33 (1995), 474: "C.'s music was neglected for nearly two centuries after his death in 1704. A few of his pieces are heard today, but more than 500 works exist in diverse sacred and secular forms, the majority in autograph manuscripts at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. . . . C. first produced this comprehensive volume in French (1988), and this English translation is excellent," says T. The author "describes the clash of French and Italian musical styles in late 17th century France, the monopoly of Lully, Lully and Charpentier's work with Molière and the Comédie Française, court life under Louis XIV, musical patronage of the Duchesse de Guise and the Jesuits, and specific works. The author also provides a chronological table, a catalog of works, and two appendixes of texts. Highly recommended for all academic collections."

CHALIAND, GERARD, ed. The Art of War in World History: From Antiquity to the Nuclear Age. Berkeley: U of California P, 1994.

Review: Jeremy Black in JES 98 (1995), 199–200: "This is essentially an anthology of strategy." "The distinctive features of C.'s selection," according to B., "are global range, a major role for what Lucien Poirier in his foreword terms irregulars, and a focus on the struggle between sedentary areas and nomad invasions." B. describes the book as "a 'Eurasian' volume with all too little attention devoted to the Pacific world. . . . As far as Europe is concerned, there is too little on northern and eastern and too much on western Europe," in the reviewer's opinion. "Logistics receives insufficient attention," says B., who adds, however, that ". . . this is an interesting collection, a better anthology than any other of its type . . . ."

CHARNLEY, JOY. "Morocco/France: A Non-Meeting of Minds." SCFS 17 (1995), 125–33.

Analysis of the tragicomic delegation of Saint-Olon, Louis XIV's emissary, to Mouley-Ismael (1693), and his narrative, which is "extremely critical and unwilling to recognize any good in the Moroccans."

CHARTIER, ROGER, ed. The Culture of Print. Trans.Lydia Cochrane. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1989.

Review: P.S. Graham in RenQ 46 (1993), 562–565: Although quibbling about details (a slight mistitle, less than idiomatic English translation, problems with certain of the essays), G. does find that the book "contains useful studies to support his [Chartier's] effective syntheses elsewhere." Range of study includes manuscripts, methodology is that of specific case study. Print culture is both culture of the image and culture of speech. 17 th c. scholars will benefit from C.'s essay on marriage charters, Alain Boureau's on a 17th c. Bibliothèque bleue, and Catherine Velay Vallantin's on Perrault.

CUENIN, MICHELINE. "Mademoiselle, une amazone impure?" PFSCL 22 (1995), 25–36.

Measures the princess' character her strengths and her shortcomings against her designation as a national heroine.

CULTURE ET PRATIQUES POLITIQUES EN FRANCE ET EN IRLANDE, XVIE–XVIIIE SIECLE. Actes du Colloque de Marseille 28 sept.-2 oct 1988. Paris: C.N.R.S., 1991.

Review: G. Livet in RBPH 72 (1994), 986–88: Quatres thèmes: 1) Pouvoir et révoltés; 2) La Politique et le peuple; 3) La Politique et ses présentations; 4) Les Formes de mobilisation politique. Voir l'article de C. Jouhaud sur "L'énergie du pouvoir: le cas de Richelieu."

CUSSANS, THOMAS et al., eds. The Times Atlas of European History. New York: Harper Collins, 1994.

Review: T. M. Izbicki in Choice 32 (1995), 1282: "This volume might more accurately be called an atlas of European political history," says I., "since the introduction makes no pretense of its having any other focus. What the contributors do provide, however, is useful within the defined scope. The maps, moreover, are clearly produced in color." Minor reservations aside, ". . . this tool is recommended for all libraries for what it does well: it treats the mapping of history as the mapping of past politics."

DEFFAIN, DOMINIQUE. Un voyageur français en Nouvelle France au XVIIe siècle. Etude littéraire des Relations du Pere Paul Le Jeune (1632–1641). Túbingen: Niemeyer, 1995.

DELUMEAU, JEAN. Mille ans de bonheur. Tome 2 d'une "Histoire du Paradis." Paris: Fayard, 1994.

Review: Gilbert Durand in QL (16–31 october 1995), 25–26: The book being reviewed is the second volume of the author's "'Histoire du Paradis' ouverte par le Jardin des Délices (1992) . . . ." These two volumes are "le versant 'paradisiaque' de cette 'comédie' humaine revisitée par l'historien, ou mieux cette véritable Divine Comédie dont le croyant avait déjà dépeint 'Purgatoire' et 'Enfer'" in works published from 1978 to 1991. "Le Paradis ayant été 'perdu' dans le 1er volume de cette 'histoire,' le rôle du second volume est de lui trouver des substituts en ce monde ci . . . ." The 32 page 4th Part of this study goes from end of 17th century to end of 18th century.

DEOTTE, JEAN LOUIS. Oubliez! Les Ruines, l'Europe, le Musée. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1994.

Review: Christian Descamps in QL (1er 15 mars 1995), 19: "Très proche de la pensée de Lyotard, J. L. D. avance une question décisive: Voulons nous des musées? Et si nous en voulons . . . que montrer, qu'exposer? Partout, la boulimie des patrimoines, des commémorations, de l'exotisme mondial, du recyclage écologique ou historique fait florès."

DITTMANN, LAURENT. "Image cadavér(id)ique: vers une lecture thanato politique des Grandes misères de la guerre de Jacques Callot," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 87 (1995), 259–266.

Studies images of death in the work of the Lorraine engraver who was "un vecteur pictural de la consommation généralisée, et ce aussi bien dans les couches aisées de la société que parmi les éléments plus populaires." A work which proclaims the "contemporanéité de l'Image, de la Mort et du Pouvoir . . . ."

DITTMAN, LAURENT. "L'animal, ce héraut: Les armes parlantes au XVIIème siècle." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991) 147–56.

D. studies the markedly increased use of animal imagery in the blasons of newly acquired titles of nobility. For the bourgeois-turned-noble, a coat-of-arms sporting an animal signalled a certain subversiveness with respect to the noblesse de sang, whose use of animal figures was less frequent, and whose blasons depicted more traditional images such as those of the warrior and the hunter. According to D., this reconfigured symbolism on the part of the new nobility amounted to a kind of semiological destabilization. D. points to the subtlety of these new signs, which, despite their pretention to the aristocratic echelons of society, discreetly preserved some of their bearer's common origins through word-play. He suggests that the quiet preservation of non-noble origins in some blasons was done with "la bénédiction de l'autorité royale," as a "strategic" and "tacit" acknowledgement of the new power of the bourgeoisie.

DUCHHARDT, HEINZ, RICHARD A. JACKSON and DAVID STURDY, eds. European Monarchy. Its Evolution and Practice from Roman Antiquity to Modern Times. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1992.

Review: K. Härter in HZ 258 (1994), 734–36: Selection of communications at the 1990 MAJESTAS International Conference in Paris on the thematic of "Rulership from above and below." Perspectives include those of the governed in addition to that of rulers. Informative volume treats: constitutional issues, practical problems of government and religion, and personal character of the ruler. 17th c. scholars will appreciate esays on Henri IV, Louis XIII and the "symbiotic relationship between church and court."

DUCHHARDT, HEINZ. "Neue Historische Literatur: Absolutismus Abschied von elnem Epochenbegriff." HZ 258 (1994), 113–122.

Examines the concept of absolutism in the light of Nicholas Henshall's The Myth of Absolutism (London: Longman, 1992). The relatively small book will elicit controversial discussion as its author shows the signs of absolutism to be greatly exaggerated (what history calls absolutism is mere adherence to the old European tradition). D. refers to several other works on this era as he considers discussion of Richelieu's contributions and Louis XIV's determination and consolidation of old ruling techniques and structures. Notes errors and glaring omissions such as Klaus Malettke's important book on Louis XIV's opposition.

DUNN, LESLIE C. and NANCY A. JONES, eds. Embodied Voices: Representing Female Vocality in Western Culture. New York: Cambridge UP, 1995.

Review: R. Lorraine in Choice 33 (1995), 474: "This valuable contribution to music and literary studies is part of the 'New Perspectives in Music History and Criticism' series, which seeks to publish music criticism that uses cross disciplinary methods to provide a basis for judgments about value and explore the relation of music to culture. These goals are met in E. V., which considers the expressions of female vocality in light of theories of subjectivity, the body, and sexual difference." "Virtually all of the [14] essays are engaging and beautifully written and edited," according to L., "and all represent scholarship of the highest order." The reviewer "[h]ighly recommend[s]" this work "to any educated reader interested in music, literature, or gender scholarship."

DUPAQUIER, JACQUES. Histoire de la population française. De la Renaissance à 1789. Paris: PUF, 1994.

ELKINS, JAMES. The Poetics of Perspective. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1994.

Review: Anon. in VQR 71 (1995), 124: "This magisterial study of the problem of perspective for art historians, literary critics, psychologists, mathematicians will unquestionably and indelibly mark the ways that we talk about pictorial representation," in the reviewer's judgment. "E. carefully traces the history of both the theory and the practice of perspective from the Renaissance to modernity. He examines such important figures as Alberti, Vasari, Dürer, Panofsky, Merleau Ponty, and Lacan in order to show how perspective itself was transformed from an idea for the construction of pictures to an idea for the construction of the self, a metaphor, whether linguistic or epistemological, for subjectivity. Using the tools of interdisciplinary inquiry, E.'s book adroitly surveys a vast terrain of historical ideas."

EVA/AVE: WOMEN IN RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PRINTS. New York: Feminist Press, 1991.

Review: L.R.N. Ashley in BHR 56 (1994), 790: ". . . art book showing how prints depicted women from the middle of the Fifteenth Century to about the middle of the Seventeenth Century."

FARGE, ARLETTE. Subversive Words: Public Opinion in Eighteenth-century France. Trans.Rosemary Morris. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1995.

Review: J. E. Parker Jr. in Choice 32 (1995), 1652: "This study . . . concentrates on the opinions of the commoners during the reigns of Louis XIV, XV, and XVI. Focusing on the opinions of Parisians, F. undertook extensive examination of newspapers, memoirs, police reports, and news sheets. The monarchy and the police apparently assumed that commoners were incapable of, and unentitled to, opinions, yet these authorities maintained an extensive network of spies, police, and propagandists to report every rumor and to sow the seeds of rumors they wished circulated. This very readable and fluently translated account contains a wealth of material not available elsewhere."

FARR, JAMES R. Authority and Sexuality in Early Modern Burgundy (1550–1730). New York: Oxford UP, 1995.

Review: D. C. Baxter in Choice 33 (1995), 193: "In a rich, detailed, and synthetic treatment, [F.] examines the attempts of the largely Catholic French elite to impose morality after the 16th-century civil wars. . . . F.'s account is a depressing tale of women's vulnerability told through judicial processes against infanticide, concubinage, and prostitution. Although F.'s meticulous accounting of judicial cases is sometimes numbing," in B.'s opinion, the reviewer adds that "this is a valuable work with its theoretical framework, exhaustive detail, careful documentation, and extensive 42-page bibliography."

FISCHER-LICHTE, ERIKA. The Semiotics of Theater. Trans.Jeremy GainesandDoris L. Jones. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1992.

Review article: Freddie Rokem in Semiotica 106 (1995), 187–96: This is "an abridged version" of a three-volume study in German (published in 1983). "The three volumes of the original have now become the three main sections of a single volume where 'the three different areas of theater science: the theory of theater, theater history, and the analysis of performance' . . . are presented and analyzed." The volume is described as "a book full of insights into the large and complex areas of theater and performance . . . ." Among many other topics, the author "analyzes the changes of the gestural codes from the Baroque theater during the period of the early Enlightenment and their gradual development into a gestural code which was used in the bourgeois illusionist theater."

FORMAN, EDWARD. "Musical Aliens and Alien Music: Preceptions of Italian and French Music in Seventeenth-centry Paris." SCFS 17 (1995), 211–221.

Nicely argued setting of opposition, starting from the prosopopeia of the Comparison by Le Cerf de la Vieville (1704) and including staged/and sung instances as well as theoretical positions (to 1625). Accompanied by a tape, available at L7.50 from the author, Department of French, University of Bristol.

FRANKO, MARK. "Double Bodies: Androgyny and Power in the Performances of Louis XIV." TDR 38.4 (1994), 71–82.

Two epigraphs (statements by Carl von Clausewitz and by Louis Marin) open the article. These two authors "are juxtaposed above," says F., "to note the insertion of performance in a field divided by politics and war. Against this theoretical backdrop I want to project the royal project of court ballet in 17th century France, and the relationship of period performance to representation and force. The facts of the case entail a tension between pastoral and bellicose images of the king, but underlying it is an examination of models for performance studies in the field of period performance." F. treats "war . . . as a hypothetical model for royal cross dressing."

FRANKO, MARK. Dance as Text: Ideologies of the Baroque Body. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Review: Stephen Orgel in TLS 4740 (4 Feb. 1994), 24: "A remarkable overview of the ideology of perod dance," from the "Ballet comique de la Reine" (1581) through Molière's comedy-ballets, which "rewrites the history of dance." Focuses "constructively" rather than "reconstructively" on relation of text and dance in the creation of choreographic meaning, giving new interpretation to a notion like the burlesque and a revaluation of the ballet of the 1620s.

FUMAROLI, MARC. L'Ecole du silence. Paris: Flammarion, 1994.

Review: A. Zavriew in RDM (octobre 1994), 190–94: Fumaroli, spécialiste de la tradition littéraire européenne, sort un livre consacré aux arts visuels. "L'originalité de ce remarquable travail réside précisément en ceci: la parenté mille fois soulignée et prouvée entre peinture et éloquence sacrée, au XVIIe siècle.

• See French 17 (1994).

FUMAROLI, MARC. "The State, Culture, and 'L'Esprit': A Dialogue with Marc Fumaroli." Trans.Roxanne Lapidus. SubStance 24.1&2 (1995), 126–36.

"The journal Le Débat asked . . . five questions of literary historian M. F., whose book L'Etat culturel: Une religion moderne caused a stir when it was published in France in 1991." Questions and replies appeared in Le Débat, no. 70 (1992): 76–83. Includes references to 17th-century France. F. argues against the idea of a "cultural politics" in the Ancien Régime. ". . . [A] king, even the king of France, in the Ancien Régime had neither the technical means nor the bureaucratic apparatus nor the system of thought that would allow him to have a 'cultural politics.'" F. criticizes the "cliché of the absolute patron-state."

GARAPON, JEAN. "Mademoiselle à Saint Fargeau: la découverte de l'écriture." PFSCL 22 (1995), 37–47.

The literary birth of the personage caused by socializing between the high nobility and writerly classes, exile, and her upbringing of "civilité mondaine pratiquée dans un décor de magnificence, essentiel pour une conscience." The work of this "écrivain de grand talent" consists essentially of a "texte de fierté féminine renvoyant à une culture de la parole."

GIANNINI, TULA. Great Flute Makers of France: The Lot and Godfroy Families, 1650–1900. Tony Bingham, 11 Pond St., London NW3 2PN, UK, 1994 (c1993).

Review: J. P. Ambrose in Choice 32 (1995), 1130–31: "G.'s splendid archival research provides a history of French flute playing and a comprehensive study of the dynasty that began with the first French makers in the 17th century and lasted until the 20th century. Genealogies and civil documents are the spine of this research. Dozens of excellent photographs provide a visual chronicle of the history of the modern flute from the one keyed early baroque model to the present Boehm system instrument . . . . Since most French makers were related to the Lot and/or Godfroy families, the record is more complete than the title would indicate." A., whose assessment is very favorable, finds "a rich mine of new information in this volume. Graduate students will find an exemplary model for archival work in any field," according to the reviewer.

GLASGOW, R. D. V. Madness, Masks, and Laughter: An Essay on Comedy. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson UP, 1995.

Review: A. Hirsch in Choice 32 (1995), 1736: The author's "thesis . . . states that laughter results from defying 'rigid systems of signification.' Laughter is the result of zaniness, lunacy, and verbal aggression. . . . The treatise further argues that understanding our laughter denies emotional and academic distance; it anticipates the break with rationality and requires displacing 'the sobriety of normality.' Abnormality, therefore, is more the basis for comedy than tasteful, theoretical interpretations of the term because comedy displaces the 'cognitive mask.'" G. makes "an attempt to bridge the gap between theory and spontaneity, often with apt references to Aristophanes, Rabelais, Shaw, Freud, early Foucault, John Barth, Monty Python, and Antonin Artaud at the extreme." The volume includes "[a]n extensive bibliography of primary and critical sources . . . ."

GORDON, DANIEL. Citizens without Sovereignty: Equality and Sociability in French Thought, 1670–1789. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1994.

Review: Christopher Todd in JES 98 (1995), 205–06: Reviewed with another book (Arlette Farge, Subversive Words: Public Opinion in Eighteenth Century France, trans. Rosemary Morris (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994). "Seeing the Enlightenment as part of a well policed absolutist system and not plotting to overthrow it, G. nevertheless shows in the social intercourse between nobility and bourgeoisie and the love of reasoned discussion a move away from hierarchical society based on corporate privilege. After presenting different types of sociability as well as the semantic development of certain key words, G. follows the rise of other models for civility to rival that of the court, from the salon of Mlle de Scudéry to Suard's defence of the Scottish Enlightenment with its flattering picture of French sociability as the culmination of humanity's progress away from barbarity." "Providing valuable insights into life under the Old Regime, both books also suggest modern parallels."

Review: V. G. Wexler in Choice 32 (1995), 1360: The reviewer describes this work as "a sophisticated and original interpretation of how the idea of sociability evolved in French culture from the reign of Louis XIV to the French Revolution. Aristocratic values, the repressive lifestyle at Versailles, and to a greater extent, the centralized administrative bureaucracy, dominated notions of sociability in the 17th century. The 18th century Enlightenment provided a moderate alternative to court culture by creating a new language of sociability, which gave citizens the tools, such as civilized discourse as well as the notion of politeness, to form a society that might function without the absolutist model on the one hand, and strict democracy on the other . . . . G. concludes this well researched study with references to the French Revolution's demolition of all civilized notions. Conservative in its implications, the book is nonetheless a work of impressive erudition," according to W.

GRAFTON, ANTHONY and ANN BLAIR, eds. The Transmission of Culture in Early Modern Europe. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1990.

Review: N. Hammerstein in HZ 257 (1993), 749–750: Distinguished scholars treat a broad variety of aspects of this phenomenon. 17thc. specialists will appreciate the discussion of the relationship of theology and atheism in early modern France.

GREENGRASS, MARK, ed. Conquest and Coalescence. The Shaping of the State in Early Modern Europe. London/New York: Arnold, 1991.

Review: D. Willoweit in HZ 258 (1994), 789–90: An excellent example of comparative research, the volume examines the increasing organizational compression of early modern government and its expansion. Complements the work of the European Science Foundation as it contributes to the investigation of the 15th through early 19th centuries. French specialists will appreciate particularly the treatment of the expansion of the French monarchy.

GREENSHIELDS, MALCOLM. An Economy of Violence in Early Modern France: Crime and Justice in the Haute Auvergne, 1587–1664. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1995.

Review: F. K. Metzger in Choice 33 (1995), 194: "In this absorbing study, G. . . . has detailed the beginnings of the shift from private to public justice in the Haute Auvergne. He contends that physical violence, especially directed socially downward, in defense of 'honor, dignity, space, possessions, and the physical person,' and of 'psychic property,' represents an 'economy of violence.'" "In addition to its admirable organization and analysis, this is a thoroughly interesting, often entertaining book," says M. "A model study, highly recommended."

GREENSPAN, KAREN. The Timetables of Women's History: A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Women's History. Old Tappan, NJ: Simon & Schuster, 1995.

Review: M. J. Finnegan in Choice 32 (1995), 1708: "Similar in format to Bernard Grun's Timetables of History . . . , this volume highlights the major events and chief participants in women's history. Covering a broad time period, 4000 BC to 1992, and with no geographical limits, this chronology cannot be comprehensive, but it offers an array of quick facts that demonstrate the magnitude of women's historical influence and achievement through the ages." "There are some problems with indexing and format," states F., "but overall the volume is easy to read and use. A subject index lists items by year and category. More than 60 brief essays focus on key individuals and events . . . or give an overview of issues and trends . . . . Some 100 photographs and line drawings help make the book attractive."

GREGOIRE, VINCENT. "L'éducation des filles au couvent des Ursulines de Quebec à l'époque de Marie de l'Incarnation." SCFS 17 (1995), 87–98.

Outlines the programs of père Le Jeune (1635) and Colbert for a programatic instructional "métissage," whereby "les jeunes Amerindiennes acculturées au baptëme et à la communion doit finalement faire d'elles de bonnes epouses, mères de famille, et maîtresses de maison à la manière de la métropole." Destined for failure, the program was nonetheless adopted by the Ursulines who bowed to ministerial power.

GRUBER, ALAIN, ed. L'Art décoratif en Europe du néoclassicisme à l'Art Déco. Paris: Citadelles & Mazenod, 1994.

Review: Georges Raillard in QL (1er 15 decembre 1994), 20: Reviewed with two other books. "La période couverte par le volume sur L'Art décoratif, 1760–1930, est riche en transformations de toute sorte. Elles rendent difficile la mise en valeur de quelques repères définissant le style d'une époque si hétérogène. Pour les volumes antérieurs [this is the 3rd and final one] avaient été retenus, chaque fois, cinq signes distinctifs. Pour 1480–1630, les entrelacs, les rinceaux, les grotesques, les mauresques et les cuirs. Pour 1630–1760, l'auriculaire, l'acanthe, les arabesques, les chinoiseries, la rocaille. Tout cela recouvrant les divers mouvements stylistiques. Ce schéma a dû ici être abandonné. Les chapitres cinq tout de même sont le néoclassicisme, le néogothique, le japonisme, l'Art nouveau, Art déco et fonctionnalisme."

GRUBER, ALAIN, ed., with MARGHERITA AZZI VISENTINI et al. Trans.John Goodman. The History of Decorative Arts: The Renaissance and Mannerism in Europe. Abbeville, 1994.

Review: J. Howett in Choice 32 (1995), 1288: "There is no precedent in English for this history of European decorative arts in the late Renaissance from 1480 to 1630. The first in a projected series of three volumes that will survey the decorative arts from the Middle Ages to the 20th century, this study fills a great need for placing these neglected aspects of visual culture into the wider framework of art history. The format consists of separate essays on five decorative elements interlace, rinceaux, grotesques, Moorish tracery, and strapwork and cartouches by a team of scholars . . . . Although the format creates a lack of cohesive chronology," according to H., "the essays supply detailed studies and illustrations of decoration found in architecture, painting, and sculpture as well as objects usually associated with decorative arts, such as costumes, furniture, textiles, and vessels, all in almost any imaginable medium."

GUENON, SOLANGE. "Métaphores politiques, loi salique et nouvelle philosophie." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991) 63–79.

Following Ernst Kantorwicz's theory of the royal body in Les Deux Corps du Roi, G. proposes that Louis XIV's relationship to his subjects can be explained in terms of 1) "son corps naturel, and more importantly 2) "la notion de corps mystique ou politique." This second notion of the body is explained in terms of the metaphor of the marriage between the King and his subjects, as well as by the "loi salique" which prevented female succession to the throne. G. argues that through the marriage metaphor and the "loi salique," Louis XIV managed to "féminis[er] les sujets," through oppression while demanding absolute loyalty. Furthermore, Louis succeeded in breaking the bond created by his "corps mystique" as Sovereign by indulging the fancies of his "corps naturel." G. contends that in the absence of a Parliament on the English model to safeguard against the excesses of an absolute ruler, the French monarchy destroys itself in part because of the contradictions in a metaphor which requires fidelity from one body, but allows indiscretion from another.

HATTENHAUER, HANS. Europäische Rechtsgeschichte. Heidelberg: Müller, 1992.

Review: H. Coing in HZ 258 (1994), 728–29: Overwhelmingly enthusiastic review for what C. calls "the first European history of law." H. contrasts the archaic laws of the Celts, Teutons and Slavs with scientific, rational laws as he considers intellectual culture and the political situation. A unique and excellent book, it is as authoritative as it is vast (825 pages). Chap. III deals with the philosophy of Descartes, natural law, and the development of absolutism.

HERMAN, ARTHUR. "Print, Power and Desire. `La presse périodique': Commentary." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991) 229–39.

H.responds to the previous papers of Smither, Letts and Stern Brennan by arguing that their examination of the late-sixteenth and early-seventeenth century periodical press charts the "birth, growth and decline of the 17th century system." H. implies that political absolutism is based on an "economy of desire" defined by the relationship between political power and the public. This relationship moved toward a "stabilization of desire" in response to the Wars of Religion. "Stabilization" came about in the building of the state and the cult of personality surrounding Louis XIV. H. praises the articles in question, claiming that their emphasis on class, partisan expression, and the interpretation of historical events demonstrates the new forms "political desire" adopted as society sought to heal itself. Later, however, H. notes that the artifice inherent in the "focus of all public loyalties and private individuals" in one figure led to the collapse of such a system and encouraged the "desire" for iconoclasm.

HILGAR, MARIE FRANCE. "Mehemet Riza Beg, ambassadeur persan à la cour du roi soleil," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 165–171.

Sizes up the 1715 visitor admired only by Louis XIV and criticized by Saint Simon and others: more than one strange event characterized the foreigner's long mission.

HILGAR, MARIE-FRANCE . "Les sorcières devant la loi." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991) 29–39.

H. catalogues the persecution and abuse of women accused of witchcraft during the late-sixteenth and early-seventeenth centuries. Claiming that the prosecution of witches reached its height between 1560 and 1630, H. discusses both legal and religious definitions of witchcraft, such as those found in Le Marteau des sorcières (1582–87). H. views the harassement of those denounced as symptomatic of a general prejudice against women, particularly of the peasant class. Persecution occured on both a judicial and physical level, as impeached witches not only endured torture and execution, but were often denied representation and appeal. H. sees provincial magistrates as the main perpetrators of this abuse, with the situation improved only by the increased power of the Parisian Parlement, (c.1620–1640) and Louis XIV's edict of July 1682.

HOLT, MACK P. ed. Society and Institutions in Early Modern France. Athens, GA./London: The U of Georgia P, 1991.

Review: J.H.M. Salmon in RenQ 46 (1993), 366–388: A fitting tribute to J. Russell Major, this volume extends one of Major's great preoccupations, the "growth of centralized institutions in the early 17th c." Of particular interest are: Orest Ranum's essay on clientage ties between judges and princes, Krailsheimer's illustration from Molière's plays of the noble search for a new ethic, Donald Bailey's study of family and early career of Marillac, Albert Hamscher's treatment of absolutism as dependent on consent and accommodation, and James Wood's skillful statistical analysis of royal armies.

HUNT, LYNN, ed. The Invention of Pornography: Obscenity and the Origins of Modernity, 1500–1800. New York: Zone Books, 1993.

Review: Christopher Rivers in SubStance 23.3 (1994), 129–33: This book is called "a signal achievement in the growing field of scholarship on the European erotic literary tradition. It is also an exemplary work of cultural studies," in R.'s opinion. This volume, which "establish[es] itself as a standard reference on the topic . . . ," includes material on France during the time of the Fronde. One essay is ". . . Joan DeJean's compelling and significant discussion of the putative origin of pornography, L'Ecole des filles, in which she explains why . . . this . . . text came to be consecrated by literary historians as the origin of a genre. In so doing, she also comments in a more general way on literary history's inescapable insistence on the construction of origins." This book "maps the route of modern pornography from its birth in Renaissance Italy to its ultimate reconfiguration as a genre unto itself. That pornography was, for the first three hundred years of its existence in the modern period, indistinguishable as a separate genre is the fundamental thesis of this collection . . . . The essays show us how and why this was the case, and H.'s conclusion demonstrates how and why it was changed. This charting of the evolution of a discursive genre, when effected with as much erudition, critical sophistication, interdisciplinary range, and good writing as one finds here, is a rare achievement. [This volume] will not only become a requisite reference; it is sure," according to R., "to change the way scholars talk about representations of sexuality in early modern Europe."

INGRAO, CHARLES W. The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Review: P. P. Bernard in Choice 32 (1994), 659: B. judges I.'s book to be "well balanced between political, social, economic, and cultural history; it presents sharply drawn and often original conclusions on the major issues without being in the least cranky; it is based on a vast reading of the literature without being ponderous . . . . Another highly welcome element," in B.'s opinion, "is that I. manages to do justice to the diverse histories and multiple problems of the various nationalities that made up the Hapsburg realm without leaving readers wondering about the relevance of what they are reading to the main story." What B. calls "minor criticisms" aside, ". . . this is a splendid text," according to the reviewer, "literate, thorough, and highly accurate."

JAM, JEAN-LOUIS, ed. Eclectisme et cohérences des lumières: mélanges offerts à Jean Ehrard. Paris: Nizet, 1992.

Review: Theodore E.D. Braun in FR 68 (1994), 149–50: Reviewer gives useful categorization of contents (30 articles) that includes Jacques Wagner's "La Lecture dans la peinture ou le récit d'une nostalgie (1660–1775)."

JAOUEN, FRANÇOISE and BENJAMIN SEMPLE, eds. Corps Mystique, Corps Sacré: Textual Transfigurations of the Body from the Middle Ages to the Seventeenth Century. New Haven: Yale UP, 1994.

Volume "explores the manifold aspects of the invocation, creation, and transformation of the mystical or sacred body in texts from the medieval and early modern periods. See articles below by A. Cantillon (V: Pascal); H. Merlin (II); T. Murray (IV); and A. Zanger (II).

JEANNERET, MICHEL. A Feast of Words: Banquets and Table Talk in the Renaissance. Trans.Jeremy Whiteley andEmma Hughes. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1991.

Review: G. McClure in RenQ 46 (1993), 409–412: Literary works whose setting is the table or the feast as well as didactic works on correct dining and conversation are the sources of this "creative and intriguing study . . . [which] explores this theme [the banquet], charting the nexus between eating and literature in Renaissance culture." Although the reviewer quibbles with the book's organization and lack of chronological structure, he appreciates J.'s corrective to contemporary criticism's overemphasis of the autonomy of texts. J. contends that "the symposiac setting encouraged sixteenth-century writers to unite oral, popular culture to high literary culture."

JENKINS, RON. Subversive Laughter: The Liberating Power of Comedy. New York: Free Press, 1994.

Review: M. Yacowar in Choice 32 (1995), 1127–28: "Unlike most comedy theoreticians, J. . . . is an academic/clown, as distinct from . . . an academic clown. His thesis is that comedy draws its global society of oppressed aliens into a community. Comedy empowers the disadvantaged and helps the helpless survive. J. proves his thesis," according to Y., "with first hand descriptive and analytic accounts of some fascinating and offbeat kinds of comedy." "J. has been a clown and has performed in many of the alien comic forms he describes here. This firsthand experience, coupled with his analytic sensitivity, makes this a unique addition to comic theory."

JONES, ARCHER. The Art of War in the Western World. New York/Oxford: Oxford UP, 1987.

Review: J. Dülffer in HZ 257 (1993), 144–145: Covering over 2500 years of the history of war, but focusing only on "selected operational variables [military factors], omitting all noncognitive aspects of such history and leaving virtually all the affective domain of warfare [to others]."

JONES, COLIN. The Cambridge Illustrated History of France. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Review: F. Burkhard in Choice 32 (1995), 991: "Lavishly illustrated, . . . this volume is an important work of synthesis as well as a handsome introduction to France and the French for the general reader. J. surveys the human and natural forces behind the forging of a nation and its culture from the Neolithic era through the present. Both the text and the picture commentaries indicate a considerable effort to incorporate recent scholarship, with particular emphasis on the social and political roles of women." According to B., scholars as well as general readers will find this work useful.

JUTTE, ROBERT. Poverty and Deviance in Early Modern Europe. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Review: D. C. Baxter in Choice 32 (1995), 1188–89: "Cambridge's new series of undergraduate textbooks ('New Approaches to European History') seeks to provide 'concise but authoritative surveys' of major themes. This addition . . . ably succeeds," according to B., "in synthesizing current research in French, English, and German. J. . . . presents a topical treatment of the subject: images of the poor, causes of poverty, living conditions, relations of the poor to the community, public order, development of institutional relief, as well as the 'culture of poverty.' In the process, he informs readers of important recent work such as that which stresses the commonality of Protestant and Catholic experience rather than exaggerating the impact of the Reformation." B. finds that this "admirable scholarly synthesis . . . is less successful as a text for American students." In B.'s opinion, the study "is marred by a flat style that affects readability."

KAHN, VICTORIA. Machiavellian Rhetoric: From the Counter Reformation to Milton. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1994.

Review: C. Fantazzi in Choice 32 (1995), 773: This volume concerns "how M. was read in the Renaissance, how he offered Renaissance writers a rhetoric for thinking about politics." K. finds that "recent interpretations of M. have created an artificial bifurcation between his political thought and rhetorical practice. In proof of her thesis she provides a rhetorical analysis first of works of M. and then of representative readers of him on the continent and in England up to the time of Milton." F. observes that ". . . the thesis does not seem to be as new as it is made out to be, and the style can be rather tortuous," in the reviewer's opinion. "The author displays a thorough familiarity with relevant work on the subject," states F., "but unfortunately does not provide a bibliography."

KARPIK, LUCIEN. Les avocats. Entre l'Etat, le public et le marché, XIIIe–XXe siècle. Paris: Gallimard, 1995.

Review: D. Salas in Esprit (octobre 1995), 194–96: ". . . un livre qui nous offre avant tout la généalogie d'une identité professionnelle."

KENDALL, ALAN. The Chronicle of Classical Music: An Intimate Diary of the Lives and Music of the Great Composers. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1994.

Review: B. A. Thompson in Choice 32 (1995), 1709: "Following a 13-page narrative introductory chapter summarizing the origins of Western music up to 1600, the principal format of this book is a chronological diary of Western classical music from 1600 to the present. Important nonmusical events are placed in a companion chronology that helps provide a wider context." "Important and useful inclusions . . . are a biographical index of composers, a timeline of musical events, and a glossary of musical terms." T. also found the "visual impact" of this volume impressive. "This would be an attractive addition to general and undergraduate music reference collections," according to the reviewer.

KITSON, MICHAEL. "The Poussin Exhibitions in France." Burlington Magazine 137 (1995), 28–34.

Reviews the 1994 exhibits.

KOHLER, ALFRED. Das Reich im Kampf um die Hegemonie in Europa, 1521–1648. München: Oldenbourg, 1990.

Review: H. Neuhaus in HZ 257 (1993), 485–487: Impressively documented, with focus on Germany but of interest to French scholars for its broader European ramifications such as the discussions of French-Hapsburg conflict.

LABAUDE, PIERRE-ANDRE. The Gardens of Versailles. London: Zwemmer, 1995.

Review: David Coward in TLS 4833 (17 Nov. 1995), 9: Follows the fortunes of the gardens from their completion to Louis Philippe. "Elegant and unpretentious book that makes the best possible case for an evolving Versailles."

LABISCH, ALFONS. Homo Hygienicus. Gesundheit und Medizin in der Neuzeit. Frankfurt am Main/New York: Campus, 1992.

Review: F. J. Kos in HZ 258 (1994), 134–35: Judged worthwhile despite a heavily theoretical presentation, the volume offers a valuable contribution on health and demonstrates changing perspectives from the Middle Ages to our day (although the period 1945–80' s is neglected). Three major divisons treat: the concept of health as God given, health conditions and the role of the doctor.

LAGARDE, FRANÇOIS. "L'allégorie des corps de pierre: la Grande Commande de 1674," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL / Biblio 17 89 (1995), 177–189.

Studies the twenty four statues ordered for the Versailles gardens: "Le statuaire classique est dans son essence un chant à la gloire du corps humain, mais la fable monarchique fait porter à ce corps absolu les signes de son ravissement. L'académisme capte la beauté physique idéale à l'avantage des seuls grands. L'allégorie met ces corps de pierre au service d'Apollon en imposant aux figures des rôles figés ou en esthétisant le rapt dans les enlèvements. L'allégorie cependant ne réussit plus à cacher que les corps sont alors captifs."

LASCAULT, GILBERT. "Lisez l'histoire et le tableau." QL (16–31 octobre 1994), 8–9.

L. discusses the following works (see separate entries): Bellori, Félibien, Passeri, Sandrart, Vie de Poussin (Macula); Jacques Thuillier, Poussin (Flammarion); Pierre Rosenberg and Véronique Damian, Poussin (Somogy); Alain Mérot, La Peinture française au XVIIe siècle (Gallimard Electra); Pierre Schneider, Le Voir et le savoir (Essai sur Nicolas Poussin) (Mercure de France). Also Nicolas Poussin: Catalogue de l'exposition des Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais (R.M.M.)

LAW, ROBIN. The Slave Coast of West Africa, 1550–1750. The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on an African Society. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.

Review: A. Jones in HZ 257 (1993), 194–195: Successful study is based on numerous previously unknown sources in British, French, Netherland, Spanish and Nigerian archives. First section deals with historical anthropology—land and people, economy and society, public affairs and ideology. Two chapters treat slave trade and its consequences. Narrative chapters on particular cases follow. Impressive understanding of the historical correlation of politics, economy and ideology.

LE MOEL, MICHEL. "Mademoiselle et Paris." PFSCL 22 (1995), 15–24.

Reviews the princess' life in the city.

LE ROY LADURIE, EMMANUEL. The Royal French State, 1460–1610. Trans.Juliet Vale. London: Blackwell, 1994.

Review: P. G. Wallace in Choice 32 (1995), 1361: Although this work "reflects profound erudition," in the reviewer's opinion it "is written in a frustratingly elliptical style. The author assumes readers possess a knowledge of French history and historiography. He supports his arguments with obscure allusions, statistical fragments, or anachronistic historical comparisons," according to W. The author "defines classic monarchy as the entire ancien régime from its demographic make up to factional cliques, and all are fused into an unchanging ahistorical structure. Royal reigns receive neither systematic nor chronological discussion. The work is inaccessible to students," declares W., who adds that "scholars will also be disappointed, for the essay never analyzes the rich scholarship on which it rests."

LE ROY LADURIE, EMMANUEL. Le Siècle des Platter, 1499–1628, t. I: Le Mendiant et le professeur. Paris: Fayard, 1994.

Review: Jean Nicolas in QL (1er 15 février 1995), 5–6: "Quiconque a parcouru à grandes guides les chemins de la Renaissance et de la Réforme n'a pas manqué d'y croiser les Platter, figures emblématiques du vagabondage érudit. Voilà trois bourgeois de Bâle, Thomas le père, premier à s'arracher au statut paysan, puis deux de ses fils déjà nés en bourgeoisie, Félix et Thomas II. L'âge venu, ils ont raconté leur itinéraire et leur quête. Projet déjà classique en leur temps, mais rajeuni chez eux par un élan vital, une curiosité formidables." The author of this study, described by N. as "grand amateur de ces témoignages 'à cru,' aux sources même de l'Histoire," was attracted by the experience of these three members of the P. family, "[t]rois voyageurs qui ont vécu, senti, pensé aux dimensions de l'Europe et qui ont su le dire avec ingénuité . . . ."

LESTRINGANT, FRANK. Le Cannibale: Grandeur et décadence. Paris: Perrin, 1994.

Review: Denise-Marie Lécuyer in RSH 235 (1994), 151–53: "L'auteur, à partir du corpus déjà par lui étudié des textes de la Découverte et récits de voyages du seizième siècle, dépasse l'impression donnée par les images sanglantes et les évocations horribles des corps dépecés. Il utilise pour cela deux armes: l'analyse savante et l'humour noir." "Le propos de son travail," according to the reviewer, "n'est pas le cannibalisme en lui-même, mais son interprétation forgée par l'imaginaire européen tout au long de la période qui s'étend des Découvertes au XIXe siècle." The 13 chapters of this book "proposent un examen diachronique des différentes lectures du cannibalisme, des différentes utilisations de ce phénomène dans l'art européen." "Il ne s'agit pas . . . de l'analyse ethnographique du phénomène, mais de son invention et de sa transmission par les Européens."

LETTS, JANET T. "Responsive Readers of the Mercure Galant 1680–1710." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991) 211–228.

L. gives a demographic breakdown of the Mercure Galant's readership primarily by examining those groups who answered the journal's énigmes. Providing statistical data on the riddle-solvers for the period in question, L. describes the Mercure's public in terms of gender, city, social class and profession. She notes that a large percentage of the respondants were women, since the journal's editors, Donneau de Visé and Thomas Corneille, recognized that "Women had been at the center of galant literary activity since early in the century." L. concludes by studying the "types of identifications" the riddle-solvers used to designate themselves. Three types were used most frequently: sociable, familial and amourous. After cataloguing and describing these identifications, L. surmises that the Mercure's readership was "increasingly feminine, Parisian and socially transitional."

LEUPIN, ALEXANDRE, ed. Lacan and the Human Sciences. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1991.

Review: G.L. Ulmer in ECr 33 (1993), 103–104: Reviewer does not indicate 17th c. ramifications of this collection of essays, but judging from his high opinion of the volume and the fruitful Lacanian programs of research of a number of 17th c. scholars, the book will undoubtedly be of considerable interest. U. also points to its possible use as a textbook for courses which deal with the impact of French theory on the humanities and social sciences. Literature scholars will not be disappointed in the examination of "the special place of 'letters' in Lacanian psychoanalysis." Contributors are judged among "the most original thinkers in the academy today."

LEWITA, BEATRIX. French Bourgeois Culture. Trans.J. A. Underwood. Cambridge: Cambridge UP/Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1994.

Review: B. Kilborne in Choice 32 (1995), 1506: "In this well-illustrated study, L. has attempted to define the French bourgeoisie, their standards, and their values. In so doing she relies on the methodologies developed in France in the disciplines of social history and sociology. She makes use of personal diaries, concise interviews, statistics, and linguistic materials—the full panoply of source materials, enriched by well-chosen photographs. L.'s attempts at definition are sophisticated and instructive, although her quarry constantly eludes her." "In conclusion L. notes that the values of the bourgeoisie are profoundly influenced by Catholic notions of family and social responsibility, and as such, directly linked to Port Royal and centuries of French history."

LIVET, GEORGES. La Guerre de Trente Ans. Paris: PUF, 1991.

Review: M. Morineau in RBPH 72 (1994), 1027: Cinquième édition d'un ouvrage publié en 1968, avec une bibliographie amendée.

LIVET, GEORGES et FRANCIS RAPP, éds. Histoire de Strasbourg. Toulouse: Privat, 1987.

Review: C. Dury in RBPH 72 (1994), 552–53: ". . . le présent volume éclaire le lecteur sur les projets urbains . . . et les volontés d'aménagement de la ville . . . ." Voir aussi Histoire de Strasbourg des origines à nos jours, 4 t., de Livet et Rapp, 1980–83.

LOSSKY, ANDREW. Louis XIV and the French Monarchy. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 1994.

Review: F. K. Metzger in Choice 32 (1995), 1190: This "'political biography' . . . purports to show through a close examination of French foreign and religious policy how Louis XIV's political ideas did in fact change during the 72 years of his long reign. The first three chapters are a lucid and helpful overview of the French monarchy in general, the government of France, and the European state 'system' in the 17th century. Though there is nothing new here," according to M., "the clarity of these chapters is outstanding. The rest of this study covers in some detail the complexities of French policies and the royal role in their development. . . . There is little here—purposely—on Louis XIV the man, or on social, intellectual, or economic developments during the period. For those interested in a fuller account of the entire reign," says M., "John B. Wolf's Louis XIV (1968) remains the standard English language study of the king and his reign."

MAJOR, J. RUSSELL. From Renaissance Monarchy to Absolute Monarchy: French Kings, Nobles & Estates. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1994.

Review: Anon. in VQR 71 (1995), 82: "Crowning 45 years of research, M.'s encyclopedic overview of the evolution of the French state argues that the 'absolute monarchy' was not produced by an alliance of the crown and towns against a rebellious landed aristocracy. Rather, the kings, starting with Henry IV, bound the aristocracy ever closer to the throne by ensuring their benefits from the royal bureaucracy, while royal ministers from Sully to Colbert toiled assiduously to increase the authority of royal officials at the expense of sovereign courts, provincial estates, and municipal councils. This densely packed and closely argued work will prove to be a valuable research and reference tool to teachers and scholars interested in the rise of the modern state."

MAHON, DENIS. "The Written Sources for Poussin's Landscapes, with Special Reference to his Two Landscapes with Diogenes." Burlington Magazine 137 (1995), 176–182.

Answers affirmatively the question whether "Poussin's range in 1648–49 could have been so wide as to permit the production of a couple of major pictorial achievements simultaneously with many others which cohere and differ radically from them in artistic style."

MALKIN, IRAD, éd. La France et la Méditerrannée. Vingt siècles d'interdépendance. E. J. Brill: Leiden, 1990.

Review: C. Verlinden in RBPH 72 (1994), 565–66: "Ce volume regroupe les communications présentées en mai 1986 par un groupe d'historiens français et israéliens à un congrès sur la France et la Méditerrannée aux Universités de Haïfa et de Tel-Aviv." Voir les articles de J. Montemayor, "Les Migrations françaises en Espagne au XVIIe siècle. Démographie, économie et société" (241–58); et Y.-M. Bercé, "La Guerre dans l'Italie au XVIIe siecle: Enjeux et styles" (335–362).

MARBY, JEAN-PIERRE. Orgues, organistes et facteurs d'orgues ardennais des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Revue historique ardennaise XXVI (1991) 57–81.

MARIN, LOUIS. Philippe de Champaigne ou la présence cachée. Paris: Hazan, 1995.

Review: Christian Descamps in QL (16–30 juin 1995), 20: This work is described as "un magnifique livre illustré. Plongée érudite et sacrée, cette somme brasse l'histoire, la philosophie, les événements politiques." "Dans des rapprochements saisissants, M. nous fait sentir la profondeur métaphysique, théologique et politique" of portraits such as those of Louis XIII, Richelieu, and Robert Arnauld d'Andilly. The author "suit pas à pas l'énigme d'une peinture, jamais épuisée dans l'image. Il sait comme le Nietzsche du Gai savoir que 'la moindre parcelle du monde est infinie.'" says D.

MAROUBY, CHRISTIAN. Utopie et primitivisme: Essai sur l'imaginaire anthropologique à l'Âge classique. Paris: Eds. du Seuil, 1990.

Review: Bruno Lagniez in RSH 235 (1994), 153–54: "Dans cet ouvrage d'anthropologie culturelle, C. M. étudie un corpus de récits de voyage réels ou imaginaires écrits à l'âge classique . . . . En dépit des inévitables interférences, les auteurs de ces textes, en s'interrogeant sur le bonheur, laissent percevoir deux modèles opposés pour penser notre rapport à la nature: l'un est utopique, l'autre primitiviste. Cette opposition préside au plan du livre, conçu comme un diptyque." The author uses Marxist and ("surtout") psychoanalytic notions. "En révélant la richesse de textes souvent méconnus, [ce livre] nous donne envie d'explorer de nouvelles contrées."

MARSHAIL, SHERRIN, ed. Women in Reformation and Counter-Reformation Europe: Public and Private Worlds. Bloomington/Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 1989.

Review: P. P. Mack in RenQ 46 (1993), 176–177: Found "immensely useful" and recommended for " all students of women's history and of early modern Europe" , M.'s edition is at once detailed and broad, covering Britain as well as Eastern and Western Europe. It paints a picture of decline of opportunities for women yet relates their creativity and even rebellion.

MASSIP, CATHERINE. "Le mécénat musical de Mademoiselle." PFSCL 22 (1995), 79–90.

Concludes that M. was more an "amateur éclairé" than a "mécène."

MCCONACHIE, BRUCE. "Theatre History and the Nation-State." ThR 20 (1995), 141–48.

M. draws on work of Stephen Toulmin, author of Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1990). ". . . T. overturns the conventional treatment of the rise of nation-state power and Cartesian and Newtonian rationalism in the seventeenth century." "Descartes and his modernist descendants rigorously separated the mental from the material, discarded rhetoric for axioms and logic, and ruled out the possibility of contextual knowledge." "When theatre history emerged as an academic discipline in German universities in the late nineteenth century, the mind/material dualism of Descartes . . . helped to define the parameters of the new scholarship. The protocols of the new discipline directed theatre historians to look primarily at what was believed to be the material side of the theatrical past—theatrical ruins, costume sketches, descriptions of movement on stage—in an effort to reconstruct the material realities of historical productions. Theatre historians left the so-called mental activities of the theatrical past to philologists. This division of labour was partly based on the Cartesian assumption that processes involving matter, as distinct from the activities of the human mind, were predictable effects of determinate causes, and hence could have a history which might be discovered and written down." In M.'s view, although "[m]ost of us have long since abandoned this narrow understanding of theatre history, . . . the after-effects of its Cartesian-based positivism linger on."

MEMOIRES DE LA SOCIETE POUR L'HISTOIRE DU DROIT ET DES INSTITUTIONS DES ANCIENS PAYS BOURGUIGNONS, COMTOIS ET ROMANDS. 47e fascicule (1990). Dijon: Editions universitaires, 1991.

Review: J.-M. Cauchies in RBPH 72 (1994), 918–19: "Aucune thématique pour ce volume mais plutôt un aperçu des recherches diversifiées que mènent en particulier les membres du Centre Georges Chenier pour l'histoire du droit de l'université de Bourgogne à Dijon, auxquels se sont joints quelques autres spécialistes . . . ."

MERLIN, HELENE. "Fables of the 'Mystical Body' in Seventeenth Century France." YFS 86 (1994), 126–142.

Author explores in what sense and under what circumstances we can speak of the "mystical body" in 17th century France. She discusses in particular the writings of Guy Coquille ("Discours des Etats de France" 1588), Nicolas Caussin (La Cour sainte 1631), and Guez de Balzac ("Le Romain", "La Conversation des Romains", and "Mécénas").

MEROT, ALAIN. La Peinture française au XVIIe siècle. Paris: Gallimard Electra, 1994.

Review: Gilbert Lascault in QL (16–31 octobre 1994), 8–9: "Prenant acte des recherches sur le XVIIe siècle, du 'réveil' d'artistes méconnus, proposant de nouveaux regroupements de peintres, A. M. nous aide à mieux situer Poussin parmi ses rivaux du moment, parmi ses amis, à mieux lier à des problèmes du temps certaines décisions picturales, en particulier son choix fréquent de petits formats."

MIGNON, PAUL-LOUIS. Jacques Copeau ou le mythe du Vieux-Colombier: Biographie. Paris: Julliard, 1993.

Review: Maria Shevtsova in ThR 20 (1995), 59–60: "Written in the style of belles lettres, [M.'s book] seeks a general rather than erudite reader. The style has its drawbacks," according to S.: "sources are not documented, for example, and quotations left hanging in the air as if it suffices merely to utter them. Still," S. continues, "the book serves as an introduction to C.'s life and work. It is organized according to periods . . . ." "Most unfortunately, the women who were so important in [C.'s] working life . . . are mentioned but kept out of sight, as is the sociopolitical world (despite passing references, say, to Mussolini) in which he worked. It might all have happened in a vacuum."

MIGNOT, CLAUDE. "Mademoiselle et son château de Saint Fargeau." PFSCL 22 (1995), 91–101.

The renovation and running of the château seen as a source of civility in the princess' life. Illustrations.

MITCHELL, W. J. T. Picture Theory: Essays on Verbal and Visual Representation. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1994.

Review: Karl Kroeber in Criticism 37 (1995), 337–40: Largely negative evaluation, based on detailed commentary. "M., like most literary critics, is fundamentally insensitive to what goes into the making of pictorial artistry." "Even more debilitating, but more surprising," asserts K., 'is M.'s omission of any reference to orality." The author "sees his own principal contribution as an emphasis on what he calls "imagetext," recognition that all pictorializations are infected with verbal meanings, and that all writing must be perceived as containing a pictorial element. True enough," says the reviewer, "yet this hardly launches us into intellectual deep water, especially when unsupported by eager breadth of scholarly awareness . . . ."

MONTAGU, JENNIFER. The Expression of the Passions: The Origin and Influence of Charles Le Brun's "Conférence sur l'expression générale et particulière." New Haven: Yale UP, 1995.

Review: Charles Dempsey in TLS 4801 (7 Apr. 1995), 11–12.: A badly needed new edition and translation based on comparison on manuscripts. French texts are also given of Henri Testelin's lecture on general expression and Claude Nivellon's account of the "Ouvrages sur la physiognomie." Appendices on dating, drawings illustrating the text, close reading of Descartes. Widely ranging introduction sets the lecture within the broader context of the general theory of expression. "Impeccable and of great scholarly use."

Review: E. K. Menon in Choice 32 (1995), 1586: This work focuses on "L.B.'s frequently cited and often misinterpreted illustrated lecture on the importance of facial expressions. . . . [A]n overview of gesture and expression in the visual arts is given, relating them theoretically to music, theater, and dance." The author "traces the theoretical development and artistic application of theories of expression in a direct and succinct fashion," according to the reviewer, who adds: "This book will be of greatest interest to L.B. scholars, but those involved in the study of the French Academy, religious or history painting, or caricature should also take note of M.'s forthright analysis."

MONTANDON, ALAIN, ed. Etiquette et politesse. Clermont-Ferrand: Association des Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Clermont Ferrand, 1992.

Review: P. France in MLR 90 (1995), 174–75: "This is one volume in a series devoted to communication, conviviality, politeness, and related topics." A. Pons provides "useful overview of the history of civility." E. Bury also focuses on the seventeenth century in France.

MURRAY, WILLIAMSON, MACGREGOR KNOX AND ALVIN BERNSTEIN, eds. The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Review: R. Higham in Choice 32 (1995), 1181–82: "The authors, whose pieces on strategy range from classical Athens to the future, provide a range of historical examples covering the world. Essays explain the dilemmas in which governments found themselves, how they resolved them, and the forces they had available; contributors also assess how well the governments managed. One of the advantages of the book is its essays on lesser known periods for some powers, . . . as well as more traditional pieces on Britain, France, Germany, Spain, and Israel."

NEAD, LYNDA. Female Nude: Art, Obsenity and Sexuality. London: Routledge, 1992.

Review: Philip Auslander in TDR 39.3 (1995), 169–80: Reviewed with six other books. "N.'s scholarly approach is unusual for an art historian in that she is not primarily concerned with analyzing particular works of art. She focuses, rather, on the discourses that surround the production and reception of representations of the female body. . . . Like so many of the authors under review here," says A., "N. touches on Cartesian dualism in her discussion of the tradition of the nude. N. argues that Descartes defines rationality and mental processes as male, complementing the Greek identification of matter as female . . . . Thus are set the basic terms of the tradition: the nude signifies the containment and disciplining of unruly female matter (and sexuality) by male-identified form. N. shows how this tradition has been constructed and reasserted in the visual arts themselves . . . ."

O'DAY, ROSEMARY. The Family and Family Relationships, 1500–1900: England, France and the United States of America. New York: St. Martin's, 1994.

Review: D. C. Baxter in Choice 32 (1995), 1649: "There is much to praise in this work . . . ," according to B. The author "presents a fresh evaluation of a well-worked field, family history. Based largely on extensive examination of secondary sources, [O.] argues against a complacent acceptance of historical demography and prescriptive literature in understanding the family." "Her focus is the interaction of family members themselves, the 'lived family,' rather than the institutional framework. She explores personal relationships in the complex households of the early modern period . . . . Recommended for all interested in family history."

OLMI, GIUSEPPE. L'inventario del monda: Catalogazione della natura e luoghi del sapere nella prima età moderna. Bologna: Il Mulino, 1992.

Review: Jay Tribby in Isis 85 (1994), 795–96: Collects 6 essays (1977–92): two essays are important reexaminations of new techniques of illustration, engraving, and pringing; another pair traces changes in collecting practices, from the 16th to the 17th centuries and their relation to the new availability of ancient natural history texts; one other explores interest in objects from the Americas; the last, Cesi's Accademia dei Lincei. "Much of the best recent scholarship of the collection, illustration, and display of natural objects in early modern Italy owes a debt to one or more of these essays."

OLSON, RICHARD. The Emergence of the Social Sicences, 1642–1792. New York: Twayne/Macmillan, 1993.

Review: Jorge Canizares in Isis 85 (1994), 518–19: "A superbly crafted historical synthesis" with a very useful bibliographical essay. Taxonomy, "an important contribution within itself": psychology, sociology, political economy, and cameralism. Distinguishes two generations in the early histories principally on the criterion of knowledge claims in scientific theory (certainty or not) and also of the heuristic role of hypothesis and anology.

OSIANDER, ANDREAS. The States System of Europe, 1640–1990: Peacemaking and the Conditions of International Stability. New York: Oxford UP, 1994.

Review: S. Bailey in Choice 32 (1995), 1191: "If the great attraction of therealist school of international relations is its apparent universality it argues that immutable principles govern the use of power its great failing is that it is not historical. This is the major thesis of O. . . .in his superb study of peacemaking at Westphalia, Utrecht, Vienna, and Versailles. In each instance what mattered most was not what the international order was . . . but what statesmen thought it should be. In 1648, in 1713, and in 1815 they came to agreement, and their agreement meant stability for Europe. . . . All this ended at Versailles, where there was no consensus and where a defeated power was treated as an international outcast. The statesmen of 1919 made the mistake their predecessors had avoided, and with baleful results."

PELZER, ERICH. Der elsässische Adel im Spätfeudalismus. Tradition und Wandel einer regionalen Elite zwischen dem Westfälischen Frieden und der Revolution (1648–1790). (Ancien Régime, Aufklärung und Revolution, vol. 21) München: Oldenbourg, 1990.

Review: P. Fuchs in HZ 258 (1994), 498–99: Reviewer finds significant omissions in this broader treatment stemming from a 1985 Frieburg dissertation. Investigates the Elsass nobility, their relation to French rule, the extravagant French lifestyle and the French bourgeoisie.

PERKINS, WENDY. "Perceptions of Women Criminals: The Case of Mme de Brinvilliers." SCFS 17 (1995), 99–110.

Thought provoking analysis of the conditions under which crime becomes a mode of self-expression and of the public politicization of the trial. Estimates that about 20% of criminality was female.

PETERSON, T. SARAH. Acquired Taste. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1994.

Review: Anon. in VQR 71 (1995), 68: This volume is described as a "fascinating, abundantly illustrated book, which professes to be about 'the French origins of modern cooking' but is about much, much more. We learn about ancient Roman cooking, Arabic confections, and Renaissance delights of the table, . . ." among other topics. "Eventually," says the reviewer, "we learn about the great 'French synthesis,' the 'French style,' which emerges in the 17th century [sic]. A book to be nibbled, chewed on, or swallowed whole!"

PERROT, JEAN CLAUDE. Une histoire intellectuelle de l'économie politique, XVIIe–XVIIIe siècle. Paris: Editions de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, 1992.

Review: B. Schefold in HZ 258 (1994), 799–800: Very informative for students of pre revolutionary economic theory. Part I treats political economy, the beginnings of statistics and population science. Part II treats agriculture and part III sociophilosophical issues in economy. No bibliography but extensive index of names.

PLANHOL, XAVIER DE. Géographie historique de la France. Avec la collaboration dePaul Claval. Paris: Fayard, 1988.

Review: I. Mieck in HZ 256 (1993), 403–405: Seventeenth c. scholars will particularly appreciate the second part of this volume which treats under the rubric of traditional organization of "l'espace français," items such as language, literacy, production, economy and politics. M. notes other areas which could have been examined more systematically such as modification of the coast and shifting of rivers but has words of praise for the detailed general index.

POHL, HANS, ed. The European Discovery of the World and Its Economic Effects on Pre-Industrial Society 1500–1800. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1990.

Review: R. Wendt in HZ 256 (1993), 481–483: This edition of the papers of the Tenth International Economic History Congress is multifaceted, treating political and economic themes as divergent as they are crucial: slavetrade, banking and the East, imports such as coffee, etc.

POPKIN, RICHARD H. and DONALD R. KELLY, eds. The Shapes of Knowledge from Renaissance to Enlightenment. Dordrecht/Boston: Kluwer, 1991.

Review: Rivka Feldhay in Isis 85 (1994), 793–95: Problematizes the boundaries between fields of knowledge, avoiding anachronisms. Three sections imply three mediums through which the cultural field was historically structured: a genre of classificatory books, which includes use of Claire Farago's essay on Renaissance perspective; by prominent individuals, with a paper on arguments in Galileo's Dialogue by Nicolas Jardine, and on Gassendi; the impact of institutions.

PRICE, J. L. Holland and the Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century: The Politics of Particularism. New York: Oxford UP, 1994.

Review: J. J. Butt in Choice 32 (1995), 992–93: This book is described as "a superb political analysis of one region in early modern Europe." According to B., "[t]his detailed study, well grounded in the literature, is a model revision, examining the practice rather than merely the theory of the interactions of politics, religion, and economics in Holland; it should be used," in B.'s opinion, "to compare the Dutch Republic with England and France in the 17th century. The sections on religion are especially good," states B., who considers the study to be "an exemplar of scholarly originality."

PRICE, ROGER. A Concise History of France. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 30 (1994), 187–188: A safe recommendation for undergraduates, this volume balances successfully facts and figures with themes of "social, political and economic power." Useful bibliography of specialized books.

RAILLARD, GEORGES. "Poussin dans la clarté." QL (16–31 octobre 1994), 6–7.

On exhibition of P.'s works: "La Collection du Musée Condé à Chantilly (open until 6 Jan. 1995). Also discusses another exhibition held in late 1994: "Le Dessin en France au XVIe siècle" (Ecole nationale supérieure des Beaux Arts, Quai Malaquais).

RAILLARD, GEORGES. "Dessins français de la collection Prat XVIIe–XVIIIe XIXe siècles." QL (16–30 juin 1995), 20:

Concerns an exhibition at the Louvre (Hall Napoléon, continuing to 24 July 1995). Louis Antoine and Véronique Prat (described as "amateurs érudits") have been collecting drawings for 20 years; the Louvre will inherit some of the pieces in their collection. "C'est ce don qui, pour une part, justifie l'exposition en tels lieux de cent feuilles d'une collection privée." The catalogue, with a preface by Pierre Rosenberg, "reproduit toutes ces images, accompagnées de notices précises, sans emphase."

RALSTON, DAVID B. Importing the European Army. The Introduction of European Military Techniques and Institutions into the Extra European World, 1600–1914. Chicago/London: U of Chicago P, 1990.

Review: Volker Reinhardt in HZ 258 (1994), 431–32: Promises more than it delivers. Neglects French sources and summarily presents findings.

RANUM, OREST. La Fronde, trans.Paul Chemia. Paris: Seuil, 1995.

Review: Christian Jouaud in Le Monde des Livres (17 Mar. 1995), ix: Questions interpretation of Parlement's actions in 1648 as a revolution: "La Révolution n'est probablement pas là où Orest Ranum souhaiterait nous la faire découvrir." Corrects provenances of some key propaganda of the Ormée and cautions on need to identify "Médiations et médiateurs" for this Paris-produced Condé writtng as well as the kind of action represented by printing ("La Fronde avait une conception tout-à-fait instrumental des écrits qu'ils [leaders of factions] faisaient publier et ne cherchaient pas à convaincre l'opinion"). Regrets the hastiness of the French translation and publication and its impression of Ranum's scholarship.

RASLER, KAREN A., and WILLIAM R. THOMPSON. The Great Powers and Global Struggle, 1490–1990. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1995.

Review: C. A. Hody in Choice 33 (1995), 213: "In the tradition of long cycle theory, R. and T. examine the dynamics of the rise and fall of great powers. Specifically, they focus on the pattern of conflict between declining global leaders in the international system and ascending regional leaders. According to the authors, this pattern of conflict has triggered a sequence of global or transitional wars over the past 500 years, the outcomes of which have greatly shaped the modern world." The authors' "analysis is unique among long cycle theorists because of their concentration on the role of rising regional leaders . . . ."

RAYMOND, JEAN-FRANCOIS de, ed. Christine, Reine de Suède, Apologies. Paris: Editions du Cerf, 1994.

Review: Alain Génetiot in RHL 95:2 (Mars-avril 1995), 313: G. remarks that this is the first French edition of Christine's three works 1) La Vie de la Reine Christine faite par elle-même 2) L'Ouvrage du loisir and 3) Les Sentiments. In general, the work deals with C.'s "conscience religieuse" which prompted her to abdicate and subsequently dedicate herself to the Counter-Reformation. G. summarizes his comments by noting that "ces trois ouvrages manifestent à la fois l'essence royale de la reine, son éthique héroique...et l'histoire de son âme dans sa vocation spirituelle."

Review: J. Lafond in PFSCL 22 (1995), 292–295: A well documented edition containing a lengthy preface and different works written in French by the enigmatic queen. Annotations and indexes.

RAYMOND, JEAN-FRANÇOIS de. La reine et le philosophe. Descartes et Christine de Suède. Paris: Lettres Modernes, 1993.

Review: Marc Escola in RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994), 1072–1073: In the main, the work studies the influence (albeit posthumus) Descartes may have had on Christine's abdication and her disavowal of Lutheranism. However, after a description of the Queen's schooling, de Raymond discusses the "intrigue (au sens aristotélicien) de la correspondance philosophique prolongée en un vrai dialogue intellectuel" between the two parties. This dialogue prompted,"de façon décisive... l'élaboration du Traité des passions." While the Queen may have influenced Descartes, the book asks whether "la relation de la Reine et du philosophe s'arrête-t-elle avec la disparition du philosophe?" The reviewer gives no direct answer, but implies that D.'s intellectual and theological sway with Christine was considerable. In a final remark. E. observes that de Raymond's text is worth reading simply for the correspondance of Descartes, Chanut and Christine.

Review: J. Lafond in PFSCL 22 (1995), 292–295: The relationship between the queen and the philosopher "consiste en un échange beaucoup plus étendu que l'Histoire ne l'a retenu." Reviewer finds that all is well in this study except for the conclusion that the relationshop between the queen and the philosopher had transformed their beings.

ROCHE, DANIEL. The Culture of Clothing: Dress and Fashion in the "Ancien Régime." Trans.Jean Birrell. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Review: D. G. Troyansky in Choice 32 (1995), 1192: "The French title of this great book, La Culture des apparences (Paris, 1989), reveals that it is about more than clothing, for R. uses the history of dress to investigate systems of appearance. Virtually all major themes of early modern historiography, from court to commerce . . . play a role. R. . . . combines a sensitive reading of cultural sources . . . with a rigorous analysis of material culture, particularly the place of clothing in inventories after death." According to T., this study "demonstrates brilliantly how to write social and cultural history."

ROOT, HILTON L. The Fountain of Privilege: Political Foundations of Markets in Old Regime France and England. Berkeley: U of California P, 1994.

Review: J. E. Brink in Choice 32 (1995), 1507–08: "The author contrasts political arrangements in determining economic outcomes in Whig England, with its strong Parliament and firm reliance on law, with France from Louis XIV to the Revolution, where royal absolutism and personal rule dominated. Although corruption was rife in the distribution of economic favors in England, French cronyism, through which privileges emanated from royal whim, was ultimately more stultifying. . . . R. takes on the likes of Georges Lefebvre, George Rudé, and Charles Tilly while following the bold theories of Douglass North. The result," says B., "is a fascinating hypothesis—couched in often turgid prose—that needs more detailed study."

ROSENBERG, MARTIN. Raphael and France: The Artist as Paradigm and Symbol. University Park: Penn State UP, 1994.

Review: Anon. in VQR 71 (1995), 139: "From the 17th to the 19th centuries, the Italian Renaissance painter Raphael . . . was the 'bedrock of French classicism.' Always a favorite of the French Academy . . . R. was consistently praised as the very model of 'invention, expression, propriety,' and was rated the greatest artist after the ancients . . . . [A]s tastes, priorities, and politics changed, painters and critics viewed R. in ways convenient for their own aspirations. This study buttresses its argument," the reviewer notes, "with more than 60 black and white plates, reproducing R.'s paintings, cartoons, and frescoes, as well as the works by French painters he influenced." The reviewer finds "the prose accompaniment" to be "fairly flat," but states as well that the author "delivers a thorough survey of French notions of artistic merit."

Review: N. M. Lambert in Choice 33 (1995), 282: "This book asserts that R.'s impact on the French classical tradition was greater than that of any other foreign artist." According to L., the author "has carefully concluded that no comprehensive study of R.'s role in French art theory, criticism, and practice has been done. Since his original doctoral work was written [this book is an "outgrowth" of his dissertation], a major exhibition . . . (Grand Palais, 1983–84) did show R.'s direct impact on France, and yet [M.] R., in his words, used the wealth of information in the exhibit to enrich his study." The author's "knowledge of art critics and art theory, as well as careful readings of primary sources (some unpublished) of correspondence and lectures of the French Academy, makes his study of a mythical R. convincing," in L.'s opinion.

ROSENBERG, PIERRE and VERONIQUE DAMIAN. Poussin. Paris: Somogy, 1994.

Review: Gilbert Lascault in QL (16–31 octobre 1994), 8–9: The authors "nous aident à mieux percevoir les rapports entre chaque tableau dans sa totalité et ses détails."

ROSENER, WERNER. The Peasantry of Europe. Trans.Thomas M. Barker. London: Blackwell, 1994.

Review: R. F. G. Spier in Choice 32 (1995), 1362: "R. traces the history of peasant farming from the early Middle Ages to the collapse of eastern European collectives, with emphasis on the social order. Densely written, with lots of esoteric terms, the book could profit from more figures, maps, and tables, and from closer integration of illustrations. General readers will learn a great deal from this work," according to S., "but might profit from a greater explanation of events and whereabouts. Readers are expected to be familiar with details of European history and places."

ROYER, JEAN-PIERRE. Histoire de la justice en France de la monarchie absolue à la Republique. Paris: Droit politique et théorique, 1995.

RUBIN, DAVID LEE, JR., ed. Sun King: The Ascendancy of French Culture during the Reign of Louis XIV. Washington/London/ Toronto: Folger Books, 1992.

Review: E. Woodrough in MLR 90 (1995), 190–92: Illustrated collection of twelve essays by French and American scholars "seeks to explore . . . the moment when with the intervention of Molière and others, court ceremonial turned to fete, and Culture with a capital C first reached the top of the political agenda in France."

• See French 17 (1992).

RUDLIN, JOHN. Commedia dell'Arte: An Actor's Handbook. London: Routledge, 1994.

Review: Gerard Flanagan in ThR 20 (1995), 165: In what is called a "long overdue practical guide," the author "provides us with information on the origins of this vibrant, half-mask theatre, plus an overview of the twentieth century's rediscovery of the form and the attempts to put it back on the boards." The book includes "considerable useful detail about each mask, its walk, movements, speech, gestures, and so on. This approach tends," according to F., "to reduce the form to its constituent parts and to define narrowly a mask's repertoire . . . ."

SAAGE, RICHARD. Politische Utopien der Neuzeit. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1991.

Review: L. Hölscher in HZ 257 (1993), 147–148: Eminently readable survey examines classical utopias according to 5 criteria: political and social conditions; normative foundations; socio-economic provisions; realization of Utopian projects.

SARRAZAC, JEAN PIERRE, ed. Les Pouvoirs du théâtre: Essais pour Bernard Dort. Paris: Editions Théâtrales, 1994.

Review: Monique Le Roux in QL (16–31 janvier 1995), 29: A number of prominent people associated with theater died in the past year. "Et peut être l'absence de [B. D.] . . . s'est elle le plus fait sentir à la mesure de sa présence au quotidien soir après soir dans les salles de Paris et de Gennevilliers, de Lyon et de Strasbourg, de Milan et de Berlin." "La collaboration personnelle à un ouvrage interdit d'en donner un compte rendu critique," states M. L. R., "du moins la dette envers un maître autorise t elle à recommander la lecture de cet ouvrage. On y verra interrogées une singulière activité, la pratique théâtrale, et une activité plus singulière encore, l'écriture sur cette pratique."

SAUNDERS, ALISON. "What Happened to the Native French Tradition? The Decline of the Vernacular Emblem in the Seventeenth Century." SCFS 17 (1995), 69–86.

Tracing the movement from the glory days of 16th-century imitation of Acciati, it seems that Jesuit pedagogy, royal propaganda, and emphases on the "devise," all pegged to Latin, play their parts in the decline. The most popular of the 17th-century books also tend to be translations rather than national in their narrative sources.

SAVINSKAYA, LUBOW. "A 'Rivaldo and Armida' from Poussin's Circle." Burlington Magazine 137 (1995), 16–18.

Attributes painting to Dufresnoy in the 1640s.

SCHINDLER, NORBERT. Widerspenstige Leute. Studien zur Volkskultur in der frühen Neuzeit. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch, 1992.

Review: W. Kaschuba in HZ 258 (1994), 790–91: Outstanding volume on the history of popular culture in early modern times. An exacting empirical and methodological/theoretical foundation complements important discussions of social and cultural history as well as of historical/social anthropology. Eight case studies provide excellent accounts of diverse popular culture practices along with a precise analysis and decoding of historical sources.

SCHNAPPER, BERNARD. Voies nouvelles en histoire du droit. La justice, la famille, la répression pénale (XVIème–XXème siècles). Paris: PUF, 1991.

Review: P. Godding in RBPH 72 (1994), 915–17: Recueil "rassemblant un choix d'études qu'il avait publiées entre 1965 et 1988." Intérêt pour l'histoire des mentalités.

Review: G. Staechelin in HZ 258 (1994), 133–34: This exemplary volume gathers under one cover S.'s wide ranging and important contributions to the field. A tribute by S 's colleagues and students, this collection examines historic events, legal rights, interdependence and questions of power. Demonstrates changing view of social groups (gypsies, vagabonds and beggars) from a benign tolerance to a consideration of them as criminals.

SCHNEIDER, PIERRE. Le Voir et le savoir (Essai sur Nicolas Poussin). Paris: Mercure de France, 1994.

Review: Gilbert Lascault in QL (16–31 octobre 1994), 8–9: "Dans une suite de chapitres brefs et subtils, P. S. montre, en particulier, comment P. dépasse l'opposition dangereuse de 'l'arbre de science' et de 'l'arbre de vie.'"

SCHNEIDER, ROBERT A. Public Life in Toulouse, 1463–1789: From Municipal Republic to Cosmopolitan City. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1989.

Review: Marie-Luce Parker in FR 67 (1994), 986–87: Growing out of the Porchnev/Mousnier debate, the principal focus is on the public behavior of the city's ruling elite and how they defend themselves in regard to the lower orders, the city, and the crown. Careful explication of social hierarchies and institutions of the municipal republic like the learned academies, religious riots and lay brotherhoods, lay activism, civic humanism, the histoyr of the 60 medieval corporations and guilds.

SEGUIN, LOUIS. "Les Yeux noirs de Nicolas Poussin." QL (16–31 octobre 1994), 7–8.

On Poussin exhibition at Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, Paris (Sept. 1994 Jan. 1995). S. notes that P. is the subject of many commentaries. "Dans cette enquête minutieuse, la peinture est coincée entre l'attribution et l'exégèse." Sources of P.'s paintings have been precisely identified, enabling us to "'lire' . . . le tableau." According to S., ". . . pour ce qui se refuse à la lecture, les notices qui sont affichées au Grand Palais ne relèvent . . . que d'un sottisier dont il serait un peu cruel ou plutôt inutile de donner le détail . . . ." S. adds a footnote: "Les notices, réduites à quelques feuilles maladroitement collées, ne sont pas la moindre faiblesse d'une exposition qui se veut aussi prestigieuse. Que dire d'une 'scénographie' qui enferme les tableaux dans la pénombre ou les expose sans scrupules aux dangers de l'éblouissement?"

SIGURET, FRANÇOISE. L'Oeil surpris. Perception et représentation dans la première moitié du XVIIe siècle. Nouvelle édition. Paris: Klincksieck, 1993.

Review: Alain Génetiot in RHL 95:1 (Janvier-février 1995), 83–84: G. responds favorably to this updated version of the 1985 original published by PFSCL/Biblio 17. The current edition, "continue d'offrir une passionnante investigation de la notion de perception visuelle au XVIIe siècle, de la peinture au spectacle théâtral...définissant une métaphysique du regard selon une approche plurielle qui associe histoire, philosophie, lettres, arts et sciences." G. mentions in particular the revised chapter on Poussin, and other studies dealing with Corneille, Tristan and Scudéry. The greatest contribution, however, of the new edition, is its "qualité d'impression" which permits the enhanced reproduction of many of the work's key images.

Review: Helen Bates McDermott in FR 68 (1995), 1091–92: "A rich and illuminating work...on what is truly a vast subject," from physics (and Descartes's optics in particular) to metaphysics, perspective in theatre (and the theory of "vraisemblance"), painting, city planning. 29 high-quality reproductions, copious biblio., index. Revised version of 1984 publication in PFSCL/Biblio 17 series.

SMITHER, JAMES R. "Propaganda and Theater: Authorial Intent and Audience Response to Political Pamphlets, 1550–1650." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991) 179–94.

The purpose of S.'s article is to explore the role of the popular press in French history by studying political pamphlets of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. S. examines three periods 1) the conspiracy of Amboise in 1560–2) the Condé crisis of 1614–1617 and 3) the Fronde of 1648–1652. During the sixteenth century, authors of libelles strove either to "create positive or negative images of particular individuals or groups in the minds of a relatively broad audience," or, "to influence the actions of those whose support or acquiescence was essential to the success of the faction issuing the pamphlet." This second function dominated the tenor of political pamphlets during the Amboise conspiracy and the Condé crisis. Character assassination was a frequent technique used during both struggles. S. concludes by stating that the effectiveness of the libelles in the first two periods was contrasted by the relative lack of success of polemical circulars known as the Mazarinades published during the Fronde. The failure of the Mazarinades was due to their appeal to the masses as opposed to those who could potentially wield power. Consequently, S. argues that political discourse became "theater" rather than serious dialogue.

SOLLERS, PHILIPPE. "La Lecture de Poussin." L'Infini 48 (1994), 13–40.

"De même que, dans notre système de lecture, on part de la gauche pour aboutir à la droite . . . ; ainsi dans les tableaux de Poussin, essentiellement horizontaux, lisibles, suit on la démarche d'une expression et d'une structure nécessaires, la syntaxe et les mots remplacés par les formes et les couleurs, certaines mises en évidence et soulignées (comme le substantif et les verbes) dans . . . un 'espace fort' de lumière." "J'ai reconnu dans la structure des tableaux de P.," declares S., "une cohérence constitutive . . . que j'ai posée comme la 'continuité analogique retrouvée'; continuité qui devient moins sensible, plus intellectuelle, à mesure qu'on analyse, qu'on décompose, et . . . qu'on avance dans le tableau . . . ." This phenomenon is compared with "l'analyse de type surréaliste." Illustrations are included (several black and white reproductions of works by P.).

SONNET, MARTINE. "Que faut il apprendre aux filles? Idéaux pédagogiques et culture féminine à la fin du XVIIe siècle." PFSCL 22 (1995), 369–378.

Studies the introduction of secular subjects into women's education. Despite pedagogical change, women remained the inferior gender marked negatively by the ideas of Fénelon and others.

STEER, JOHN, and ANTONY WHITE. Atlas of Western Art History: Artists, Sites and Movements from Ancient Greece to the Modern Age. New York: Facts on File, 1994.

Review: A. H. Widder in Choice 32 (1994), 581: "The authors . . . use maps to show the development of Western art from ancient to modern times. The emphasis is on developments in Western Europe in the Greek/Roman, medieval, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque/Rococo, and modern periods." "The illustrations are very fine though not numerous," according to the reviewer, who mentions drawbacks of the volume (including an "unwieldy" subject index and "very small" type), but adds that ". . . this is a unique work" that "will be most used by generalists interested in art history, scholars in other fields who enjoy art . . . , beginning undergraduates, and students taking art history as nonmajors." The book is not primarily intended for art-history specialists, but "some maps might be useful as slides in courses."

STICHWEH, RUDOLF. Der frühmoderne Staat und die europäische Universität. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1991.

Review: N. Hammerstein in HZ 256 (1993), 769–772: Rich in details and well documented, this ambitious study treats the European university in the context of politics, church and economy.

STOLLEIS, MICHAEL, ed. Recht, Verfassung und Verwaltung in der frühneuzeitlichen Stadt. (Städteforschung, Rh.A: Darstellungen, vol. 31) Köln/Wien: Böhlau, 1991.

Review: O. Mörke in HZ 258 (1994), 483–84: Wide ranging and interesting, this volume on power, government and administration in the early modern city contains an introduction plus 14 essays, 12 of which were contributions of a 1987 colloque.

STOYE, JOHN. Marsigli's Europe, 1680–1730: The Life and Times of Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli, Soldier and Virtuoso. New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 1994.

Review: G. C. Bond in Choice 32 (1995), 851: "Count L. M. was a member of a prominent Bolognese family . . . . Much of [M.'s] early career was taken up with the military, particularly in southeastern Europe where he served the Hapsburg Empire. But M. was much more than a military man, having interests that ranged from the natural sciences to printing and to history and geography . . . . This study is a detailed look at the life and times of an individual who not only crossed paths with some of the major political, military, and scientific leaders of his time but also accomplished a great deal on his own. Drawing upon archival and printed sources from numerous libraries across Europe, S. . . . has put together" what B. describes as "a readable, extremely scholarly study of one man's interaction on the broad European stage from 1680 to 1730."

THOMSOM, JANICE E. Mercenaries, Pirates, and Sovereigns: State-building and Extraterritorial Violence in Early Modern Europe. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1994.

THUILLIER, JACQUES. Nicolas Poussin. Paris: Flammarion, 1994.

Review: Gilbert Lascault in QL (16–31 octobre 1994), 8–9: "J. T., avec une érudition subtile, choisit d'interroger la biographie et les oeuvres de P., de mettre plus de clarté dans des débats singulièrement complexes." Examples are given. "Comment tenter de définir le catholicisme d'un artiste vivant à Rome une grande partie de sa vie, protégé par des cardinaux, peignant des scènes de l'Ancien et du Nouveau Testament, en même temps que des Bacchanales ou les amours de Vénus? Est il un libertin? Est il un stoïcien chrétien? Quelle est la part, dans sa recherche picturale, de sa réflexion théorique sur les sens de la vie, de la mort . . . , de l'amour, de l'art, sur les passions, sur les tensions et les réconciliations? Quelle est la part, dans cette recherche, des inventions formelles? . . . Comment penser ensemble la sensualité, l'érotisme même de certaines de ses oeuvres et l'impression de 'sévérité,' d'ordre, que ressentent bien des spectateurs?"

Review: John E. Jackson in QL (16–31 mai 1995), 16–17: Reviewed with two other books. "Sur Poussin, en France, l'autorité reste J. T., qui vient de republier, à l'occasion du quatrième centenaire de la naissance du peintre, le catalogue dont il avait donné une première version en 1974. Mais dire qu'il s'agit d'une republication prête à confusion: c'est bien d'un livre neuf qu'il s'agit, tant par les progrès dans la qualité des illustrations, notamment en couleur, que par l'amplification que T. a su donner à son introduction. Si le catalogue complet des peintures n'a rien perdu, il est désormais précédé par une introduction aussi informée que bien écrite."

TIMMERMANS, LINDA. L'accès des femmes à la culture (1598–1715). Un débat d'idées de Saint François de Sales à la Marquise de Lambert. Paris: Champion, 1993.

Review: Jane Couchman in FR 68 (1995), 134–36: Immensely learned revised dissertation that offers a goldmine of information on women's intellectual life and culture (traditionally defined and most often viewed through men's writings). Many little known printed manuals and documents are made available. Little attention to methodological theory in presentation, which tends to the catalogue of texts by period, secular/ecclesiastical context, and topic.

Review: R. Larson in PFSCL 22 (1995), 300–302: Reviewer deems this lenghty study an "invaluable resource for anyone researching early modern and classical attitudes towards women, education, religion, literature and intellectual life." Part 1 studies woman in secular culture, part 2 looks at their relationship to religious culture.

VALONE, JAMES S. Huguenot Politics, 1601–1622. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen, 1995.

Review: D. C. Baxter in Choice 33 (1995), 351: "Despite the title," says B., this study . . . narrowly focuses on a series of Huguenot national political assemblies during the reigns of Henri IV and Louis XIII. Based largely on the official proceedings (procès verbaux) of these assemblies, the book provides a highly detailed narrative of their organization, operation, and the political issues they faced. A number of interesting insights emerge," according to B.: "Henry IV's firmness and determination to limit the power of these assemblies, the internal divisions within the Huguenot leadership . . . , and the isolation of the assemblies from political life . . . . Unfortunately, these broader themes are often buried within a reconstruction of the internal history of these assemblies, limiting the book's appeal. . . . Recommended for specialists."

VANDENBULCKE, ANNE. "La Famille Le Mire et la recette du droit de médianate (1653–1700). Un exemple de fonctionnement du crédit public au XVIIe siècle." RBPH 72 (1994), 285–310.

Evolution sociale d'une famille bruxelloise à laquelle Philippe IV engagea la recette du droit de médianate au XVIIe siècle.

VAN DER CRUYSSE, DIRK. L'Abbé de Choisy: Androgyne et mandarin. Paris: Fayard, 1994.

Review: Gilles Lapouge in QL (16–30 avril 1995), 11–12: Reviewed with François Timoléon de Choisy, Journal du voyage de Siam, présenté et annoté par Dirk Van der Cruysse (Fayard). "L'abbé de Choisy (1644–1724) est un drôle de paroissien," says L. "Son plaisir est de s'habiller en femme. Perruque, mouches, robes et diamants, rien ne manque à sa panoplie et comme sa figure est très jolie, son esprit délicieux, cette femme est câlinée de tous." "Ce goût lui a été inculqué par sa mère chérie, . . . redoutable 'précieuse.'" "Timoléon, dont D. V. de C. nous conte avec talent l'aventureuse carrière, est un bon disciple. . . . L'état de fille fait son bonheur . . . ," although "un léger reproche se fait entendre" to temper the enthusiasm of the abbé: "'Ma mère, par fausse tendresse, m'a élevé comme une demoiselle. Le moyen de faire de cela un grand homme!'"

VAN DÜLMEN, RICHARD. Kultur und Alltag in der Frühen Neuzeit. Bd. 1: Das Haus und seine Menschen, 16–18. Jahrhundert. München: Beck, 1990.

Review: J. Schlumbohm in HZ 256 (1993), 483–485: Comprehensive study is heavily weighted toward France. Individual chapters are more illuminating than overall picture of home, family, marriage, children aging and death. The vue d'énsemble of historical research remains essentially the same.

VAN DER CRUYSSE, DIRK. "Thanatos à Versailles: la mort louis quatorzienne vue par les mémorialistes de cour," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 99–117.

In studying accounts of the exemplary deaths of Anne d'Autriche and Henriette d'Angleterre, one finds dying and narrations of death raised to a fine art.

VIGARELLO, GEORGES. Le Sain et le Malsain. Santé et mieux etre depuis le Moyen Age. Paris: Seuil, 1993.

Review: P. Soulez in Esprit (juillet 1994), 198–99: Histoire culturelle et politique: "la question est de savoir comment la santé devient de plus en plus une question du gouvernement. Il ne s'agit plus simplement de régler la profession médicale ou d'isoler les contagieux mais de mener une politique active que seul l'Etat peut mettre en pratique."

VOGLER, BERNARD. Histoire culturelle de l'Alsace. Du Moyen-Age à nos jours, les très riches heures d'une région frontière. Strasburg: La Nuée Bleue, 1993.

Review: Christian Wolff in BSHPF 141 (1995), 121–23: "Comble une lacune de l'historiographie alsatienne." For the general public, well written and informed, and "couronné de l'Académie française." The chapter on the 17th-century details "l'effondrement intellectuel." Very skilled treatment of the confrontations of French and Germanic cultures.

WALLACE, PETER G. Communities and Conflict in Early Modern Colmar, 1575–1730. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities, 1995.

Review: R. B. Barnes in Choice 33 (1995), 351–52: "W.'s study of Colmar in the early modern era, the result of extensive archival research, traces the transformation of a key Alsatian town 'from a medieval commune into a modern provincial city.' W. examines three stages in C.'s history: Reformation and Counter Reformation in the traditional Imperial city (1575–1648), a 'home town' era of relative insularity (c. 1640–1680), and the period of subjection to French rule (1680–1730)." "W.'s writing, though frequently repetitive," according to B., "is basically clear and jargon free. In places, however, one longs to see a more fully human face among his Colmarians. Loaded with statistics, graphs, tables, and maps, this is a book for advanced students of early modern social and political history. Includes a detailed and useful scholarly apparatus."

WATANABE-O'KELLY, HELEN. Triumphall Shews: Tournaments at German Speaking Courts in their European Context 1560–1730. Berlin: Mann, 1992.

Review: P. Skrine in MLR 90 (1995), 505–06: Illustrated volume presents "the vitality and variety of the tournament in Germany . . . [and] the political and dynastic role which such courtly entertainments played throughout the Renaissance and Baroque periods. The 1664 "Plaisirs de l'isle enchantée" at Versailles show close analogies to similar spectacles at courts in Munich, Vienna, and in Italy.

WAUTHIER, SERGE. "Mourir à Nivelles," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 253–257.

A study of the death in 1633 of a young woman named Catherine: the courage and serenity of a well organized death.

WELCH, MARCELLE MAISTRE. "Les Limites du libéralisme matrimonial de Poullain de la Barre." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991) 41–50.

W. examines P.'s attack on misogyny as it appears in treatises such as De l'Egalité des deux sexes, and De l'Education des Dames (1674). According to W., P. refutes the "ontology of the patriarchal hierarchy" by challenging the notion, based on patristic doctrine, that a wife's obedience to her husband must parallel the Church's submission to Christ. In spite of these seemingly proto-feminist tendancies, W. argues that P. can in no way be called a revolutionary with respect to women's rights in marriage or in society in general. Paradoxical in P.'s treatises are his exhortations that wives resign themselves to their husband's infidelity, and cede willingly to male authority in legal matters. In sum, W. claims that while in the abstract, P. raises the "belle question" of female equality, the concrete truth is that women will have to submit to the male monopoly on social and legal custom.

WELLS, CHARLOTTE C. Law and Citizenship in Early Modern France. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1995.

Review: D. G. Troyansky in Choice 33 (1995), 198: "Political historians have routinely described the transition from subject to citizen as a major development of the 18th century. W.'s monograph presents a rethinking of that chronology by exploring ideas of citizenship since the 16th century. The absolutist 17th century, with its stress on the person or body of the king rather than on the importance of the community or polity, appears as an interruption. W.'s sources are legal treatises and cases involving the property rights of foreign-born residents of France and Frenchmen living abroad." T. expresses some reservations. "Nevertheless, [W.'s] treatment of texts is admirably clear," according to the reviewer, "and her discussions of the relationship between civil and political rights, of the relative importance of blood and soil in definitions of citizenship, and of the relationship between city and state are very instructive."

WINE, HUMPHREY. Claude: The Poetic Landscape. Oxford/London: Oxford UP/National Gallery, 1994.

Review: Helen Langdon in TLS 4743 (25 Feb., 1994), 18: Catalogue opens up new ways of interpreting the relationship between landscapes and story, and between painting and poetry and more generally the different levels of meaning the pictures had for contemporaries. Exposition has been hung in entirely new ways to stress themes and the place in evolving narrative of preparatory sketches.

WINN, COLETTE H. "La fille à l'image de la mère: Jeanne de Schomberg, Reglement donné par une dame de haute qualité . . . à sa petite fille . . . (1698)." PFSCL 22 (1995), 359–367.

Studies the method and advice offered by the duchess de Liancourt, the great advocate of the "Eternel féminin": "le fonctionnement de l'écriture miroir, les limites et les enjeux idéologiques de l'autoreprésentation, les jeux réciproques du premier et du second Reglement."

WOLLENBERG, JORG. Les Trois Richelieus. Servir Dieu, le Roi et la Raison. Trans.Edouard Husson. Paris: Francois-Xavier de Guibert, 1995.

WOSHINSKY, BARBARA R. "Allégorie et corporalité féminine: les deux Muses de Poussin," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL / Biblio 17 89 (1995), 151–160.

W. concludes that, despite the opposition of the Classical artists and writers to allegory, ". . . par un jeu symbolique subtil, . . . les personnifications féminines allégoriques atteignent à une certaine force . . . . Mais de multiples facteurs contribuent à l'affaiblissement de l'allégorie féminine: . . . ." Illustrations.

ZANGER, ABBY. "Making Sweat: Sex and the Gender of National Reproduction in the Marriage of Louis XIII." YFS 86 (1994), 187–205.

". . . my goal in this essay has not been to refute the paradigm of the "King's 'Two Bodies'" [E. H. Kantorowicz, Princeton UP, 1981] that has, for so long productively oriented our discussion of the fictions of sovereignty and the representation of kingship in early modern Europe. Rather, my aim has been to emphasize dimensions which easily slip out of sight in privileging that model . . . ." Gender "ultimately found[s] and confound[s] representations of sovereignty."

ZANGER, ABBY E. "Etat de transpiration et génération de l'état: la représentation du corps politique dans le mariage de Louis XIII," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL / BIBLIO 17 89 (1995), 389–405.

A semiotic study of the wedding: further thoughts on the theory of the king's two bodies.

ZARUCCHI, JEANNE MORGAN. "Bête/Bêtise: Une Réponse." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991) 177.

Z. answers the claims made by Laurent Dittman in his article "L'animal, ce héraut..." CdDs 5:2 (Fall 1991) 147–56. She sets forth the analogy that the shift in perceptions about the werewolf—from a demonic character in the late Middle Ages, to a comical one in the Renaissance—can be compared to the bourgeois appropriation of the blason during the Grand Siècle. According to Z., the bourgeois appropriation of word-play as an identifying feature of their new blasons was intended to mock the original, noble, blasons as much as sixteenth-century representations of the werewolf were meant to ridicule previously-held notions about the monster's horrific powers.

• See French 17 (1993, 92).

CAMERON, EVAN. The European Reformation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.

Review: P. Blickle in HZ 256 (1993), 485–486: An integral presentation of the Reformation as a European phenomenon, C.'s volume successfully treats presuppositions of the Reformation; its theology, reception, success of its legation and its coalitions.

CARR, JR., THOMAS M. "L'art de penser à la mort: Attention to Death in the Logique de Port Royal," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 287–294.

The dialog between Arnauld and Nicole and Montaigne on the place of death: "all the Port Royalists' appeals to faith and Cartesian reason cannot exorcise Montaigne's refusal to attend 'reasonably' to death, which stands as a permanent challenge to their belief that penitence must be the mode of life on this earth."

CARTMILL, CONSTANCE. "La Rhétorique de Port-Royal: Elaboration d'une théorie de l'implicite, au pied de la lettre." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991), 265–82.

C. examines theories of eloquence in Jansenist critics such as Pascal, Arnauld, Nicole, Lamy and Barcos. She begins her argument by stating the objection advanced by Descartes, and later by some Jansenists, that rhetoric lacks the "justice" and "exactitude" for pure discourse. Yet, C. claims that Nicole and Arnauld believed that eloquence could have merit if "les expressions figurées" were formulated in such a manner as to "signifi[er] outre la chose principale, le mouvement & la passion de ce qui parle." Thus, the Port-Royalistes abandoned conventional greco-latin concepts of rhetoric in favor of what C. calls "une rhétorique de l'affect, autrement dit une rhétorique spontanée." While this notion of rhetoric did pose problems for other Jansenists, C. argues that Lamy's concept of rhetoric follows along similar lines, as L.'s emphasis on passion and the "sensible" prefigured the sensualism of the eighteenth century.

CHEVALIER, FRANÇOISE. Prêcher sous l'édit de Nantes. La prédication en France au XVIIe siècle. Geneva: Labor et Fides, 1994.

COTTRET, BERNARD. The Huguenots in England: Immigration and Settlement, c. 1550–1700. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1991.

Review: C. Hill in RenQ 46 (1993), 831–832: Judged "useful" and "thought-provoking" because of its remarks on immigration and the "new angle of vision . . . it offers on English social development in the 16th and 17th c." Draws parallels between France's "Huguenot problem" and England's "Irish problem." 20-page afterword by Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie.

COUDERT, PIERRE EMMANUEL. "Aspects de la doctrine secrète de Madame Guyon." PFSCL 22 (1995), 119–134.

"En un siècle d'assujettissement abject de la femme, et de l'individu quel qu'il soit d'ailleurs, aux dictats d'une conception pyramidale de l'existence où Dieu n'est trop souvent perçu que comme un autre despote, c'est cette femme qui va faire trembler tout l'édifice sur ses bases, en affirmant hautement la supériorité des voies intérieures et de l'esprit d'enfance."

COURTINE, JEAN JACQUES. "Le corps désenchanté: lectures et langages du corps dans les physiognomonies de l'âge classique," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL / BIBLIO 17 89 (1995), 49–52.

Studies the relationshop between the body and reading: "Mon propos est ainsi de faire apparaître la fonction de ces classifications physiognomoniques, si nombreuses au cours de l'âge classique, en montrant en quoi elles viennent répondre à un ensemble d'exigences de lisibilité du corps, tout à la fois scientifiques et sociales, théoriques et pratiques, savantes et populaires."

CROUZET, DENIS. Les guerriers de Dieu. La violence du temps des troubles de religion. Vers 1525 - vers 1610. 2. vols. Paris: Champ Vallon, 1990.

Review: A. Dufour in BHR 57 (1995), 298–302: Tandis que le premier tome contient des contresens, selon D., le deuxième volume a d'excellents chapitres, surtout sur la Ligue.

• See French 17 (1992, 91).

DANIELOU, CATHERINE F. "'L'amour propre éclairé': Madame de Lambert et Pierre Nicole." PFSCL 22 (1995), 171–183.

Sees Nicole as less pessimistic and more able to live in the world than the first generation of Port Royalists, Madame de Lambert as both endebted to Nicole for her ethical positions and a forerunner of the Enlightenment.

DEBUS, ALLEN G. The French Paracelsians: The Chemical Challenge to Medical and Scientific Tradition in Early Modern France. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1991.

Review: W. Eamon in RenQ 47 (1994), 186–188: Judged successful as a work of intellectual history, D.'s study "extends his research on the Paracelsian tradition to France." Of particular interest for the light it sheds on "the question of chemistry as a rival natural philosophy." E. hopes more will be forthcoming from a cultural and sociological perspective.

DEELY, JOHN. New Beginnings: Early Modern Philosophy and Postmodern Thought. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1994.

Review: R. H. Nash in Choice 32 (1995), 1608: "The author of this highly specialized work is convinced that the beginnings of postmodern philosophy are really to be found in the latter stages of medieval philosophy, especially in the work of the largely forgotten John Poinsot (1589–1644). D. . . . claims that his discovery of P. now means that philosophical archaeologists seeking the foundations of postmodernism should pay more attention to the Latin side of early 17th century philosophy, rather than the national language traditions reflected in the work of Descartes and Locke. . . . Time will tell whether Deely convinces many to follow his trail."

DELEUZE, GILLES. The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque. Trans.Tom Conley. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1993.

Review: Ian Buchanan in SubStance 23.3 (1994), 124–27: "From Leibniz . . . we get the "fold." The significance of this concept is perhaps better rendered in the French title, "Le Pli." "L., as D. renders his thinking, is a theorist concerned with the problem of the multiple versus the one. . . . The fold is a response to the difficulty of creating a non-centered, non-totalized, but at the same time non-chaotic, philosophy." B. identifies "two reasons for reading "The Fold:" first, to see what D. has to say about L. and what he can tell us about the Baroque, and second, for what it can tell us about reading D."

DELEUZE, GILLES, and FELIX GUATTARI. What Is Philosophy? Trans.Hugh Tomlinson andGraham Burchell. New York: Columbia UP, 1994.

Review: R. E. Palmer in Choice 32 (1994), 614: P. finds that ". . . this book is packed with insights into historical periods, art, and philosophy. The mission of philosophy, it argues, is not to "contemplate" ideas, or "reflect" on them, or "communicate" them, but to 'create concepts' . . . . A pleasure to read," in P.'s opinion, "this is a rigorous structural reflection of the philosophical concept and a genuine contribution to philosophy. Highly recommended," adds the reviewer.

DINGLI, LAURENT. "Bonrepaus et la Révocation de l'édit de Nantes." BSHPF 141 (1995), 71–85.

Examines B.'s rise in naval administration after his conversion and his "zele" in the anti-protestant "crusade," which nontheless left him able to maintain friendly relations with Pierre Bayle. Clientage with the Colberts is fully acknowledged.

DRAY, J. P. "L'Abbé Pierre Valentin Faydit: An Oratorian Critic of Fénelon and Malebranche." PFSCL 22 (1995), 185–198.

"Whilst the sharpness of [Faydit's] mind is attractive, it should be conceded that he achieved little of lasting significance . . . ."

DEMERSON, GENEVIEVE et BERNARD DOMPNIER, éds. Les Signes de Dieu au XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Actes du Colloque organisé par le centre de recherches sur la Réforme et la Contre-Réforme. Clermont-Ferrand: Université de Clermont-Ferrand, 1993.

Review: M.-M. Fragonard in BHR 57 (1995), 255–57: "Riche colloque interdisciplinaire, Les Signes de Dieu s'intéressait à un moment important de l'histoire religieuse (toutes les querelles mettent en cause la notion sémiotique) et à un des arguments capitaux de tout le discours religieux, Signes de Dieu: tout peut être signe, effectivement ou virtuellement, puisque tout est dans la main du Créateur."

EAMON, WILLIAM. Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture. Princeton: PUP., 1994.

Review: Adrian Johns in Isis 86 (1995), 107–8: Highly original and unrivaled history of a genre whose printing history as well as contents are expertly analyzed. The problems of attribution and credibility are acutely framed and discussed.

ERDEI, KLÁRA. Auf dem Wege zu sich selbst: Die Meditation im 16. Jahrhundert. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1990.

Review: W. Schleiner in RenQ 46 (1993), 165–166: 17 th c. scholars of devotional poets such as La Ceppède and César de Nostredame will welcome this work which focuses on Calvinist, Catholic and Lutheran forms of meditation. Chapter I traces the development of meditation out of the medieval lectio-meditatio-oratio, chapter 2 differentiates Lutheran, Calvinistic and Ignatian styles, chapter 3 (judged by reviewer the most important) compares principal exponents of 2nd and 3rd post Reformation generations.

ERIKSSON, GUNNAR. The Atlantic Vision: Olaus Rudbeck and Baroque Science. Science History Publications, 1994.

Review: Anthony Grafton in Isis 86 (1995), 328–29: Fascinating monograph on Upsalan polyhistory (1630–1702) concentrating on the methodology of his Atlantica. Research is highly praised. But even more the methodology which is a tolerant opening to the teaming up of science and scholarship in the vein of the new work of T. Kaufmann and Paula Smith on science in the Holy Roman Empire, of Paula Findlen on museums, and of Thomas Leinkampf on Kirchner—"all usefully challenging traditional distinctions between periods and accepted definitions of modernity."

Review: T. P. Gariepy in Choice 32 (1995), 1323: "Scholars now consider Newton's work as the product of a single mind and the biblical musings to be related to the physics. E. has extended this type of analysis to Olaus Rudbeck (1630–1702), who as a 'modern' anatomist is credited with the discovery of the lymphatic system, but as an 'early' scholar in 1675 composed the 'Atlantica,' an enormous work that sought to prove . . . that Sweden was Plato's Atlantis as well as the source of ancient Egyptian wisdom." The author "argues that R. exemplies Baroque science, or that stage of modern science in which its critical methods are still undergoing development. On the whole, E. argues his thesis well," according to G., "but in places it could have been more rigorous. In addition to scholars interested in Sweden or Rudbeck, the book is of value to Cartesian scholars and historians of Dutch science and medicine." The reviewer notes that the study lacks a bibliography.

FERRY, LUC. "Les Animaux ont ils des droits?" Le Point (1er avril 1995), 50–56.

French tradition, "très fortement marquée par la figure historique de Descartes, . . . n'a jamais été très favorable . . . à l'idée d'un droit des animaux. Il faut avouer que le fondateur de la philosophie moderne est aussi l'inventeur de la fameuse théorie des 'animaux machines': les bêtes seraient dénuées de toute intelligence, mais aussi privées d'affectivité, et même de sensibilité. D. ne cessera d'y insister: les animaux, contrairement à l'opinion commune, ne souffrent pas." Anti Cartesian sentiment (represented by Maupertuis, Réaumur, Condillac, and others) is acknowledged. "On notera cependant les limites de cet anticartésianisme. Comme le souligne Larousse . . . , dans l'article pourtant très anticartésien qu'il consacre aux animaux dans son dictionnaire, ces derniers ne sont pas 'objets de justice' . . . : ils ne sauraient posséder une personnalité juridique comparable à celle des êtres humains. . . . [L]es formules de Michelet ('nos frères inférieurs') et de Clemenceau ('nos frères d'en bas') sont significatives de l'exacte portée de cet humanitarisme philanthropique."

FERRY, LUC. Le Nouvel Ordre écologique: L'Arbre, l'animal et l'homme. Paris: Bernard Grasset, 1992.

Review: Robert Harvey in SubStance 23.2 (1994): The author "analyzes the spectrum of environmental concerns extant today, situating them within a half millennium of legal and philosophical history and confronting the challenges erected by animal rights activism and deep ecology against humanism in the modern republican tradition." F., drawing on thought of Descartes, "recontextualizes Cartesianism's apparent disdain for anything non human within the continuum of humanism's elaboration of anti nature as the new criterion for subjectivity."

FIELD, J. V., and FRANK A. J. L. JAMES, eds. Renaissance and Revolution: Humanists, Scholars, Craftsmen and Natural Philosophers in Early Modern Europe. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Review: Margaret J. Osler in Isis 86 (1995), 323–24: Essays on the occasion of the 70th birthday of Rupert Hall (1990) contain important essays by Alan Gaffey on the historiography of early modern mechanics; J.V. Field on the relationship of painting, perspective, and mathematical optics; Richard Westfall on the scientific community; Karen Figala and Ulrich Petzgold documenting Newton's alchemical studies up to 1700. Reviewer discusses and regrets "deep conservatism" (i.e. positivist) of afterward by Hall.

Review: D. L. Patey in Choice 32 (1994), 620: "This volume of 15 talks . . . is the unusually lively and coherent record of a 1990 meeting in Oxford, 'The Scientific Revolution' . . . ." Key issue addressed: "in what sense can we now say that there was a 'revolution' in science in the 16th and 17th centuries? On topics from the privileging of physics over medicine and natural history in recent accounts of the 'revolution' to ballistics, visual imaging, alchemy, and the patronage of scientist-popes such as Benedict XIV," this volume, in P.'s judgment, "provides a fine interim report on how the history of science as a discipline should now proceed, as well as on its gropings toward a new account of the nature and origins of modernity."

• See French 17 (1994).

FINDLEN, PAULA. Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy. Berkeley: U of California P, 1994.

Review: Ken Arnold in Isis 86 (1995), 488–89: Three parts deal with the linguistic, philosophical, and social contexts of the museums, the role of experience and experiments within them, and the sociology of collecting. Treatment "lifts the position of humanist museums from cultural oddities to institutions central to contemporary scientific enterprise." Crammed with factual information and shaped by an extensive range of important, well-made points.

FINK, EUGEN. Sixth Cartesian Meditation: The Idea of Transcendental Theory of Method. Trans. with introd. byRonald Bruzina. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1995.

Review: J. A. Bell in Choice 33 (1995), 138: "F.'s study of Descartes's sixth Meditation is an invaluable addition to the corpus of Husserl scholarship. More than simply a scholarly treatise, however, it is the result of F.'s collaboration with H. during the last years of H.'s life." "This truly essential work in phenomenology should find a prominent place alongside H.'s works."

FREEDMAN, JOSEPH S. "The Diffusion of the Writings of Petrus Ramus in Central Europe, c. 1570–1630." RenQ 46 (1993), 98–152.

Carefully examines the adoption of R.'s writings in the school systems of Central Europe. Extensive study of historical, institutional and curricular factors reveals, for example, that "logic and rhetoric, followed by grammar, arithmetic, and geometry, were the main school subjects . . . taught most frequently with the use of writings by Ramus and his disciples." Opposition to R. at the university level may be explained in large part by subject matter; "R. did not produce textbooks on ethics and physics." Pragmatic reasons appear to be basis for rejection or inclusion of R. Fine tables and bibliography with library and archive locations.

GANDILLAC, MAURICE DE. Genèse de la Modernité. Les douze siècles ou se fit notre Europe (de "La Cité de Dieu" à "La Nouvelle Atlantide"). Paris: Cerf, 1992.

Review: J. M. Besnier in Esprit (février 1995), 191–92: L'auteur "associe la theologie et l'analyse socio économique a la philosophie." Il trouve que "l'Europe d'aujourd'hui n'est ni plus ni moins moderne que celle qui s'entretenait jadis d'une langue et des valeurs communes."

• See French 17 (1992).

GAVROGLU, KOSTAS, et al., eds. Physics, Philosophy, and the Scientific Community: Essays in the Philosophy and History of the Natural Sciences and Mathematics in Honor of Robert S. Cohen. Dordrecht/Boston: Kluwer, 1994.

Review: Anon. in Isis 86 (1995), 531–32: Outstanding collection of essays largely on twentieth-century issues that contains Marjorie Grene's "Animal Mechanism and the Cartesian Vision of Nature."

GOLVERS, NOEL. Ferdinand Verbiest, S.J. The Astronomia europaea. Nettetal: Steyler, 1993.

Review: Steven J. Harris in Isis 85 (1994), 694–95: First annotated English translation of the rich and remarkable memoire makes it available in greater detail than formerly. Much clearer access is possible to the Jesuits' mathematical missions and the complex dynamics of Chinese-Europen cultural exchange from the time of Verbiest's directorship of the Council, 1669–70, and the writings of his history.

GRENE, MARJORIE. A Philosophical Testament. Open Court, 1995.

Review: R. M. Stewart in Choice 33 (1995), 308: "For more than 60 years M. G. has been one of the true characters of contemporary philosophical scholarship and teaching," notes S., "making important contributions to our understanding of such figures as Heidegger, Sartre, Aristotle, and Descartes, and in particular to such fields as philosophy of biology, theory of knowledge, and metaphysics. In this three part, partially autobiographical essay, G. surveys all these themes once again. . . ." S. calls this book "a wonderful tour de force, filled with G.'s charms and provocations."

GRENET, MICHELINE. La Passion des astres au XVIIe siècle: De l'astrologie à l'astronomie. Paris: Hachette, 1994.

Review: Gilbert Walusinski in QL (1er 15 décembre 1994), 34–35: In this book G. "nous fait revivre . . . la passion des astres qui animait, à l'époque, un large public dans lequel il y avait des savants mais aussi quelques charlatans." Period covered: 1620–1738 ("des débuts de la diffusion des idées de Kepler et de Galilée à l'apogée de celles de Newton"). The author divides this era into three periods: "1620–1660, la tradition astrologique est encore pesante alors que le monde savant adopte l'héliocentrisme copernicien . . . ; 1660–1681 . . . , Colbert pense à organiser la recherche scientifique mais il faut en même temps réagir contre un retour à la sorcellerie (l'affaire des poisons); 1681–1738, le succès des conceptions de Newton devrait signifier la faillite définitive de l'astrologisme, Fontenelle inaugure la vraie littérature scientifique." "Au cours de ces trois périodes, en filigrane, la pensée et l'oeuvre de Descartes."

GROVE, RICHARD H. Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens, and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600–1860. New York: Cambridge UP, 1995.

Review: J. S. Schwartz in Choice 33 (1995), 308: The author "explores the origins of environmentalism and assesses its impact in lands colonized by the European maritime powers. He demonstrates that environmental policy was undertaken not just to improve the living conditions of the conquered although many early environmentalists were social reformers. Rather, concern about the effects of deforestation and other forms of environmental degradation made colonial powers and trading companies aware that their long term economic security was endangered by the ecological crisis they had created. They understood that the short term interests of private capital had to be put aside; the absolutist nature of colonial rule allowed the implementation of policies impossible in Europe." The work is described as "[a] valuable reference for scholars studying European colonial history, anthropology, archaeology, and the environmental movement."

HALL, A. RUPERT. Science and Society: Historical Essays on the Relations of Science, Technology and Medicine. Hampshire: Variorum, 1994.

Review: R. Palter in Choice 32 (1995), 1749: Reviewed with Silvio A. Bedini, Science and Instruments in Seventeenth-century Italy (Variorum, 1994). "Since the texts are reproduced photographically, the reader must put up with noncontinuous pagination, uncorrected typographical errors, and jarring shifts in typeface and format; nevertheless, . . . the quality of print and illustrations is high." The book by H. "contains 15 items, dating from 1959 to 1985, dealing with three principal themes: science and technology; science and warfare; and science, medicine, and the Royal Society. Several of the essays have achieved classic status," notes P., "including one on the role of scholar . . . and craftsman . . . in the 17th-century scientific revolution, and one on the role of the science of mechanics . . . in the improvement of artillery during the 17th century." Although the author's "methodology might be considered unduly positivistic and . . . old-fashioned by many younger historians of science, . . . with their wide-ranging erudition and analytic clarity, H.'s results remain indispensable for further research."

HANEY, KATHLEEN M. Intersubjectivity Revisited: Phenomenology and the Other. Athens: Ohio UP, 1994.

Review: R. Puligandla in Choice 32 (1994), 614: "H. believes that postmodern contemporary philosophers . . . choose the easy way of taking for granted the immediacy of intersubjectivity . . . without attempting to develop a systematic account of the possibility of the constitution of otherness. Dismissing epistemological skepticism as untenable and unworthy of genuine philosophical inquiry, H. attempts to provide such an account. Convinced that the fifth of Husserl's Cartesian Meditations supplies the key, H., through a careful reading of the fifth meditation, reconstructs the central arguments with emphasis on the evidence for the constitution of otherness. . . ." H. is praised for "[f]ine writing and clear argumentation . . . ." Her study includes an "excellent bibliography and useful index."

HARTH, ERICA. Cartesian Women: Versions and Subversions of Rational Discourse in the Old Regime. Ithaca/London: Cornell UP, 1992.

Review: J. H. Bloch in MLR 90 (1995), 185–86: "Harth points up the role played by the seventeenth century women commentators of Descartes in the construction of a rationalist discourse which was essentially masculinist, and which by the late eighteenth century became a universalist discourse operating against emergent feminism." Reviewer finds this a "scholarly and original analysis."

• See French 17 (1994, 93, 92).

HEIN, HILDE and CAROLYN KORSMEYER, eds. Aesthetics in Feminist Perspective. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1993.

Review: Julie Van Camp in P&L 19 (1995), 178–79: This volume is a "collection of seventeen essays on feminist aesthetics. The first such collection in English, it includes eleven essays previously published in Hypatia (1990)." "This well organized volume offers both broad theoretical considerations and applications to specific art forms, diverse methodological perspectives, and healthy debate among the contributors." Includes "feminist readings of . . . Cartesian metaphysics" among other topics.

HOFF, TOBY E. The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West. Cambridge: CUP, 1993.

Review: John S. Major in Isis 85 (1995), 675–76: "Stresses the social, legal, and institutional factors that encouraged early modern science, wide-ranging and intellectually daring." Also "seriously flawed," in its response to the "Needham question": Chinese and Arabic cultures are too monolithically presented and without true relativism that could offset a Western teleology as the model; Western impediments are too benignly presented or sometimes just ignored.

• See French 17 (1994).

HOFFMAN, JOSHUA, and GARY S. ROSENKRANTZ. Substance among Other Categories. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Review: M. A. Michael in Choice 32 (1995), 1742: "The concept of substance has a venerable history in philosophy; it played a central role in Aristotle's system of metaphysics, was discussed at length by both Descartes and Locke, and was a target of Hume's skeptical attack." The authors of this study "analyze the concept of substance and offer a theory about what distinguishes it from other ontological categories." "Chapter 2 argues that the accounts of substance advanced by Aristotle, Locke, and Descartes are all inadequate, and chapter 3 argues the same thing about contemporary, 'collectionist' theories of substance." M. praises the "very clear and readable" style of this "analytic" work. "Given its clarity, scope, and subject, this volume is a valuable and important addition to any academic library," according to M.

HOUSE, D. VADEN. Without God or His Doubles: Realism, Relativism and Rorty. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1994.

Review: R. M. Stewart in Choice 32 (1995), 1134–35: This book is called "an insightful study of Richard Rorty . . . ." Among other topics, H. "presents R.'s deconstructive critique of epistemological foundationalism from Descartes through Kant . . . ." H.'s book "provides an easily readable and accessible overview of R.'s work to this point. However," S. adds, "even more detailed criticisms can be found in Reading Rorty, ed. by Alan R. Malachowski (1990)."

HUTCHISON, ROSS. Locke in France 1688–1734. Oxford: The Voltaire Foundation, 1991.

Review: J. Renwick in MLR 90 (1995), 192: "Solidly argued work of considerable erudition" provides synthesis of Locke's reception among French Enlightenment intellectuals.

JULLIEN, VINCENT. "Le corps, matière première de la philosophie naturelle au XVIIe siècle," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL / Biblio 17 89 (1995), 53–66.

Attempts to dissolve and reconstitude the body: Descartes: Gassendi, Roberval, and Pascal.

KENNY, ANTHONY, ed. The Oxford History of Western Philosophy. New York: Oxford UP, 1994.

Review: B. C. Forrest in Choice 32 (1995), 1135: Included in this volume are "six essays on the history of Western philosophy beginning with the ancient Greeks and extending to modern political thought. Together these essays provide a comprehensive overview of the content and development of Western philosophy," according to F., "except for the notable omission of pragmatism, America's unique contribution to Western philosophy." In F.'s opinion, "The book's strength is its breadth . . . . Although recommended as a useful addition to Oxford collections in academic and public libraries, this book should not supplant more in depth histories of philosophy such as Frederick Copleston's multivolume A History of Philosophy," states the reviewer, who recommends K.'s history "for upper division undergraduates and general readers."

KLEIN, URSULA. Verbindung and Affinitat: Die Grundlegung der neuzeitlichen Chemie an der Wende vom 17. zum 18. Jahrhundert. Basel/Boston: Birkhauser Verlag, 1994.

Review: Maurice Crosland in Isis 86 (1995), 112–13: "The history of chemistry from a novel perspective." In distinguishing the nature of 17th-century chemisty, Parts 4 and 5 are particularly useful in emphasizing the empirical knowledge and ideas built up over generations from Paracelsus and Agricola to Jean Beguin and Boyle. Particularly strong in discussion of pharmacy and metallurgy. Bonus of 12-page glossary of chemical terms. No index.

KOCH, PHILIP. Solitude: A Philosophical Encounter. La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1994.

Review: Robert D. Cottrell in P&L 19 (1995), 155–56: K. raises two questions in this work, "asking in Part I: what is solitude? and in Part II: what role does solitude play in our lives?" The author "identifies two primary modes of human experience: solitude, the core definition of which is social disengagement, and encounter, that is to say, interaction with others. Both are essential for human completion . . . ." "Calling himself a partisan of solitude, K. sets out to correct the imbalance he discerns between solitude and encounter . . . ." According to the reviewer, "K.'s . . . thinking is pellucidly clear. The major part of his book is a discussion of the value of solitude." K. explores the thought of many writers, including Descartes.

KOZHAMTHADAM, JOB. The Discovery of Kepler's Laws: The Interaction of Science, Philosopy, and Religion. Notre Dame/London: Notre Dame UP, 1994.

Review: Joseph C. Pitt in Isis 86 (1995), 485–86: In the end the logic of discovery outlined here is not clearly Kepler's but is rather the ways in which a contemporary positivist would reconstruct Kepler's reasoning.

LAPLANCHE, FRANCOIS. La Bible en France entre mythe et critique. Paris: Albin Michel, 1995.

Review: B. Bazil in RDM (mars 1995), 139–40: ". . . l'ouvrage retrace la genèse d'une science 'indépendante' de la Bible et des religions, institutionalisée en 1880, avec la création d'une chaire des religions au Collège de France et l'attribution aux sciences religieuses de la cinquième section de l'Ecole des hautes études. La période couverte s'étend du XVIe au XIXe siècle.

LAUDE, PATRICK. "De la mort comme 'grâce naturelle' chez Pierre Nicole," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 295–306.

"Pour rester à la fois 'efficace' et 'cachée' la grâce doit emprunter en quelque façon les voies de la nature: la mort participe à cette manière de 'ruse' de la grâce en nous invitant, quasi contre notre gré, à transcender l'ordre de la finitude terrestre."

LENNON, THOMAS M. The Battle of the Gods and Giants: The Legacies of Descartes and Gassendi, 1655–1715. Princeton: PUP., 1992.

Review: Steven Nadler in Isis 85 (1994), 695–96: "One of the most important books on early modern philosophy to appear in decades...its subject nothing less than the intellectual heart and soul of the 17th century": the nature of space, the objects in it, and our knowledge of it. In addition to the two major figures, and Malebranche and Locke, and a "clear and accurate breakdown of their differences on major issues," there are significant treatments of Bernier, Launay, Stillingfleet, Cureau de la Chambre, Desgabets. "Most fascinating" is claim that Locke's Essay is a defense of Gassendist materialism and that Cartesian ontology is fundamentally an idealist one.

• See French 17 (1994).

LENZ, RUDOLF. De mortuis nil nisi bene? Leichenpredigten als multidisziplinäre Quelle unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Historischen Familienforschung, der Bildungsgeschichte und der Literaturgeschichte. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1990.

Review: L. Schorn-Schütte in HZ 256 (1993), 486–487: Reviewer finds a number of questions unanswered but generally appreciates this helpful investigation into a rich but often neglected multidisciplinary source, funeral orations.

LESAULNIER, JEAN. Port-Royal insolite. Edition critique du Recueil de choses diverses. Paris: Klincksieck, 1992. Preface byJean Mesnard.

Review: Susan Read Baker in FR 68 (1995), 1089–90: An elegantly edited and learned treatment of a miscellany probably the work of Jean Deslyons, Dean of Senlis (1615–1700) that records conversations—topics, religious and secular of the Liancourts' drawing-room (ca. 1670). Many writers appear as subjects, notably the historian Varillas. Copious appendices, indices.

LLOYD, GENEVIEVE. Part of Nature: Self Knowledge in Spinoza's Ethics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1994.

Review: H. Pospesel in Choice 32 (1995), 1135: "L.'s primary aim is to explain S.'s concept of self and to relate it to contemporary assumptions about selfhood . . . . She gives a penetrating explanation of how S. avoids the skeptical difficulties that plague Descartes . . . . A short but interesting section aims to show that minds like Spinoza's (unlike Cartesian minds) may exhibit gender differences. Throughout the book L.'s strategy is to illuminate S.'s thought by comparing and contrasting it with Descartes's theories. The book is written clearly," according to P.; "its emphasis is on explanation and commentary rather than critical evaluation." The reviewer adds that this volume "should be in the libraries of institutions where philosophy is studied on any level."

MCMANNERS, JOHN, ed. The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity. Oxford/New York: Oxford UP, 1990.

Review: G. Koch in HZ 257 (1993), 145–147: Excellent volume by a well known church historian with a team of 18 researchers. This fine study spans time from beginning of Christianity to today, with a look toward the future. Three major divisions treat: "From the Origins to 1800," "Christianity since 1800,"and "Christianity Today and Tomorrow." Reviewer hopes for a German translation.

MATTHEWS, GARETH B. Thought's Ego in Augustine and Descartes. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1992.

Review: Christopher Martin in PhQ 45 (1995), 265–66: "This book is a profound and stimulating comparison between the central uses made by D. and A. of the first person in philosophy." The reviewer considers M. to be "a careful and thoughtful writer: he makes no presumption that A. and D. must be approaching in some sense 'the same problem' in similar terms, but carefully analyses the subtle but important differences between them in order to bring out what are in his view the more important similarities. This careful approach pays off," says C. M., "in allowing him then to discuss more widely the nature of this kind of first person philosophizing in general." What he describes as "possible defects" aside, the reviewer calls this work "an example of how to study philosophy through its history . . . ."

MILLIKAN, RUTH GARRETT. White Queen Psychology and Other Essays for Alice. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books/MIT Press, 1993.

Review: Julia Tanney in PhQ 45 (1995), 137–39: The essays in this book "are intended to expand and clarify, but not replace, the naturalist view of intentionality, language and meaning set out [by M.] in her Language, Thought, and Other Biological Categories (MIT, 1984). Alice's main role is to play the foil to the White Queen in the final, lengthy, title essay of the volume. The White Queen spends half an hour a day exercising her mind by believing impossible things; Alice declares this to be impossible. This stages the debate between M. (in the White Queen's corner) and much of the tradition of analytic philosophy (siding with Alice), which goes wrong, according to M., in assuming a cluster of myths (largely deriving from Descartes) about what is given to consciousness. M. calls this cluster of myths of the given 'meaning rationalism.'" According to T., "The writing is lively, forceful, and witty . . . ." "Some of [M.'s] discussions . . . presuppose an extensive familiarity with the contemporary literature in philosophy of mind and language."

MOORE, PATRICK. The Great Astronomical Revolution: 1543–1687 and the Space Age Epilogue. Albion, 1995.

Review: H. Albers in Choice 33 (1995), 152: "The story of that great scientific upheaval—the overthrow of Ptolemy's geocentric theory by the heliocentrism of Copernicus—has been told many times. . . . In this book, the best-known amateur astronomer in Britain tells this story once again. . . . The introductory student should find the book interesting, and the faculty member may find some stories to round out his lectures. One caveat: M. has a tendency to state personal opinions as if they were generally accepted ideas. Otherwise, interesting reading," says A.

MORAN, BRUCE T., ed. Patronage and Institutions. Science, Technology and Medicine at the European Court, 1500–1750. Rochester, N.Y.: The Boydell Press, 1991.

Review: M. Völkel in HZ 257 (1993), 493–495: Twelve scholars contribute to these Acts of the 8th International Congress for the History of Science (Hamburg, 1989). Studies examine forms of scholarship of early absolutism, patronage, methods of research, and so forth.

MUSGRAVE, ALAN. Common Sense, Science and Scepticism: A Historical Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge. New York: Cambridge UP, 1993.

Review: Douglas M Jesseph in Isis 86 (1995), 147: "Shows how a historically oriented approach to epistemology can be developed." Its history, particularly from Descartes to Kant, is used as a way of introducing concepts and distinctions needed to build a case for "fallibilist realism."

Review: Peter Milne in PhQ 45 (1995), 379–84: Reviewed with two books on the philosophy of science (one by Donald Gillies, the other by Peter Kosso). According to the reviewer, A. M.'s book "ranges far more widely [than the others], being . . . an introduction to the theory of knowledge (although . . . science . . . figures prominently)." This volume is judged to be "a very fine introductory book, to be commended to philosophical neophytes in the strongest terms." In his book M. portrays "Descartes and Kant as representative Rationalists . . . . M. gives us K.'s familiar distinctions and the implausibility of empiricist accounts of mathematics before describing D.'s attempts to provide a foundation for rationalism in the Discourse and the Meditations." This "excellent introductory text" is described as "an ideal starter-pack for budding epistemologists."

NADLER, STEVEN. "Choosing a Theodicy: The Leibniz Malebranche Arnauld Connection." JHI 55 (1994), 573–589.

Leibniz's relationship to Malebranche with Arnauld as a critical intermediary: "The overriding issue for Arnauld is safeguarding God's omnipotence, which to his mind, both Leibniz and Malebranche fail to do in similar ways."

NADLER, STEVEN, ed. Causation in Early Modern Philosophy: Cartesianism, Occasionalism, and Preestablished Harmony. University Park: Pennsylvania State U P, 1993.

Review: Stephen Graukroger in Isis 85 (1994), 514–15: Welcome collection of essays advancing resurgent interest in philosophy of the second half of the 17th century, especially the search for general principles of causation left open by Descartes. The alternative contexts cited in the title are viewed against five interactional problems of God, mind, and matter, are especially successful: S. Nadler on La Forge; M. Kulstad on Leibniz; Thomas Lennon on Francois Bayle, as is discussion of the oversimplified predominance of body/mind over other relations. Includes essay on Malebranche by Richard Watson and Catherine Wilson.

NEVEU, BRUNO. L'Erreur et son juge: Remarques sur les censures doctrinales à l'époque moderne. Paris: Bibliopolis, 1993.

Review: Jacques Le Brun in RHR 211 (1994), 335–43: Reviewer's essay in dialogue with Neveu is an intriguing acknowledgement of this vast syntheses qualified as "magisterial."

Review: Roger Zuber in BSHPF 141 (1995), 279–81: Draws attention in this "ambitieux travail de synthèse" to the masterful treatment of the debate on the Augustinus. Highest praise for the dialectic—indeed long term—of Pope, Tradition, and "Eglise Primitive."

NEVEU, BRUNO. Erudition at religion aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Paris: Albin Michel, 1994.

Review: Roger Zuber in BSHPF 141 (1995), 279: Collection of essays, eleven published 1966 to 1991, with a brilliant 50-page introductory piece and a comprehensive index. "Les chercheurs qui veulent comprendre Port-Royal en profondeur, et dans sa relation complexe avec les multiples courants religieux du temps, y compris ceux du Refuge protestant, doivent pénétrer cette somme magistrale."

ORSINI, LILIA CAPOCACCIA, GIORGIO DORIA and GIULIANO DORIA, eds. 1492–1992, Animali e piante dalle Americhe all'Europa. Genova: Sagep Editrice, 1991.

Review: M. Pfister in ZRP 110 (1994), 686–88: Published on the occasion of the anniversary of the discovery of America, this wide-ranging study is considered valuable to students of Romance languages. Includes sections on animals, plants, illnesses, medicines, products, and gastronomic innovations. Colorful illustrations.

PAGELS, ELAINE. The Origin of Satan. New York: Random House, 1994.

Review: Anon. in VQR 71 (1995), 124: "Tracing the evolution of Satan from a diffuse evil force to the specific, personified enemy of God and humanity, P. concerns herself primarily with the social meaning of the devil." The author "presents her multifaceted, complex investigation of the conception and perception of evil throughout Western history in a way that speaks to both . . . the specialist and the common reader."

PARKINSON, G. H. R., ed. The Renaissance and Seventeenth-Century Rationalism. London/New York: Routledge, 1993.

Review: M.-C. Pitassi in BHR 57 (1995), 307–08: De solides contributions à cette histoire de la philosophie dont le quatrième volume se limite à la Renaissance et au rationalisme de l'âge classique. Pitassi regrette "une approche peu attentive à reconstituer le tissu social, religieux et culturel au sens large du terme dans lequel doivent être lus les ouvrages d'un Descartes ou d'un Hobbes . . . ."

PARISI, LUCIANO. "La ricezione dell'Exposition de la doctrine catholique di Bossuet in Degola e Manzoni." MLN 110 (1995), 32–48.

Analyse des rapports généalogiques et filiations entre l'Exposition de la doctrine catholique (1671) de Bossuet, l'Exhortation à une nouvelle catholique le jour de son abjuration du calvinisme de Eustache Degola (1810), et l'Osservazioni sulla morale cattolica (1819) de Alessandro Manzoni (1819).

PATAI, RAPHAEL. The Jewish Alchemists: A History and Source Book. Princeton: PUP, 1994.

Review: Gad Freudenthal in Isis 86 (1995), 318–19: Flawed by historical laxity and indifference to secondary sources, nevertheless a welcome contribution for its examination of the general subject of "alchemy and Judaism" (and the marginal place of the former in the latter). Argues that by the 16th century, alchemy acquired legitimacy with European Jews because science did. Most impressive is a listing of 450 alchemical terms.

PETTEGREE, ANDREW, ALASTAIR DUKE and GILLIAN LEWIS, eds. Calvinism in Europe, 1540–1620. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Review: C. Lindberg in Choice 32 (1995), 1137–38: "This collection of original essays by an international group of the leading scholars in Calvin studies is a coherent and comprehensive analysis and exposition of the Calvinist movement throughout Europe." "The 13 contributions begin with an overview of European Calvinism and conclude with an analysis of the major role played by merchants in its spread. The intervening chapters cover development in Geneva, Switzerland, France, the Netherlands, Germany, Hungary, and Scotland, and the transmission of C.'s thought in translation. The chapters provide not only coverage of little known aspects of Calvinism's impact but also important corrections to traditional caricatures of Calvinism."

PETTIT, PHILIP. The Common Mind: An Essay on Psychology, Society, and Politics. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.

Review: Alan Thomas in PhQ 45 (1995), 237–40: "This is an ambitious book, spanning the philosophy of mind, the philosophy of the social sciences, and political theory. The author's aim is to trace the implications of an anti Cartesian account of the psychological subject for the methodology of social explanation, and for the implicit ontology of political theory. P. works outwards from the philosophical anthropology at the core of his system, ultimately to argue that our options in political theory are constrained by our core conception of the thinking subject." The reviewer's "reservations concerning this book are minor compared to [his] admiration for its breadth of reference, rigour and exemplary clarity."

POMMIER, RENE. "Jansénisme et noblesse de robe?" PFSCL 22 (1995), 571–581.

A critical assessment of Lucien Goldmann's socio historical analysis of Jansenism: Goldmann's thesis contradicts the history and logic of both religious and philosophical ideas.

POPKIN, RICHARD H. Histoire du scepticisme d'Erasme à Spinoza. Trad. de l'anglais parChristine Hivet.Prés. parCatherine Larrère. Paris: PUF, 1994.

Review: Gérard Bensussan in QL (1er–15 juillet 1995), 15, 20: "Avec une érudition aussi sûre que foisonnante, l'ouvrage de R. H. P. entreprend non seulement de démontrer l'inconsistance philosophique et historique de cette filiation paresseusement reçue [Introduction: "Qu'est ce qu'un sceptique? Quelqu'un qui met en doute la croyance religieuse, dit le dictionnaire, corroborant confusément de lointains souvenirs scolaires"] mais, plus paradoxalement, d'établir que les sceptiques français, loin d'être d'immoraux débauchés, furent fidéistes, ou tout au moins les alliés du fidéisme catholique de la Contre Réforme. Un moment clé de la généalogie de la modernité se trouve ici radicalement révalué, appelant à une nécessaire repensée philosophique de la question même du doute sceptique." "P. nous offre une histoire des idées, exceptionnellement riche, qui va . . . de 1500 à 1675. Sa lecture permet de découvrir bien des noms oubliés ou inconnus . . . ."

POPKIN, RICHARD H. and JAMES B. FORCE, eds. The Books of Nature and Scripture: Recent Essays on Natural Philosophy, Theology, and Biblical Criticism in the Netherlands of Spinoza's Time and the British Isles of Newton's Time. Dordrecht/Boston: Kluwer, 1994.

Review: Anon. in Isis 86 (1995), 531: Ten papers, predominantly on Newton, contains R.H. Popkin, "Spinoza and Biblical Scholarship" and a response by A. Fubkenstein.

PORTER, ROY, ed. The Popularization of Medicine. New York/London: Routledge, 1992.

Review: Ann La Berge in Isis 85 (1994), 698–99: Collection of essays providing a starting point of the best recent scholarship for anyone interested in exploring medical popularization and the concepts it involves. Important emphasis on the book, especially by Andre Wear, and the necessity of its being studied within the broader context of the history of print culture, as well as the politics of knowledge.

PORTER, ROY and MIKULAS TEICH, eds. The Scientific Revolution in National Context. Cambridge: CUP, 1992.

Review: Margaret C. Jacob in Isis 85 (1994), 511–12: Includes essay by L.W.B. Brokliss, which summarized his work on universities and offers a "lucid and broadly comparative" discussion of absolutism, the role of the Church, and the contribution of the French Academy of Sciences. Reservations on the deformation by historiographical traditions in the essays on England, Italy, and Germany; Scotland and Sweden are seen as methodological models.

POTON, DIDIER and PATRICK CABANEL. Les Protestants français du XVIe au XXe siècles. Paris: Nathan Université, 1994.

Review: Patrick Harismendy in BSHPF 141 (1995), 456–57: Despite the long sweep and the traditional chronology, the precision and the acknowledgement of the "qualites intellectuelles du protestantisme" makes the volume an admirable "manuel de synthèse des connaissances."

RICCI, SAVERIO. La fortuna del pensiero di Giordano Bruno. Florence: Le Lettere, 1990.

Review: Edward A. Gosselin in Isis 85 (1994), 154–55: Shows that Bruno's works were surprisingly well known after the ban of 1603: as a follower of Lull in the mnemonic arts and in debates on the infinity of possible worlds. Two lengthy concluding chapters present Bruno's influence as a pantheist and his place in the development of free-thought. In sum, "a masterful work...for intellectual historians."

ROGER, JACQUES. Pour une histoire des sciences à part entière. Texte établi et prés. parClaude Blanckaert.Postface deJean Gayon. Paris: Albin Michel Idées, 1994.

Review: Gilbert Walusinski in QL (1er–15 juillet 1995), 25–26: "Cinq ans après la disparition de [J. R.], ses études sur des thèmes variés illustrent l'étendue de ses dons et viennent admirablement à l'appui de sa plaidoirie pour une histoire historienne des sciences qui est tout à fait d'actualité." ". . . [L]es études réunies dans le volume actuel . . . couvrent un large champ, des prémices de la science moderne . . . aux débats actuels entre philosophie et sciences sociales en passant par la passionnante histoire de l'émergence du concept de vie." "Pour J. R., le projet d'histoire historienne des sciences consiste _ comprendre le passé dans ses propres termes. Ce qui est évidemment le moyen d'éviter cette faute si flagrante et pourtant si commune qu'est l'anachronisme."

ROGERS, G. A. J. Locke's Philosophy: Content and Context. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1994.

Review: Wayne Waxman in PhQ 45 (1995), 523–29: Reviewed with The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge UP, 1993). "One of the finest and most ambitious pieces in either of the collections under review," says W., "is 'The Foundations of Knowledge and the Logic of Substance: the Structure of Locke's General Philosophy,' by Michael Ayers. His concern is with the grounds of L.'s belief that physical inquiry can never attain the status of scientific knowledge." This essay and Martha Brandt Bolton's "The Real Molyneux Question and the Basis of Locke's Answer" (W. expresses reservations about B.'s article) both contain references to Cartesian thought.

ROSS, ANDREW C. A Vision Betrayed: The Jesuits in Japan and China, 1542–1742. New York: Orbis Books, 1994.

Review: C. MacCormick in Choice 32 (1995), 1614: "This compact, detailed study examines the course of the Jesuit mission to the Far East from mid-16th century to the formal cancellation of that mission by the Papacy two centuries later. Principally at issue then (as now?) was whether and how much expanding Christianity could accommodate to the various host cultures it encountered." According to M., the author's "scholarship is well grounded and elaborated." The reviewer adds: "There is much here for both secular and church historians, as well as for nonhistorians who nevertheless think deeply about Christianity's proper relation to other traditions."

ROWAN, MARY. "The Song of Songs in Conventual Discourse." PFSCL 22 (1995), 109–117.

Studies spousal or marital imagery in the works of three Benedictines, La Mère Marguerite d'Arbouze, Jacqueline Bouëtte de Blémur, and Marie Eléanore de Rohan: "The indubitable charge of erotic longing and desire whether of woman for man, or of the soul for God becomes apparent from perusal of the nun's texts, all of which describe the gulf between Eros or human love and Agape or divine grace."

SALAZAR, PHILIPPE JOSEPH. "Physique de la mystique au XVIIe siècle: François de Sales, Rigoleuc et Corneille," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 109–116.

Studies the "discours classique sur le corps mystique": "Polyeucte est une tragédie chrétienne dans la mesure, en effet, où elle met en scène la physique de la foi. Corneille a relevé, en littérature, la leçon dévote de saint François de Sales et de la mystique jésuite. Il a compris tout le sens des exercices d'oraison qui sont, par la nécessité des choses, un triomphal abaissement du corps."

SCHIFFMAN, ZACHARY SAYRE. On the Threshold of Modernity: Relativism in the French Renaissance. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP, 1991.

Review: J.D. Lyons in RenQ 46 (1993), 384–385: L.judges S.'s aim "both ambitious and subtle" and appreciates the careful documentation, chronology and biography of this volume which deserves a wide audience." Relativism is seen as a result of the recovery of antiquity. Two 17th c. figures, Charron and Descartes, each receive a chapter long treatment. L. views the analysis of Descartes "one of the best parts of S.'s work."

SCHNEDIER, MARK A. Culture and Enchantment. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1993.

Review: Paula Findlen in Isis 86 (1995), 146–47: "By bringing together a discussion of 17th-century science with an analysis of 20th-centruy cultural commentary, Schneider offers a parallel view of the shared processes at work": documents the migration of enchantment from an elite group of interpreters involved in the study of nature to modern social anthropology. "Ambitious and through-provoking."

SHEETS-JOHNSTONE, MAXINE, ed. Giving the Body Its Due. Albany: SUNY P, 1992.

Review: Philip Auslander in TDR 39.3 (1995), 169–80: Reviewed with six other books. "According to editor M. S.-J., the thrust of [this book] . . . , a collection of New Age-ish essays largely by psychologists and therapists, is epistemological: its purpose is to redress the imbalance created by 'the legacy of Descartes's metaphysics,' the privileging of mind over body inaugurated by the cogito."

SORABJI, RICHARD. Animal Minds and Human Morals: The Origins of the Western Debate. London: Duckworth, 1993.

Review: Timothy O'Hagan in PhQ 45 (1995), 256–58: O. finds this book "a pleasure to read and to review. With the authority of one of our greatest classical scholars, [S.] brings us an array of Greek and Latin texts in translation . . . , bearing on the relations between human beings and animals. His readings of those texts are precise, detailed and always illuminating," according to the reviewer. Descartes is among the writers discussed. S. "writes with an engaging clarity, freshness and humour . . . ," says O. "The strength of the book," he adds, "lies in the richness of its detail, . . . reflect[ing] scholarship in its deepest sense, the opposite of mere scholastic pedantry."

STEPHENSON, BRUCE. The Music of the Heavens: Kepler's Harmonic Astronomy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1994.

Review: T. Barker in Choice 32 (1995), 1144: "S.'s thorough, scholarly study of K. focuses on Harmonices mundi . . . . Published in 1619, this work is now best known for its statement of K.'s 'Third Law' of planetary motion . . . ." In B.'s opinion, the author "argues persuasively that, although K.'s outlook on nature was foreign to modern science, his analysis was nevertheless very advanced in its extreme care and precision." While calling the study "somewhat pedantic and dry," a work "not intended for the beginning student," B. also describes the book as "detailed, authoritative, and original . . . ."

Review: William H. Donahue in Isis 86 (1995), 484–85: Argues that the Kepler of the Harmonice is the same penetrating and subtle reasoner whose deductive brilliance discovered the orbit of Mars. Chs. 1–7 cover earlier theories of celestial harmony. An interpretative essay as well as a close reading of the text that ably leads through the thicket of argument and corrects a number of common misconceptions. "Should lay to rest the hoard caracture of Kepler."

STERN GILLET, SUZANNE. Aristotle's Philosophy of Friendship. Albany: SUNY P, 1995.

Review: M. Andic in Choice 33 (1995), 479: The author "explores the place of friendship in A.'s conception of the best life for human beings." S. G. "compares A. with Homer and Plato, Spinoza and Descartes . . . ," among others. "This close textual study is strongly recommended . . . ."

STRAWSON, GALEN. Mental Reality. Cambridge, MA: MIT P, 1994.

Review: H. Storl in Choice 32 (1995), 1610: "Two intuitions are operative in S.'s defense of 'naturalized Cartesianism'—one philosophical, the other a matter of common sense. The philosophical premise asserts that cons[c]ious experience is central to mental life." This notion is compared with an idea expressed by John Searle in The Rediscovery of Mind (1992). "On the side of common sense, S. advocates experiential realism coupled with the idea that 'there is a crucial respect in which there is no sort of error or inadequacy in the ordinary person's view of what experience or consciousness is or is like.' S.'s argumentative style and familiarity with the literature firmly place this book alongside three other recent works [the authors and titles are given] that have revitalized serious philosophical interest in the nature of consciousness . . . ."

STROUP, ALICE. A Company of Scientists. Botany, Patronage and Community at the Seventeenth-Century Parisian Royal Academy of Scientists. Berkeley/Los Angeles/Oxford: U of California P, 1990.

Review: M. Völkel in HZ 257 (1993), 202–204: Examination of Academy from its founding in 1666 until its first statutory revival in 1699 and during the period of three patrons (ministers of Louis XIV): Colbert, Louvois and Pontchartrain. Thematic presentation investigates the institution and its patronage, its botanical research, the relation between the academy and the scientific community, and, in detailed analysis, its finances.

TUANA, NANCY. The Less Noble Sex: Scientific, Religious, and Philosophical Concepts of Women's Nature. Bloomington: Indiana U P, 1993.

Review: Londa Schiebinger in Isis 85 (1994), 676–77: Carefully argumented presentation of a continuous tradition, from Hesiod to Darwin, under five themes resonating throughout Western intellectual culture: woman as a less perfect man, deficient in reason, defective in morals, secondary in reproduction, and woefully unruly. Very useful consolidation of previously scattered information, moving a bit quickly over the 17th and 18th centuries.

VAN DER SCHOOR, R.J.M. The Irenical Theology of Théophile Brachet de La Milletière. Leiden: Brill, 1995.

Review: Elisabeth Labrousse in BSHPF 141 (1995), 450–51: Revised dissertation (Nimegue) that shows a large command of sure theology and is a careful guide to a number of prolix works. Impressive biblio. including much in MSS. Concentrates on the early period of production by the Calvinist extremist, then more fully on the 1634–45 period of eclectic religious syntheses. Labrousse regrets that the final period as catholic apologist is not included.

WALMSLEY, PETER. The Rhetoric of Berkeley's Philosophy. New York: Cambridge UP, 1990.

Review: Kevin L. Cope in PQ 73 (1994), 369–72: "Quadratically Cartesian, W.'s four-part survey of B.'s major works . . . opens with an attempt to reclaim ad hominem associations between ethical speakers and philosophical statements." The author "explains how B., a moralist and a rhetorician, fused ethos with semiosis and gnosis. B.'s non-doctrinaire rhetoric lifts him into the high-flying tradition of Descartes and Newton . . . while ditching implied endorsements of materialism or dualism . . . ." According to C., this book "is destined to find its place in the small but brilliant constellation of innovative works on the discourse of philosophical celebration."

WELCH, MARCELLE MAISTRE. "Le corps féminin dans la pensée de Poullain de la Barre," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 67–75.

". . . une fois dégagé des multiples contingences culturelles qui faussent le jugement sur la notion de l'égalité des sexes, le principe de l'asexuation de la raison telle que le conçoit Poullain finit par co exister avec une forte valorisation de la sensualité féminine qui célèbre le corps de la femme."

WOOLHOUSE, R.S. Descartes, Spinoza, Liebniz: The Concept of Substance in Seventeenth-Century Metaphysics. London/New York: Routledge, 1993.

Review: Stephen Graukroger in Isis 86 (1995), 488: Successive chapters on Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz deal with the "mechanics of extended substance," the quantative conceptions sought as replacements for Aristotle's. Stronger on "coming to terms with the physical issues" than on sensitivity to the metaphysical problems posed "when formulating a metaphysics different from Aristotle's involved the standard discussion in Aristotelian terms."

• See French 17 (1994).

BERRIOT SALVADORE, EVELYNE. "Figures emblématiques du pouvoir féminin à travers les romans de Charlotte Rose de Caumont de La Force." PFSCL 22 (1995), 403–413.

The author's work is seen as a failure: ". . . à travers les princesses emblématiques qu'elle choisit pour héroïnes, [Mlle de La Force] dévoile les illusions d'un culte où la femme doit cacher son esprit derrière sa beauté et soumettre son ambition aux contraintes qui finalement la condamnent au malheur ou au silence."

BERTAUD, M. and A. LABERTIT, éds. De L'Estoile à Saint-Simon, recherche sur la culture des mémorialistes au temps des trois premiers rois Bourbons. Paris: Klincksieck, 1993.

Review: F. Assaf in PFSCL 22 (1995), 240–243: Studies of Pierre de L'Estoile, Fontenay Mareuil, Louis XIV, Nicolas Goulas, Mlle de Montpensier, and Saint Simon with emphasis on the relationship of the memorialists' "culture" to their function as witnesses to their time. According to the reviewer, a valuable collection of studies whose only defect is the absence of a good conclusion.

Review: Marc Escola in RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994), 1070–72: The work in question deals with the "Actes de la Journée d'étude organisée le 22 mai 1993 par le centre de Philologie et de Littératures Romanes de l'Université des Sciences Humaines de Strasbourg." Reviewer states that the goal of this collection is to find a definition of seventeenth-century culture through the writings of the "mémorialistes." Such a definition extends beyond the scope of litterature to the study of the general schooling of some of the century's leading intellectual figures. Among those figures are L'Estoile Saint-Simon and François du Val, whose librairies help "reconstituer l'univers intellectuel" of the period. For example, E. mentions that Du Val's Mémoires, written after the Fronde, functioned as "une galerie d'exempla pour servir à l'édification du prince." E. also discusses the Mémoires of Mademoiselle de Montpensier as an example of the "culture princière" or rather, according to J. Garapon, of the "culture de princesse," dealing with the education of women, and the development of the "véritable héroïne."

Review: Marie-Odile Sweetser in FR 68 (1995), 136–37: Elegant collection of seven papers given at Strasburg conference in 1992 with helpful introductory review of a decade of scholarship and definition of "culture" by Bertaud. On L'Estoile and his library (Christiane Lauvergnat-Gagnière), Fontenay-Mareuil (Michel Serville), the aftermath of the Fronde in Louis XIV's memoires (Françoise Karro), Nicholas Goulas (Noemi Hepp, the Grande Mademoiselle's cult of self-knowledge (Jean Garapon); "Une culture de l'action, l'honnête homme et les grands honneurs de la guerre" in Bussy, Campion, Antoine Arnauld (Emmanuelle Lasne-Jaffro"'; "Un Tacite inculte? Saint-Simon et les belles-lettres," using his library inventory (Yves Coirault).

BEUGNOT, BERNARD. "Le corps éloquent," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 17–30.

Studies the body in the context of Neo classical rhetoric: "Au mythe de la clarté et de la transparence, le corps éloquent oppose l'opacité de ses signes dont l'interprétation est un constant défi et une entreprise déceptive."

BEUGNOT, BERNARD et ROBERT MELANCON, eds. Les voies de l'invention aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Etudes génétiques. Université de Montréal: Département d'Etudes françaises, 1993.

Review: W. De Vos in PFSCL 22 (1995), 246–250: Studies of the genesis of works during the two centuries: the Legenda aurea, the tree as metaphor for writing, Maurice Scève, Ronsard, Du Bellay, Pontus de Tyard, Montaigne, the self genesis of the text, problems in genetic studies of the 17th century, the difficulty the individual writer has in the 17th century in freeing himself from outside influences, Descartes, Chapelain et Balzac, Vaugelas, and the composition of an epistolary text. According to reviewer, the studies demonstrate well that the writing of the period was "aussi et surtout pratique d'éloquence, adaptation . . . de textes antérieurs."

BEUGNOT, BERNARD. La mémoire du texte. Essais de poétique classique. Paris: Honoré Champion, 1994.

Review: W. De Vos in PFSCL 22 (1995), 632–635: A collection of studies published separately between 1971 and 1989 and centered around the relationship between writing and the changing function of memory during the century. Reviewer finds them to be ". . . analyses peu spectaculaires à première vue, mais révolutionnaires à plusieurs égards."

BOILENE-GUERLET, ANNICK. Le Genre romanesque. Des théories de la Renaissance italienne aux réflexions du XVIIe siècle français. Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 1993.

Review: J.-C. Arnould in BHR 56 (1994), 826–28: "Si le genre romanesque a été théorisé en France au XVIIe siècle, c'est à la Renaissance italienne . . . qu'il faut remonter pour comprendre cet accomplissement. Selon cette logique d'origine s'ordonne le livre, dont le premier volet, d'une petite centaine de pages, s'intéresse aux origines et à la structure du romanesque, et le second, presque deux fois plus long, au roman français du XVIIe siècle."

Review: Georges Forestier in RHL 95:1 (Janvier-février 1995), 91: According to F., B's work describes the theory of the French novel in the seventeenth century by recalling the appearance of the same theories in Italy during the preceding century. Most theories are grounded in a modern, i.e., rhetorical perspective which F. relates as "auteur-modèles, invention-disposition-élocution, auteur-lecteur." While F. praises B. for the bibliography, index, and synthesis of Bernard Weinberg's work on the sixteenth century, he regrets "l'absence de toute problématisation et de toute perspective critique, qui confère à l'ensemble l'allure d'un catalogue et aboutit quelquefois à des rapprochements peu pertinents."

BOURSIER, NICOLE. "Quelques fonctions du thème de la mort dans le roman de la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 209–216.

Studies Scarron, Saint Réal, and Mme de Lafayette to discover that a change in the representation of death occurs at mid century: a simplistic yet heroic conception of death yields to one that is less sure, more mediocre and vague in the face of a world that is increasingly absurd and cruel.

BRADY, PATRICK. "The Present State of Studies on Period Style." ECr 33 (1993), 3–8.

Introductory article for this issue describes present state of period style research as "flourishing" and predicts that it will "move into even more exciting fields of theoretical investigation." Has good words to say about the impressive study by Sharon Nell ("French Rococo Poetry and Metrical Convention," Ph.D. Dissertation, Rice U. 1989) which offers "valuable comparisons with La Fontaine" and tracks metrical features through computer analysis.

BRADY, PATRICK. Rococo Poetry in English, French, German, Italian: An Introduction. Knoxville, TN: New Paradigm Press, 1992.

Review: T. M. Pratt in MLR 90 (1995), 722: "Within the European-wide context of rococo poetry, Brady confidently identifies two main strands—the first a poetry of manners and the second a poetry of wine, women and song—and three main stages: a preparatory period in France from 1660 to 1685; a 'manners' period in France, England, and Italy, . . .; an anacreontic period in France and Germany . . . with a movement from the anacreontic to the frankly erotic around 1750."

BRIX, M. "Pindare en France de Boileau à Villemain." ECL 63 (1995), 135–153.

The Greek writer held at a distance by the Classical writers and embraced by the Romantics.

BROOKER, JEWEL SPEARS. "Eliot, Descartes, and the Language of Poetry: A Review Essay." SoAR 59.4 (1994), 107–13.

Discusses T. S. Eliot, The Varieties of Metaphysical Poetry: The Clark Lectures at Trinity College (Cambridge, 1926), and the Turnbull Lectures at The Johns Hopkins University , 1933, ed. Ronald Schuchard (London: Faber, 1993; New York: Harcourt, 1994). "E.'s larger topic in the Clark Lectures is the shape of intellectual history from the thirteenth to the twentieth centuries. . . . [E.] argues that literary history runs more or less parallel to intellectual history. His representative figures for the medieval and modern minds in philosophy are Aquinas and Descartes; the parallel figures in literary history are Dante and Donne. His larger thesis is that the movement from Aquinas to Descartes to Schopenhauer and the parallel movement from Dante to Donne to Laforgue are part of a disintegration of the mind of Europe, a movement from unity to fragmentation to chaos." "E. declares unequivocally that the chasm separating the medieval and modern minds was opened by D. . . . The appearance of Cartesian dualism entailed a move from metaphysics to psychology, from an interest in Being in the larger sense to a preoccupation with the self." "The focus on D. demonstrates that E.'s theory of decay is rooted in philosophic and linguistic analysis rather than in nostalgia or personal taste. . . . E. associates the unified sensibility with classicism, and the Cartesian dissociation of sensibility with romanticism." "The Clark and Turnbull Lectures, in this learned and decorous edition, should," in B.'s opinion, "become a permanent and indispensable reference point in literary studies."

CAHIERS V.L. SAULNIER 9 (1992).

Review: W. Schweickard in ZRP 109 (1993), 724: Theme of this issue is "Nouveaux destins des vieux récits: de la Renaissance aux Lumières." 17 th c. items include essays on the Diane of Montemayor 1699 and on the Amadis.

CALISTRI, CAROLE. "La poésie vue par les poètes du premier Recueil Sercy en vers (1653)," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 99–107.

Uses intertextual references, critical terminology, and the social status of the poets to examine representations of poetry in the collection.

CANTON, KATIA. The Fairy Tale Revisited: A Survey of the Evolution of the Tales, from Classical Literary Interpretations to Innovative Contemporary Dance-Theater Productions. New York: P. Lang, 1994.

Review: M. R. Pukkila in Choice 32 (1995), 1717: The author "views fairy tales through a new critical lens: postmodern dance. She analyzes Perrault and Grimm . . . , describing the sociocultural milieu of those authors in order to 'demythicize' the classic tales and highlight their purpose as conveyors of morals, values, and gender roles. She then traces the growth of dance from classical ballet through modern dance to postmodern, showing how each form is a reflection of the agendas of its time. She finishes with a detailed analysis of three postmodern dance pieces based on classic tales . . . . She uses folklorist Vladimir Propp's system to analyze the narratives of both stories and dances, and concludes that all three pieces remove the tales from the realm of timeless or neutral 'truths' by revealing the values they support: affirmation of male power and female passivity, and legitimation of white male European supremacy. Though slightly marred by a repetitive style, a few typos, and an occasional awkward phrase," the book is judged to be "an unusual and useful study."

CARSON, JOE. "When is an Alien not an Alien? or Frenchmen Abroad?" SCFS 17 (1995), 169–80.

Lively and provocative discussion of the "vicious circle" of alienation/de-alienation in comic perspective, or "boundary fudging" of spatio-temporality. Discussion arises from study of Scarron's Le Jodelet duelliste and extends to Scarron's other plays as well as to Molière.

CHARLES, KENNETH. "The Differential Calculus as the Model of Desire in French Fiction of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries." (University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 1994), DAI 55:9 2855-A.

C. links concepts of differential calculus to notions of desire in Lafayette, Crébillon, Rousseau and Laclos. Placing his examination of calculus in Pascal, C. discusses a "fiction of duration" whose "tragic vision" undergirds the works of the authors mentioned. C. explains his perspective, stating "The model of the integral calculus offers justification for the localization of a point as part of a description of the totality of matter in the universe." This point, or narrative "subject," thus "considers his abandonment by a lover... [as] offer[ing] a glimpse of a more profound rift, his separation from this integral total."

CLARKE, JAN. "When is an Actor not an Actor? When She is an Acrobat." SCFS 17 (1995), 199–209.

Suggestive analysis of the disputes of the emerging Comédie-Française (1780–1715) with the city's fairgrounds performers wiht implications for a new era in the theatre. Intriguing beginnings that deserve greater elaboration/research.

COATS, CATHARINE RANDALL. "A Surplus of Significance: Hermaphrodites in Early Modern France." FrF 19 (1994), 17–34.

Just as Fernand Braudel has noted "the unprecedented surplus of trade goods" in Europe in this period, C. finds numerous cases of what she calls, felicitously, "a surplus of significance:" "descriptive and interpretive schemas, . . . doctrinal discourses" and so forth. C. makes a case for the hermaphrodite as "the image of this cultural surplus." Close readings of Sonnets politiques ou mélanges II (Pierre Le Loyer, 1550–1634), "L'Epitaphe d'un hermaphrodite prins du latin" (Jean Loys, 1553–1610), "La Fortune de l'hermaphodite" (Tristan l'Hermite, 1600–1655) along with Pierre Viret's theological L'Interim fait par dialogues (1565). As C. "decodes . . . the cultural conscious, "she finds similarity re-emerging from diversity. The "four versions of the hermaphrodite thus reenact symbolically a cultural drama of self-definition for an entire nation."

COHEN, JEAN. Théorie de la poéticité. Paris: José Corti, 1994.

Review: Michel Houellebecq in QL (16–31 mai 1995), 21–22: "En 1966, [J. C.] fait paraître Structure du langage poétique chez Flammarion . . . . En 1979, toujours chez F., ce sera Le Haut langage (sous titré Théorie de la poéticité), qui prolonge et amplifie ses réflexions antérieures. C'est ce second livre qui reparaît aujourd'hui chez José Corti, légèrement modifié par l'auteur, mais malheureusement amputé de son titre." "L'auteur y développe une argumentation d'une grande beauté, analysant poèmes et vers célèbres avec une profondeur et une sensibilité qui étonnent, jusqu'à l'exposé de son thême central: le langage ordinaire, informatif, est un langage qui peut être nié. Par un complexe système d'écarts, le poète nie la possibilité de cette négation jusqu'à établir un langage absolu, total, dénué de contraire comme d'opposition: celui qu'il appelle 'le haut langage.'"

CONLEY, TOM. The Graphic Unconscious in Early Modern French Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1992.

Review: Danielle Raquidel in FR 68 (1994), 142–43: Explores the 16th century in a three-stage evolution of figural sensibility. Exemplifies the recurrence of unconscious patterns in Marot's Rondeaux, the Rabelaisian hieroglyph, Ronsard's "sonnet pictures," "The Turn of the Letter: From Cassandre to Hélène," Montaigne's division of figure and text. Finally shows how "the unconscious provides other ways of working with the materials of language." A winning journey to be made through a difficult text.

Review: James J. Supple in JES 97 (1995), 80–81: "This study builds on the view of analogy developed by Foucault and others, on the concept of the protean, uncontrollable nature of writing of the kind associated with deconstructionists and on a proto Freudian view of the unconscious." S. finds "the sections on Ronsard and Montaigne . . . the most rewarding," but he adds that "all the sections reinforce each other admirably and display a subtle change of emphasis." The study is called "[a] fully committed work, which will not appeal to those of a more positivist frame of mind," a book that "impresses by the strength of its conviction, by the host of unexpected insights which it offers and by its theoretical sophistication. The latter owes a great deal to C.'s expertise in film studies . . . ," according to S.

CRYLE, PETER. Geometry in the Boudoir: Configurations of French Erotic Narrative. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1994.

Review: L. A. Russell in Choice 32 (1995), 788: "In this study C. seeks to understand how erotic literature functions as a canonical tradition and to display its assumptions. In so orienting his work he defines pornography and eroticism." In C.'s view, "'the institutions of canonicity function just as powerfully around and within modernist erotic literature as they do around the more classical kind.'" R. indicates that the book "includes detailed chapter notes and an extensive bibliography divided into 10 special classifications."

DANDREY, PATRICK. "Catharsis et mélancolie" l'imaginaire du 'corps écrivain' entre l'automne de la renaissance et le zénith du classicism," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 31–47.

Studies the relationship between the purgation of the passions and creative melancholy: "L'écriture est envisagée par les poètes et les esthéticiens d'alors dans une conception tantôt concrètement physiologique, tantôt seulement métaphorique, comme une purge du surplus de mélancolie, de bile noire, propre aux génies créateurs et susceptible de les accabler s'ils ne s'en déchargeaient dans leur oeuvre, s'ils ne nourrissaient leur oeuvre de ces surplus peccamineux contenus dans leur corps."

DEBAISIEUX, MARTINE. "Tableaux en anamorphose: la Passion du Christ dans la poésie baroque," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 129–140.

Studies less well known poets: ". . . une des caractéristiques principales des représentations du corps du Christ en croix dans la poésie de dévotion du début du XVIIe siècle se manifeste dans l'interpénétration des formes et des genres. . . .Le principe même de la distinction des niveaux de style qui sera défendu dans l'esthétique classique y semblerait subverti . . . ."

DEBOILLY, PASCAL. "Le Rire satirique." BHR 56 (1994), 695–717.

"La satire . . . [sera envisagée comme] un genre littéraire spécifique, une forme politique clairement répertoriée, qui naquit à Rome et qui connut de la Renaissance au XVIIe siècle une grande vogue." L'ouvrage est réparti en quatre sections: 1) Les théories de Baudelaire et de Bakhtine; 2) Le rire chez les grands satiriques latins; 3) La théorie du rire satirique au XVIe et au XVIIe siècle; 4) Le rire des satiriques de la renaissance et de l'âge classique.

DECLERCO, GILES. L'art d'argumenter: structures rhétoriques et littéraires. Campin: Editions universitaires, 1993.

Review: Jody Enders in FR 68 (1995), 662–63: "Serious scholars of the rhetorical tradition will find thig book insulting, as will graduate students, for it contains nothing that has not been said before...the quickest and easiest access to platitudes..."

DEJEAN, JOAN. Tender Geographies and the Origins of the Novel in France. New York: Columbia UP, 1991.

Review: Michele Bissiere in FR 67 (1994), 865–66: "Dense and challenging book" that is "bold and convincing revisionist history" of aristocratic women's place in the formation of the modern novel (1640–1715). The practice of collective "salon writing" is in fact a "transfer of energy" that moves the new genre away from action oriented romance. Gives new life to Clélie and the "carte de Tendre" by analysis of its subversiveness, which is continued by Lafayette and Villedieu. While Lafayette is, for her male qualities, canonized, the other "unruly" women are erased by Boileau and the 19th-century educational system. Index and excellent detailed biblio. of women writers.

• See French 17 (1994).

DELEGUE, YVES. La Perte des mots. Essai sur la naissance de la "littérature" aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles." Strasbourg: Presses Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1990.

Review: J. Lecointe in BHR 57 (1995), 290–93: "Il s'agit d'essais critiques à caractère général, fortement marqués d'intentions démonstratives, plutôt que d'études spécialisées à proprement parler." L'auteur qui "met en question l'idée d'une 'science en littérature' veut justement tenter de mettre en évidence l'apparition, à l'aube des temps modernes, d'une illusion représentative, 'qui fonde notre conception de la littérature et permet de conférer une réalité mythique à une telle science'."

DELMAS, CHRISTIAN, ed. Didon à la scène: Scudéry, Didon (1637), Boisrobert, La Vraye Didon, ou la Didon chaste (1643). Paris: Klincksieck, 1992.

Review: Eveline Dutertre in RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994), 1069–1070: This study, while discussing the "thème de Didon dans le théâtre européen," focuses primarily on the two tragedies written by Scudéry and Boisrobert. According to the reviwer, Scudéry's adaptation of Didon derives from Virgil, portraying Didon as a "figure mythique, succombant à son amour pour Enée." By contrast, Boisrobert's version follows the Justinian tradition which depicts Didon as a "chaste reine qui veut rester fidèle à la mémoire de son époux." The reviewer compares and contrasts these two representations, mentioning, among other things, variations of action, time and structure. Dutertre concludes her analysis by calling the work, "un ouvrage dorénavant indispensable pour l'étude du thème de Didon, et une excellente édition de deux pièces qui n'avaient pas été réditées depuis le XVIIe siècle.

DESAN, PHILIPPE, ed. Humanism in Crisis: The Decline of the French Renaissance. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1991.

Review: E. M. Duval in FrF 18 (1993), 240–242: Orientation of this volume is more cultural and scientific than literary. Descartes is included, but, disappointingly, Béroalde de Verville, d'Urfé, Théophile de Viau are absent in the 14 essays which focus "on the transitional period between the ages of Humanism and Science." D. judges that the "most successful essays are the scientific essays," but calls for better definition of humanism as he recommends another treatment published the same year by Harvard UP, Anthony Grafton's Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450–1800.

DOTOLI, GIOVANNI. Perspectives de la recherche sur le XVIIe siècle français aujourd'hui. Fasano/Paris: Schena/Nizet, 1994.

Review: J. Marmier in PFSCL 22 (1995), 646–649: An appeal to regard the century as an "enthousiasmant laboratoire de modernité," for literary historians to broaden their view to that of an "histoire des mentalités" in the format of an electronic dictionary. According to the reviewer, "tourné vers l'avenir, le programme donne parfois l'impression de négliger les résultats acquis."

DOTOLI, GIOVANNI. Letteratura per il popola in Francia (1600–1750). Proposte di lettura della "Bibliothèque bleue." Fasano: Schena Editore, 1991.

Review: G. Berger in PFSCL 22 (1995), 642–645: Studies the audience, coherence, message conveyed, writing, language and structure of the texts published in the famous series. Despite several reservations, the reviewer finds this to be a rich and suggestive study.

Review: C. Sorgeloos in RBPH 72 (1994), 1030–31: "Cet ouvrage de synthèse de G. Dotoli fournit un intéressant bilan des recherches relatives à la culture populaire en France de 1600 à 1750, basé sur les nombreux textes publiés par les éditeurs de Troyes—notamment—dans le cadre de la Bibliothèque Bleue. Un des nombreux problèmes posés est en effet de savoir si ces récits constituent une littérature véritablement populaire ou au contraire une littérature liée au pouvoir."

• See French 17 (1992).

DOTOLI, GIOVANNI, ed. Il Seicento francese oggi. Situazione e prospettive della ricerca. Bari/Paris: Adriatica/Nizet, 1994.

Contains papers from Monopoli Conference (1993) with D's "Perspectives de la recherche" as intro. The intro. has been republished with different divisions and expanded biblio. by Schena-Nizet, 1994. Contents: Enea Balmas, "La Cultura italiana di Georges de Scudery: nuovi appunti"; C. Rizza, "Libertins, libertinage, libertinisme: problema di prospettive"' Jacques Morel, "Quoi de neuf sur Molière"; Giorgetto Giorgi, "Due fonti del romanzo barocco francese: Apuleio e Eliodoro"; Alain Viala, "La Littérature galante: histoire et problématique; D. Dalla Valle, "Il secentismo francese e il punto di vista comparatista"; R.G. Pellegrini, "Stato della critica e ipotesi di ricereche sul peoma epico"; Cariagrazia Margarito, "Italianismes de la langue française au XVIIe siècle": V. kapp, "La Bible et le sublime dans Esther de Racine"; R. Horville, "A propos de Dom Juan de Molière. Pour une lecture plurielle de l'oeuvre théâtrale"; Pierre Ronzeaud, "Nouvelles avancées de la recherche dix-septiemiste: chemins de traverses et sentiers inexplorés"; "Sergio Poli, "Mito e narrativa. Riflessioni e prospettive di ricerca"; V.P. Natoli, "Il 'quichottisme' nella letteratura francese perclassica"; Giancarlo Fasano, "Persistenza e fluttauzioni della forma-commedia"; Alessandra Preda, "Nouvi studi sulla commedia italian tardo-cinguecentesca e la commedia secentesca francese"; F. De Paola, "Vanini in Francia: i confini di una presenza"; Maria Timelli, "La 'Compendiosa grammatics francese' de L.M. Lelong (1654, 1667, 1673)..."; M.E. Leozappa, "Arte e istituaioni nel XVII saecolo. 'L'Académie de France a Rome."

Review: J. Marmier in PFSCL 22 (1995), 646–649: Conference papers on the present state of studies, both narrow and broad, of the century: libertinage, Vanini, "littérature gallante," the sublime, the circulation of ideas, the epic, Molière, the baroque novel, the influence of Cervantes, the rhetorical exercises of J. B. Manzini, discourse of the dictionaries, Italian influences, among others.

DOUTHWAITE, JULIA. Exotic Women: Literary Heroines and Cultural Strategies in Ancien Régime France. Philadelphia: U of Penn P, 1992.

Review: Gita May in FR 67 (1994), 679–80: "Timely, well-written, and thought provoking treatment that begins with Zaide to represent cultural confrontation, which is extended through novels by men and women through the 18th century. Cleary outlines the progression from the 17th-century universalism while indicating the limitations and underside of evolving awareness of the other that comes with the development of relativism. Highlights some important differences of male and female authorship. 17 illustrations.

Review: J. Walsh in ECr 34 (1994), 122: Links New Historicism and feminist methodology to an "elegantly written, well-documented reevaluation of both celebrated and neglected texts." From her treatment of Zaïde and Prévost's L'Histoire d'une Grecque moderne, D. concludes that "female authors stress their heroines' social identity" while male authors define women primarily by their sexual functions. Close, insightful readings analyse the "various ways in which 17th and 18th c. French authors portray non-European women."

• See French 17 (1994).

DUBOST, JEAN PIERRE. "Le Meursius français et l'érotologie moderne." in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 309–320.

Studies the "mode d'inscription" of sexual discourse in the collection of erotic works: "Cet état intermédiaire du Meursius français en suspens entre la citation et l'hallucination est bien celui de l'hypothèse ignacienne baroque, hallucination interminable de la vérité de la narration christique."

DUCHENE, ROGER. "A la recherche d'une espèce rare et mêlée: les Précieuses avant Molière." PFSCL 22 (1995), 331–357.

Points to the difficulties inherent in locating and defining the species: "Affirmée par autrui et en général par des ennemis, l'existence des Précieuses est de l'ordre de la représentation même lorsqu'on parle de leur réalité, même quand on ne fait pas d'elles de purs objets littéraires."

DUCHENE, ROGER. "Vers la Princesse de Clèves: de la Princesse de Paphlagonie à l'Histoire amoureuse des Gaules." PFSCL 22 (1995), 65–77.

Argues that the modern novel is born not in the narration of past events but in that of recent history.

DUCHENE, ROGER. L'Impossible Marcel Proust. Paris: Robert Laffont, 1994.

Review: Diane de Margerie in QL (16–30 novembre 1994), 8–9: "Gageons que si R. D. nous donne à présent cette monumentale biographie de 800 pages, c'est parce qu'il est depuis longtemps fasciné par Mme de Sévigné . . . , non seulement en tant qu'épistolière . . . mais en tant que femme adonnée à un amour dévorant, illimité, pour Mme de Grignan, sa fille." "Cette passion violente mère/fille, R. D. la retrouve chez Marcel et sa mère dans l'interminable dialogue qui compose cette oeuvre, tout le Contre Sainte Beuve et la Recherche étant comme une conversation ou une lettre écrite à ses morts." D. is likewise interested in another parallel found in Sévigné and Proust: "cette 'mutation' qui s'est opérée chez les deux écrivains, ce retrait du monde pour mieux se donner à leur passion qui se confond avec celle de l'écriture."

DUFOURNET, JEAN, ADELIA FIORATO, et AUGUSTIN REDONDO, éds. Le Pouvoir monarchique et ses supports idéologiques aux XIVe–XVIIe siècles. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne Nouvelle, 1990.

Review: M. Marin in BHR 57 (1995), 302–04: Les dix-neuf contributions d'un colloque interdisciplinaire tenu à la Sorbonne, 3–5 décembre 1987, abordent différents aspects de l'espace culturel et "enrichissent la critique littéraire traitant du 'pouvoir monarchique' entre le XIVe et le XVIIe siècle et complètent la recherche scientifique dans ce domaine."

DULONG, CLAUDE. "Femmes auteurs au grand siècle." PFSCL 22 (1995), 395–402.

Studies the conditions necessary for a woman to become a writer: ". . . l'acte libérateur, l'acte émancipateur, c'était d'écrire, quoi qu'on écrivît."

DUNKLEY, JOHN and BILL KIRTON, eds. Voices in the Air: French Dramatists and the Resources of Language: Essays in Honour of Charles Chadwick. Glasgow: U of Glasgow French and German P, 1992.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 30 (1994), 384: Reviewer remarks the uneven quality of essays which range in subject from Racine, Corneille, Mairet and Molière to Beckett. Recommends Harry Barnwell's study on Racine's dynamic language.

EUCHNER, WALTER, FRANCESCA RIGOTTI et PIERANGELO SCHIERA, éds. Il potere delle immagini: la metafora politica in prospettiva storica. Bologne/Berlin: Duncker-Humblot, 1993.

Recueil de communications de deux colloques sur la métaphorologie politique tenus à Trento.

FADERMAN, LILLIAN, ed. Chloe Plus Olivia: An Anthology of Lesbian Literature from the Seventeenth Century to the Present. New York: Viking, 1994.

Review: Anon. in VQR 71 (1995), 10: "Why was this volume designed to resemble a Norton reader for high school or college students? Because it proposes a new canon, and to do so persuasively requires certain representational codes." According to the reviewer, every text included "is certainly readable and intriguing; much of it invites repeated and closer examination; some of the finds . . . may even survive the Movement and find a durable place among texts read for their own sake and in their own nature. This may not constitute canonization," the reviewer observes, "but is a first step toward it beatification, perhaps."

FAUDEMAY, ALAIN. La distinction à l'âge classique. Emules et enjeux. Paris: Champion, 1992.

Review: U. Schulz-Buschhaus in RF 104 (1992): Extremely favorable review underscores usefulness of this study of the notion of "ordre." Particularly appreciates the masterful European perspective of the analysis which treats minor as well as traditionally canonical authors. Reviewer signals particularly praiseworthy assessments (on Molière, La Fontaine, La Rochefoucauld, La Bruyère, etc.). Organized in three major divisions: "De la confusion à l'ordre," "L'oeil, la société, la "morale,"and "comparaison et distinction."

FENOALTEA, DORANNE and DAVID LEE RUBIN, eds. The Ladder of High Design: Structure and Interpretation of the French Lyric Sequence. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1991.

Review: Romy Heylen in RR 85:3 (May 1994) 483–85: In her discussion of this volume of essays which "analys[es] the effect of context and arrangement on meaning and interpretation" from Machaut to Bonnefoy, H. agrees with F.'s premise that "coherence" in the early modern lyric was relatively discernible through theme and genre, while "coherence" in the modern era becomes much more problematic. With respect to the seventeenth century, H. examines Catherine Ingold's analysis of St. Amant's four seasonal sonnets as well as David Rubin's study of the development of the "modal" fable of Book 7 of La Fontaine's Fables.

Review: J.C. Nash in FrF 18 (1993), 80–81: The 10 authors suggest "important directions . . . for future study of the French lyric sequence" as they examine the question of order and disorder in French lyric poetry from the Medieval to the Modern Period. Two essays will be of particular interest to 17th c. scholars: Catherine Ingold's demonstration of coherence via metaphorical structure in St. Amant's seasonal sonnets and David Rubin's performance of "triple calculus" on book 7 of La Fontaine's Fables.

FORESTIER, GEORGES. Introduction à l'analyse des textes classiques. Elements de rhétorique et de poétique du XVIIe siècle. Paris: Nathan, 1993.

Review: M. O. Sweetser in PFSCL 22 (1995), 264–265: Draws texts from Chaveau's Anthologie de la littérature française du XVIIe siècle, Le Cid, Cinna, and Iphigénie. Reviewer finds this "une magistrale et utile mise à jour de notions fondamentales pour une étude sérieuse et éclairante des textes du XVIIe siècle."

FORSYTH, ELIOTT. La Tragédie française de Jodelle à Corneille (1553–1640): Le Thème de la vengeance. Paris: Honoré Champion, 1994.

Review: D. Perret in BHR 57 (1995), 518–20: Welcome revised edition of solidly grounded 1962 critical work. 1994 Introduction contains "une mise au point as well as une mise à jour of the most important critical work on la tragédie précornélienne over the past thirty years."

• See French 17 (1994).

FOURNIER, NATHALIE. L'aparte dans le théâtre français du XVIIeme siècle au XXeme siècle. Paris: Peeters, 1991.

Review: John H. Reilly in FR 67 (1994), 1067–68: "Highly comprehensive and inclusive analysis," from emergence of technique (ca. 1620). Examines extensively the theatrical function, especially for the 17th century in respect to "vraisemblance." Traces the decline. Exceptionally well-researched.

• See French 17 (1994).

FRANCE, PETER. Politeness and its Discontents: Problems in French Classical Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1992.

Review: Anon in FMLS 29 (1993), 373–374: Appreciates the "wide but unostentatious scholarship," "lucid analysis," and "compelling synthesis" in this examination of politesse between 1660 and 1760. Review singles out F.'s analysis of Perrault and Racine's hyperbole.

FRANCE, PETER, ed. The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French. New York: Oxford UP, 1995.

Review: R. T. Ivey in Choice 33 (1995), 442: This book "reflects a change in focus from its predecessors . . . . The words 'literature in French' in the title signal this change: the companion includes 200 new entries on francophone literature (writing in French outside France in former French possessions), as well as entries on Provençal (or Occitan) and Breton literature (literature in other languages native to France). The work also updates recent research on literary, cultural, and political history . . . ." "A fine, up to date reference book for French literature, highly recommended for all college and university reference collections."

FRANCHETTI, ANNA LIA. Il Salotto e la Scena: Le forme della Commedia galante da Corneille a Musset. Pisa: Pacini, 1992.

Review: A. Piletti in MLR 90 (1995), 179: Author verifies characteristics of the comédie galante through textual analysis of works by Corneille, Moliere, Marivaux, and Musset. "She argues that behind a seeming obedience to the laws of courtesy and sociability and to those of dramatic tradition, the plays considered develop, hidden behind the love inspired scenes of the protagonists, a metalinguistic reflexion."

GAMBELLI, DELIA. Arlecchino a Parigi. I: Dall'inferno alla corte del Re Sole. Roma: Bulzoni, 1993.

Review: C. Mazouer in PFSCL 22 (1995), 266–268: The first of three volumes carrying the same title: the study of the character from 1584–85 to 1697 evokes the history of the Italian theater in France during the period. The first volume is primarily an introduction to the study of Dominique's Scenario. Reviewer finds this to be an admirable study.

GEORGE, DAVID J. and CHRISTOPHER J. GOSSIP, eds. Studies in the Commedia dell'Arte. Cardiff: U of Wales P, 1993.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 30 (1994), 190: Includes treatment on influence of the commedia dell'Arte on French theatre as well as wide-ranging studies from Russian to Argentinian theatre. Judged informative and enjoyable.

GETHNER, PERRY, ed. Femmes dramaturges en France (1650–1750). Pièces choisis. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 1993.

Review: H. Allentuch in PFSCL 22 (1995), 269–270: Six plays written by Françoise Pascal, Mme de Villedieu, Anne de La Roche Guilhen, Catherine Bernard, Marie Anne Barbier, and Françoise de Graffigny. Reviewer states that the collection "helps to rectify the almost exclusively male historical record by bringing forth representative examples of the creative achievements of six women playwrights. In the process, G. changes the landscape of the French Classical theater as we have come to know it."

Review: Bénédicte Louvat in RHL 95:1 (Janvier-février 1995) 92–93: L. summarizes G.'s premise that such a collection is necessary because women playwrights of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were productive, but are now forgotten. G. republishes six plays among them Françoise Pascal's L'Amoureux extravagant (1657) Mme. de Villedieu's Le Favori (1665), Anne de La Roche Guilhen's Rare-en-tout (1677) and Catherine Bernard's Laodamie reine d'Epire (1689). Along with the plays mentioned, G. adds that the importance of these "femmes dramaturges" lies in their ability to "s'adapter aux goûts de leurs contemporains."

Review: Helje Pore in FR 68 (1995), 524–25: Reviewer welcomes the publication with its annotated texts and introductions for its redress of women's proper place in literary history. The plays show that "women dramatistis could hold their own...in the theatre," but they are not innovative..."

• See French 17 (1994).

GETHNER, PERRY, ed. The Lunatic Lover: [sic] and Other Plays by French Women of the 17th and 18th Centuries. Heinemann, 1994.

Review: P. Koch in Choice 32 (1994), 606–07: "It is surely a laudable project," says K., "to anthologize for the English reader six plays illustrating major genres [other than "comedy proper"] cultivated during the two centuries of French classicism . . . ." G.'s "undertaking assumes even greater importance," according to the reviewer, "when we consider that (1) the playwrights chosen all being women, the collection has relevance to feminist studies; (2) all the plays have been out of print since the early 19th century; and, (3) only one of them has ever before been rendered into English." G. "provides . . . for each work ample, carefully weighed critical introductions as well as illuminating scholarly notes on less obvious references in the texts. He has also had the admirable courage to approximate the 'alexandrin' meter of the originals in his modern, though sometimes flat, blank-verse iambic pentameters." ". . . [N]one of the plays included is, by G.'s own admission, 'a forgotten masterpiece'; nor is specifically feminine sensibility much in evidence." In K.'s opinion, this "volume will serve rather (no faint praise) as a sampling of the passing literary tastes, the 'mentalité,' of a great age in France—and . . . as a reminder that our contemporary value systems are no more permanent."

GIRAUD, YVES. "La Fameuse Comédienne (1688): problèmes et perspectives d'une édition critique." in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 191–213.

Preliminary to a new look at the satire aimed at Molière and Armande Béjart. After reviewing the transmission and state of the text, the successive titles, the authorship, the contents and other important issues, G. concludes that the work is "digne de considération, malgré les hésitations occasionnelles de son information, malgré les zones d'ombre qui subsistent, malgré l'outrance de ses attaques."

GONDAL, MARIE LOUISE, ed. François Malaval, La belle ténèbre. Pratique facile pour élever l'âme à la contemplation (1670), suivie de La plainte de Philothée. Grenoble: Jérôme Millon, 1993.

Review: P. Laude in PFSCL 22 (1995), 271–272: An edition of "un compendium de christianisme 'intérieur' représantif de ce courant 'quiétiste' qui constitua le 'crépuscule des mystiques.'" Malaval advocates a spirituality that emphasizes the role of the intellect. According to the reviewer, a fine edition that provides access to a key text of seventeenth century mysticism.

GREENBERG, MITCHELL. Subjectivity and Subjugation in Seventeenth-Century Drama and Prose. The Family Romance of French Classicism. Cambridge: Cambridge U P, 1992.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 30 (1994), 85: Finds this analysis of "avatars of patriarchal sexuality . . . and their relation to the sexual and political absolutism of the age" incisive, intelligent and indispensable. Psychoanalysis and feminism inform treatments of several works including plays of Corneille, Molière and Racine.

Review: Christian Garaud in FR 68 (1994), 145–46: Examines with a masterful command of theoretical approaches the imaginary space of classical theatre as the scene par excellence of the modern conflicted subject. L'Astree Corneille's Le Cid, Cinna, Rodogune), Racine's tragedies, La Princesse de Cleves, Tartuffe yield "transformations profondes que connaissent les domaines etroitement liés du politique, du social, de la famille et de la sexualité." Reviewer especially praises the willing recognition of the ideological grid to admit "la part d'obscurité"—"an indeterminancy that refuses the cutting, final answer of theory."

• See French 17 (1994).

Review: Alain Génetiot in RHL 95:1 (Janvier-février 1995), 91: Génetiot views Greenberg's study through the optic "des women [sic] studies américaines," highlighting the author's "perspective féministe et psychanalytique (freudienne et lacanienne)." Echoing Greenberg's thesis that absolute monarchy from Richelieu to Louis XIV became the "lieu d'une idéologie patriarcale de `répression sexuelle et politique," the reviewer outlines the subordination of both femininity and the family in the author's discussion of texts ranging from L'Astrée to La Princesse de Clèves. Génetiot paraphrases Greenberg's contention that while d'Urfé, Corneille, Racine and Molière reproduce the framework of submission found in the society at large, Mme. de Lafayette is the lone author to propsose resistance to absolutism.

Review: W. O. Goode in FrF 19 (1994), 240–241: Judged an "intellectual tour de force," G.'s volume requires the reader to be on good terms with Freudian and post-Freudian psychoanalysis. "Literature serves him [G.] as an entry into the ideology of the age," as he treats L'Astrée, La Princesse de Clèves, Rodogune, Tartuffe, as well as patriarchy chez Racine and mysticism chez Soeur Jeanne des Anges at the Ursuline convent of Loudun.

GERARD, ALBERT S. The Phaedra Syndrome: Of Shame and Guilt in Drama. Amsterdam/Atlanta: Rodopi, 1993.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 30 (1994), 280: Judged "the sort of book to get comparative literature a good name," it treats widely all the manifestations of the Phaedra story. Particular attention is paid to R.'s Phèdre as "the culminating moment in the playwright's Pascalian Jansenist anguish."

GREINER, BERNHARD. Die Komödie. Eine theatralische Sendung: Grundlagen und Interpretationen. Tübingen: Francke, 1992.

Review: K. Schoell in Archiv 230 (1993), 140–142: Abundance of attention to German comedy but does consider M.'s Misanthrope along with Aristophanes' Birds, and Shakespeare's As You Like It. Eclectic methodology from intertextuality to Bachtin and Foucault serves G. as he sheds new light on many diverse aspects of comedy.

GRIFFIN, DUSTIN. Satire: A Critical Reintroduction. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1994.

Review: Frank Palmeri in SoAR 60.1 (1995), 171–73: This work "aims to revise what [G.] considers to be the contemporary critical consensus on satire . . . . G.'s book seeks to extrapolate not a general theory but a new set of 'critical perspectives' on the subject on the basis of the 'best contemporary practical criticism' of individual satires. The chapters in the first half of the book converge on the view of satire as a form that combines play and rhetorical display with an openended inquiry into serious moral and social questions. The investigations in the second half of the book look into the history, politics, and the pleasures of satire. They produce more diverse results and so resist integration into a unified thesis," notes P. "Because satire so often provokes thought on both sides of a question, it tends not to arrive at strong instances of formal closure. The issues it canvasses typically remain unsettled."

GROVE, LAURENCE FRANCIS ROGER. "Emblematics and Seventeenth-Century French literature: Descartes and La Fontaine." (University of Pittsburgh, 1994) DAI: 55:10 3207-A.

After describing the general importance of the emblem in "the cultural life of seventeenth-century France," G. applies the basic elements of the emblem and device to the works of Descartes and La Fontaine. Based on his research at the BN and the Département des estampes, G. concludes that "emblems and devices played an important role in [Descartes's] early education at the Jesuit College of La Flèche." With respect to La Fontaine, G. claims that certain "descriptive passges" in the Fables, Psyché and the Songe de Vaux are "structured differently from modern texts" to the point that they suggest a sharp influence of emblem and device.

GUICHEMERRE, ROGER. "La grande Mademoiselle et les Nouvelles françaises de Segrais." PFSCL 22 (1995), 49–54.

Studies the account of the private life of the princess and her friends at the beginning of their exile at Saint Fargeau that Segrais wrote "around" the stories.

GUICHEMERRE, ROGER. Visages du théâtre français au XVIIe siècle. Paris: Klincksieck, 1994.

Review: Jean-Pierre Chauveau in CTH 16 (1994), 64–65: A useful collection of G's articles collected and edited by friends. Contains "quelques pieces substantielles" on Molière.

Review: J. Emelina in PFSCL 22 (1995), 276–277: A collection of studies written during the author's scholarly career: eight on aspects of comedy, six on Molière, three on tragedy, and six on various other subjects.

GUTWIRTH, MARCEL. Laughing Matter: An Essay on the Comic. Ithaca/London: Cornell UP, 1993.

Review: Helje Porre in FR 68 (1994), 330: Part I contains an "excellent sytheses of theories"; II focuses on manifold manifestations largely from Don Quixote through En attendant Godot. Conclusion offers G's own theory of "comic wisdom." Uses of Molière are outstanding.

• See French 17 (1994).

HARRY, PATRICIA M. "'A Positive Idea of Non being': the Baroque Conceptualization of Death in the Works of Religious and Libertine Prose and Verse Writers," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 197–208.

Studies Scudéry, Chassignet, Gody, Saint Amant, Théophile, and Cyrano in order to show that both devout and libertine writers depict death in a similar manner: "Most telling is the flexibility of the dialectic of paradox, which illustrates how free thinkers and the devout are locked into the same patterns of thinking, attributable in no small measure to the fashionable 'asiatic' style, no doubt inculcated in them in their youth on ultramontane college benches."

HARTH, ERICA. Cartesian Women: Versions and Subversions of Rational Discourse in the Old Regime. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1992.

Review: Thomas Lennon in FR 68 (1994), 147–48: With exhaustive and impeccable scholarship provides in always clear and well argued narrative what is a nuanced assessment of Descartes' role in women's history. Elizabeth of Bohemia emerged as the most gifted with her questioning of dualism. Rich and complex.

HAYES, ELIZABETH T., ed. Images of Persephone: Feminist Readings in Western Literature. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1994.

Review: B. M. McNeal in Choice 32 (1994), 595: "This collection of essays would be useful," according to M., "in a graduate or undergraduate seminar in women's studies, cultural studies, or literature with a focus on mythic criticism or feminist criticism. . . . The essays are arranged chronologically by primary author . . . [including Quinault and Lully]. All of the essays provide a detailed, close reading of a work . . . , an overview of the scholarship of that work, and a . . . bibliography. They also explore aspects of the Demeter/Persephone myth that can be used to understand how Western society has upheld patriarchal values and condoned aggressive male sexuality at the cost of female autonomy."

HERON, P.M. "Genèse de Jean Genet en héros: sur un texte de `Journal de Voleur.'" IL 46:4 (sept-oct 1994), 16–28.

Among other things, H. points out the relationship between Corneille's theater and Genet's. Underscoring G.'s general affinity for Corneille, H. discusses the "première similitude" between the two as "le sens de l'histoire," where "la genèse du héros passe chez Corneille par une réinvention de l'histoire où il puise son sujet de tragédie, dont il enlève les données peu conformes à la dignité de l'emploi tragique." Nicomède and Suréna are mentioned as prime examples. The "deuxième similitude" consists of "le rapport du fait héroïque au fait politique." Here, H. compares works such as Nicomède and the Balcon. Other thematic similarities include "la conjonction de la pastorale et de la Fable," as well as "la générosité." H. concludes with the observation that "comme Corneille dans Suréna, Genet recherche moins... la séduction que la fascination tragique."

HINDEN, MICHAEL. "Drama and Ritual Once Again: Notes toward a Revival of Tragic Theory." CompD 29 (1995), 183–202.

Although ". . . Nietzsche's contention that tragedy originated in Dionysian ritual cannot be proved . . . ," H. has "tried to indicate how tragedy may be paired with ritual in terms of conflict, action, insight, and effect. Both tragedy and ritual mediate our ambivalence toward selfhood, toward the volatile mix of assertion and sacrifice that defines our relationship to the group. The parallels suggest a common source, although a markedly different evolution . . . ." H. explains differences between drama and ritual. He argues that ". . . drama is inherently more variable than ritual and consequently of greater interest to us as a cultural phenomenon." According to H., ". . . ritual analogues may be adduced that help to characterize the form and appeal of tragedy as a genre. Awareness of these patterns may enhance the study of familiar plays."

HJORT, METTE. The Strategy of Letters. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1994.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 30 (1994), 181. H. "restores notions of agency and strategy," as she focuses on convincing examples from theatre, among them M.'s Tartuffe.

Review: Chris Worth in AUMLA 82 (1994), 127–29: Reviewed with another study (Kenneth Quinn, How Literature Works (Macmillan, 1992). "The contrast [of Q.'s volume] with H.'s book is extreme," according to the reviewer. "Hers is a paradigmatic work of professional literary scholarship, elegantly presented by a leading university press . . . . It takes an essentially meta critical approach . . . ." "Looking closely at its use by Derrida and Foucault, H. reveals the contradictions implicit in the term [strategy]. She attempts to restore an understanding of the involvement of intentionality, interaction and agency in the semantic field of 'strategy,' and suggests how the word might be developed as a productive critical concept." "After such an interesting opening, the rest of the book is a little disappointing," in the judgment of W. "H. exemplifies her theoretical concerns through a limiting mode of argumentative literary criticism. Her key topics [include] . . . strategies in Tartuffe and the literary quarrels it engendered [and] seventeenth century attacks on theatre . . . ." "Her accounts of these topics are detailed, well informed, at times penetrating," according to W. "But the attempt to illustrate her ideas on agency through the discussion of specialized literary material has problems."

HUET, MARIE-HELENE. Monstrous Imagination. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1993.

Review: A. Curran in ECr 33 (1993), 102–103: Judged a "thoughtful chronicle of this resilient myth [that] fills a lacuna that has long existed in the study of civilizations view of monstrosity." Excellently documented and highly readable, H.'s study treats the Renaissance to the end of the Enlightenment in Part I: "The Mother's Fancy," and post-Enlightenment eras in Part II: "Metaphors of Procreation."

JACKSON, JOHN E. Mémoire et création poètique. Paris: Mercure de France, 1992.

Review: P. Schnyder in RF 105 (1993), 149–151: Penetrating study investigates the interrelationship of memory and creation as source, dream, moment of reflexion, fortune, melancholy, monument and so forth.

JENSEN, KATHARINE ANN. Writing Love: Letters, Women, and the Novel in France, 1605–1776. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1995.

Review: C. E. Campbell in Choice 32 (1995), 1734: "Once the reader has waded through the vaginalogocentric jargon of Sandra M. Gilbert's argument ad feminam in the introduction and the author's preface and prologue, this book becomes very interesting," says the reviewer. "J. . . . posits the theory that there was a stereotypical 'Epistolary Woman,' 'seduced, betrayed, and suffering,' whose writings of love letters were automatically considered secondary literature at best. The author then presents five authors whose works do not fit the stereotype—Marie-Catherine Desjardins, Anne Ferrand, Françoise de Graffigny, Marie Jeanne Riccoboni, and Julie de Lespinasse. Each of these women proved that she could write self-consciously rather than emotionally, creating fiction rather than tortured love letters. Once this break with the Epistolary Woman occurred, the epistolary novel came to be valued, and women writers of the 17th and 18th centuries became empowered. It was only with the coming of the French Revolution that men became leery of this new-found power and worked to suppress it."

JONES, STEVEN SWANN. The Fairy Tale: The Magic Mirror of Imagination. New York: Twayne, 1995.

Review: M. Ury in Choice 32 (1994), 1589: The author "believes that folk fairy tales and literary fairy tales can be treated as a single genre: both dramatize psychological problems, inculcate social values, and 'offer guidance about the spiritual properties of the universe.' According to the reviewer, J. "never doubts that everything in a given tale symbolizes something identifiable in the human psyche. He devotes more than half of the book to detailed 'psychological' interpretations of a few well-known tales. Readers not convinced in advance will find his interpretations arbitrary. . . . To its credit," adds U., "the book attempts a wide-ranging account of the various scholarly approaches to fairy-tale study, but Christa Kamenetsky's The Brothers Grimm & Their Critics . . . is more energetic and acute." J.'s book is called "[a] marginal purchase."

KAPP, VOLKER. "Beredsamkeit ohne Rhetorik. Zur französischen Rhetorik Diskussion im späten 17. Jahrhunderts," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 261–280.

KAPP, VOLKER. "Le corps éloquent et ses ambiguïtés: l'action oratoire et le débat sur la communication non verbale à la fin du XVIIe siècle," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 87–99.

Efforts to use reason to control behavior: "L'action oratoire fait appel à la fantaisie et aux sens pour séduire la vue et l'oreille de l'auditeur, donc elle s'appuie sur des facultés trompeuses. Son mensonge reste innocent s'il conforme d'une part l'homme aux habitudes de la société et de la civilité des moeurs et d'autre part l'extérieur du locuteur au message qu'il transmet. . . . Transparence et ambiguïté du corps ne renvoient donc plus à une métaphysique du beau, mais à la nature de l'homme et à son statut d'être social."

KAPP, VOLKER, ed. Les lieux de mémoire et la fabrique de l'oeuvre. PFSCL/Biblio 17 (1993).

Review: Marc Escola in RHL 94:6 (Novembre-décembre 1994), 1083–1086: In his lengthy review of the papers presented at the first colloquium of the Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle (Kiel, 1993), E. states "Ce volume marquera sans doute une date dans l'histoire des études sur le XVIIe siècle." As the title suggests, the overarching motif of the symposium is the "lieux de mémoire" with emphasis on the "signification et fonction des lieux de la mémoire dans la civilisation du XVIIe siècle en France et leur importance pour la "fabrique de l'oeuvre." Intellectually, "le concept de `lieux de mémoire' permet de mettre en relief `les points de rencontre et de divergence des deux cultures contemporaines au XVIIe siècle, l'ancienne rhétorique et la nouvelle science exacte." In general, E. praises the collection, claiming that "la richesse même de ce volume illustre avec bonheur la polysémie du terme de "lieu," et cette polysémie n'est-elle même que le produit...de la dynamique des lieux rhétoriques."

KENNY, NEIL. The Palace of Secrets: Béroalde de Verville and Renaissance Conceptions of Knowledge. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1991.

Review: J. Miernowski in FrF 18 (1993), 90–92: Praiseworthy for its "érudition sûre" and "profonde sensibilité interprétative," K.'s work examines carefully the limits of knowledge in the late Renaissance, integrating philosophical and esthetic questions, as it follows the "itinéraries compliqués" of Le Voyage des princes fortunez (1610).

Review: M. Renaud in RF 104 (1992), 453–455: Important, clear and well-documented study contributes to proper assessment of B.'s entire corpus. Underscores the "glissement vers une attitude de plus en plus ambiguë vis à vis du savoir."

KLEIN, NANCY DEIGHTON. The Female Protagonist in the Nouvelles of Madame de Villedieu. New York: Lang, 1992.

Review: D. Shaw in MLR 90 (1995), 186–88: K.'s study "relates the heroine to other character types within the short novel format; it also contains a history of the genre and an analysis of the nouvelles by other major seventeenth century exponents, including Mlle de Scudéry and Mme de La Fayette." Reviewer concludes that this is an undeniably thorough and original study despite some problems of presentation and balance.

KLINGNER, EDWIN. Kleine Geschichte der französischen Literatur. Düsseldorf: Buchhändlerheute, 1990.

Review: H.W. Wittschier in ZRP 110 (1994), 513–19: Written by a specialist in library science who has a great interest in France, this small volume (94 pages) attempts an overview of French literature from the Middle Ages to our day, from a "rezeptionsgeschichte" perspective. Review details numerous misconceptions, misspellings, wrong classifications and unevenness (the 17 th c. is granted three and one-half pages, while the 19th and 20th c. fare somewhat better at least in length, 14 and 40 pages respectively).

KOCHHAR-LINDGREN, GRAY. Narcissus Transformed: The Textual Subject in Psychoanalysis and Literature. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State UP, 1993.

Review: Julius Rowan Raper in SoAR 60.1 (1995), 176–80: Reviewed with Marshall W. Alcorn, Jr., Narcissism and the Literary Libido: Rhetoric, Text, and Subjectivity (New York: NYUP, 1994). Kochar-Lindgren "tracks Narcissus's ascendance in Europe from Descartes through Freud to Lacan, while Alcorn moves beyond Lacan to more recent American theorists who have reshaped our view of Narcissus."

LAFOND, JEAN. "Mademoiselle et les Divers portraits." PFSCL 22 (1995), 55–63.

Studies the genesis of a work which for the first time presents the portrait as an independant genre. Both the portrait and the maxim derive from the ornatus and owe their independent status to post Fronde social milieux which tended to produce literary works lacking unity. The chief characteristics of the Divers portraits are its unity and coherence which L. attributes to the princess' personality.

LA GORCE, JEROME DE, ed. Louis, Ladvocat, Lettres sur l'opéra à l'abbé Dubos. Suivies de Description de la vie et moeurs, de l'exercice de l'état des filles de l'opéra. Paris: Cicero, 1993.

Review: B. Norman in PFSCL 22 (1995), 280–281: Twenty six letters written between 1694 and 1698 containing many details about opera productions and revealing erudition and a conservative understanding of the theater. The Description, attributed to Vassetz and thought to have been written in 1694, contains information about acting styles and backstage activities at the Opéra, among other things.

LA GORCE, JEROME DE. L'opéra à Paris au temps de Louis XIV: histoire d'un théâtre. Paris: Desjonquères, 1992.

Review: B. Norman in PFSCL 22 (1995), 280–281: Includes historical documentation, theater personnel, preparations and costs of productions, struggles for power, Molière's relationship with Lully, La Fontaine's and Racine's attempts at writing libretti, the théâtre de la foire, and religious objections to the theater. Reviewer calls this a "tantalizingly brief" but excellent study and calls for a more extensive history of the Opéra.

LANGER, ULLRICH. Perfect Friendship. Studies in Literature and Moral Philosophy from Bocaccio to Corneille. Genève: Droz, 1994.

Review: J.-C. Margolin in BHR 57 (1995), 521–23: "L'originalité de cet ouvrage consiste d'abord à mettre en relation deux objets qui ne sont pas communément associés: un sentiment, à savoir l'amitié—même poussée à son état de perfection—et la littérature, ou l'histoire littéraire envisagée dans une période déterminée, comme ici du XIVe siècle (Boccace) au XVIIe (Corneille). En fait,il s'agit essentiellement de la conception et de l'expression de l'amitié (sous des diverses modalités) à travers la littérature."

LAWALL, SARAH, ed. Reading World Literature: Theory, History, Practice. Austin: U of Texas P, 1994.

Review: N. Fruman in Choice 32 (1995), 1444: "Given the fierce controversies and ideological partisanship that have dominated most aspects of the 'canon wars,' it is refreshing to find that much in this volume proves to be not only sensible but highly useful. There is . . . plenty of jargon," says F., "about the reading 'subject' and the text as 'other,' as well as the leitmotiv of Western arrogance, cultural imperialism, and 'idealized image' of the Western core of world literature. But there is solid scholarship here, too, and a great deal that anyone teaching a world literature course needs to ponder, especially material outside the Western canon." F. mentions L.'s "remarkably far-reaching 64-page introductory survey of the history and present embattled state of the subject." "All in all a fascinating collection . . . . Extremely valuable notes and bibliographies throughout."

LE FRANÇAIS HORS DE FRANCE. Le Monde judiciaire dans la littérature du XIXe siècle. La Bruyère. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1992.

Review: U. Schulz-Buschhaus in RF (105) 1993, 139–142: Reviewer applauds the punctuality of these Acts of the AIEF congress as well as their interest. 17c. scholars will appreciate analyses on stylistics, aesthetics, anthropology, the burlesque. Margot Kruse's contribution is singled out as perhaps the most learned, "Un Precurseur de La B.: Joseph Hall et ses Characters of Virtues and Vices en France. See La Bruyère

LEIBACHER-OUVRARD, LISE and PETER FITTING. "Introduction: L'Imaginaire utopique: paradigmes, formes et fonctions." ECr 34 (1994), 5–17.

Quickly and deftly traces the "histoire agitée" of the term "utopia" from More to the "seconde vague du féminisme." Underscores the paradoxical fact that the 17th c. "va l'ignorer . . . à l'époque où l'utopie fera clairement ses débuts littéraires en français." The 17th c. was a period when Utopian texts were placed in political bibliographies but also knew numerous manifestations such as those of Cyrano, Fénelon, Foigny, Veiras and Tyssot de Pattot.

LEINER, WOLFGANG. Das Deutschlandbild in der französischen Literatur. vol. 2. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1991.

Review: F.-R. Weller in NS 93 (1994), 400–01: Study is a continuation of L.'s volume one (1989), offering multi-faceted analyses, important for establishing the image of Germany in French literature from the Middle Ages to our day. Reviewer appreciates the richly documented atudy of Germanic-French cultural and literary relationships. W. offers his own numerous suggestions for additions to L.'s selected bibliography.

LETERRE, THIERRY, éd. Léon Brunschvicq. Descartes et Pascal, lectures de Montaigne. Paris: Pocket, 1995.

A welcome reedition, fifty years after B.'s death, of a classic known for its clear exposition and authority. Leterre's ample preface of some forty pages places this "testament philosophique" in its historical context, the persecution and tragedy of World War II. Leterre underscores the link between Descartes, Pascal and Montaigne: "un déchirement que nous éprouvons précisément comme la marque de la modernité." If B.'s concept of the relation between science and philosophy is dated, his sense of crisis and tragedy remains fresh. Leterre's illuminating introduction argues that B.'s text is unique because of a "double souffrance:" "souffrance du savoir, souffrance de l'humanité." But it is not a lesson of despair; B. calls the reader to unite "esprit et vérité, sagesse et charité . . . recré[ant] l'unité sainte de la tunique sans couture."

LEVI, ANTHONY. Guide to French Literature. 2 vols. Chicago/London: St. James Press, 1992–1994.

Review: D. F. Connon in MLR 90 (1995), 173–74: "These two weighty volumes ["Beginnings to 1789"; "1789 to the Present"] represent a vast and impressive undertaking for a single author, for the sheer volume of material included, as well as its range and scope. Individual articles, most on specific authors; some general topics. Chronology begins in 1500 and ends in 1969 with some coverage well beyond. Reviewer notes some minor factual errors.

• See French 17 (1994).

LIU, CATHERINE. "Reading Machines: Fiction, femininity, automaton in ancien régime France." (CUNY 1994), DAI 55:11 3529-A.

L. summarizes her work, stating, "this dissertation examines the ways in which the automaton is a figure for various problems of difference in the novel of ancien régime France." She links the automaton with sexual difference as depicted in the Lafayette, Graffigny, La Mettrie, Rousseau and Laclos. With the examination of these authors, L. also explores the figure of Jacques Vaucanson, "the great automaton maker and engineer." L. concludes by asserting that focus on the automaton and sexual difference in these authors indicates "signs of an early modernism" that "anticipate the ideological limitations of our own post-modernism."

MACCHIA, GIOVANNI. Le Théatre de la dissimulation. Paris: Le Promeneur, 1993.

Review: D. Maricourt in Esprit (octobre 1994), 190–91: "Un itinéraire nouveau qui partirait de la réalite historique pour aboutir aux oeuvres de fiction du XVIIe siècle. Giovanni Macchia nous représente le monde du XVIIe siècle ou des figures réelles ou fictives se doivent de rester insaisissables pour préserver leur véritable nature."

MARIN, CATHERINE. "Les Contes de Fées de la fin du dix-septième siècle et la problématique de la morale." RLA (Vol. VI, 1994) 125–129.

This article deals with the importance of the moral in contes and fables written by women. M. states that with the exception of Mademoiselle Lheritier de Villandon, most conteuses of the seventeenth century such as "Madame d'Aulnoy, Madame de Murat et Catherine Bernard semblent beaucoup moins insister sur la dimension morale et proposent leurs contes avant tout comme divertissement." For these authors, the moral is expressed implicitly, as they suggest "des alternatives à une telle morale." M. also underscores that the subtle nature of the moral was in direct contrast to Perrault, "qui prôn[ait] l'obéissance totale et la soumission devant l'autorité."

MAZOUER, CHARLES, ed. Théâtre et musique au XVIIe siècle. Littératures classiques No. 21 (Spring 1994). Paris: Klincksieck, 1994.

Review: S. Fleck in PFSCL 22 (1995), 660–663: A collection of studies that "could help to set a scholarly agenda [in the field] for the next half century": the current state of studies in the field followed by sections entitled "La musique au théâtre," "Analyses musicales," and "Aux frontières des genres."

MAZOUER, CHARLES, ed. Evariste Gherardi. Le théâtre italien. Paris: S.T.F.M., 1994.

Review: Bénédicte Louvat in RHL 95:2 (mars-avril 1995), 314: L. states that M.'s task is to "rediscover the "Théâtre italien de Gherardi" by dealing with the Italian representation of French scenes and entire comedies at the Hôtel de Bourgogne between 1681 and 1697. Three plays are mentioned: Fatouville's Banqueroutier, Palaprat's La Fille de bon sens, and Les Bains de la porte de Saint Bernard. L. calls these plays "bien représentatives d'un théâtre issu de la rencontre de deux cultures, de deux langues. Among the tipifissi are the "Docteur, Scaramouche, Pierrot et surtout Colombine et Arlequin," which served in both cultures, as "une satire amusée des moeurs contemporains."

MAZOUER, CHARLES. Farces du Grand Siècle. De Tabarin à Molière. Farces et petites comédies au XVIIe siècle. Paris: Livre de Poche, 1992.

Review: L. Chalon in RBPH 72 (1994), 693–94: Anthologie précédée d'une "brève, mais substantielle introduction" qui démontre que la farce fut goûtée du public français au XVIIe siècle.

• See French 17 (1993).

MC BRIDE, ROBERT and NOEL PEACOCK. " Le Nouveau Moliériste." IL 47:2 (mars-avril 1995), 44–45.

Viewing their publication as the successor to Georges Monval's nineteenth-century journal, Moliériste, M. and P. conceive their project as "avant tout un organe au service de toute la communauté internationale des Moliéristes." Remarking the general decline in French seventeenth-century studies, M. and P. nonetheless point out Molière's continued popularity. Sustained interest in Molière occasioned the founding of the journal, which welcomes "des articles substantiels portant sur tous les aspects de Molière, son interprétation, sa mise en scène, sa diffusion, etc..." The Nouveau Molièriste will also publish reviews on books "rélatifs à son théâtre," as well as reviews of notable contemporary productions.

MCKENNA, ANDREW. Violence and Difference: Girard, Derrida, and Deconstruction. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1991.

Review: Jacques-Jude Lépine in SubStance 23.3 (1994), 137–40: In this book "M. establishes a series of connections between two post-structuralist theories on literature and culture [those of Derrida and of René Girard] and their relationships . . . ." Chapter 1 treats Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme, "first as a proto-deconstructive text, then as an example of how literary masterpieces hint at the mechanisms of violence which underlie culture. The common denominator of these two readings is Molière's comic focus on a crisis of cultural differences." Chapter 2, focusing on Plato and Descartes, "is a reading of Derrida's own reading of the history of philosophy as the problematic . . . construction of truth, in terms of Girard's hypothesis." According to L., ". . . M. argues convincingly that both deconstruction and mimetic theory profit through realizing what they have in common, on a purely formal ground."

MEISSNER, ANTJE. Au lecteur. Studien zu den französischen Romanvorworten des 17. Jahrhunderts. Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang, 1994.

Review: G. Berger in PFSCL 22 (1995), 664–665: A study of the preface in the seventeenth century novel from the standpoints of classical doctrine (verisimilitude, the imitation of nature, morality, and decorum) and self reflection. The reviewer finds much to criticize in the work because of its incompleteness the sixty prefaces studied are far from being representative , and errors of method and interpretation.

MERCIER, ALAIN. La Littérature facétieuse sous Louis XIII, 1610–1643: une bibliographie critique. Geneva: Droz, 1991.

Review: Josephine A Schmidt in FR 67 (1994), 516–17: "Painstakingly constructed and annotated critical biblio. of the little-known genre of pure buffoonery, playfulness, and "gratuite ludique." A brief history of facetious literature, an "Essai de typologie," production for 1610–1643, catalogue of 812 facetious texts and description of criteria of selection. "Deserves enormous critical praise for inventing a workable system of classification."

• See French 17 (1993, 1992, 1991).

MERLIN, HELENE. Public et littérature en France au XVIIe siècle. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1994.

Review: Roger Chartier in Le Monde des Livres (17 Mar. 1995), x: Highest praise for this renewal of 17th-century literary history, from the moment of the Querelle du Cid (three chapterrs) through Racine's audience. The field, rather than sociological, is a juridic or theological-political, context of definition—the "respublica, le corps mystique et politique du royaume," absorbed already by the time of the Querelle with important results for the future (including "nostalgie d'une réalité communitaire"). Also a major debate contribution in the open forum constituted by Bourdieu's Les Regles de l'art.

Review: P. Ronzeaud in PFSCL 22 (1995), 666–667: An attempt to define "public" in the contexts of politics, literature, and philosophy. Reviewer calls this an "étude extrêmement brillante" which plumbs the differences between the "public" and the "private," the "public" and the "individual," and the creation of a new fiction, the "literary public." Also sheds much light on the literary battles of the century.

MICKEL, EMANUAL J., JR. The Shaping of Text: Style, Imagery, and Structure in French Literature: Essays in Honor of John Porter Houston. London/Toronto: Associated University Presses, 1993.

Review: R. Killick in MLR 90 (1995), 175–76: Festschrift includes ten articles "mainly concerned with structuring motifs governing all or part of a text or texts, dating from the Middle Ages to the twentieth century." D. L. Rubin "briefly examines the shifting registers of a La Fontaine fable."

MOLES, ELIZABETH and NOEL PEACOCK, eds. The Seventeenth Century: Directions Old and New. Glasgow: University of Glasgow French and German Publications, 1992.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 30 (1994), 91: Ten useful essays on 17th c. French culture include "particularly invigorating" ones on Molière's Les Amants magnifiques, Racine's Bérénice and Phèdre.

Review: D. Clarke in MLR 89 (1994), 1000–01: Collection includes articles by R. McBride and N. Cronk on Moliere; C. Pace on Poussin; E. Moles on the languages of Descartes and Pascal; W. Dickson on Cornelian language; C. McGarry, J. Supple, and R. Parrish on Racine; N. Peacock on the status of teaching 17th century French in British universities.

• See French 17 (1994).

MOLHO, MAURICE. Mitologias: Don Juan. Segismondo. Trans.Blanca González de Escandón. Madrid: Siglo XXI de Espana, 1993.

Review: M. A. Rees in MLR 90 (1995), 477–78: Reviewer finds that M. has succeeded "in the nearly impossible feat of writing about Don Juan and Segismondo from a fresh angle. In his pages we find the Greek gods, Plato and his cave, Germanic legends, French folk customs, and information on, for instance, the historically correct pose (recumbant or kneeling) in which the Comendador's statue should be shown on stage .

MOLHO, MAURICE. Mythologiques: Don Juan. La Vie est un songe. Paris: José Corti, 1994.

Review: Jacques Fressard in QL (1er–15 juillet 1995), 12: M. M. focuses on the concept of "le mythème, trait constitutif pertinent du récit mythique" (selon Lévi Strauss) "pour l'appliquer à des textes qui relèvent à la fois de l'oeuvre littéraire et du mythe: La vie est un songe de Calderón, et les principales métamorphoses de Don Juan . . . ." "La démarche est audacieuse," declares F., "l'anthropologie ne connaissant pas de mythe qui soit l'oeuvre singulière d'un poète . . . . Il ne s'agit pas de déchiffrer le Don Juan comme on ferait d'un mythe bororo, mais de bien distinguer, dans l'interprétation, ce qui relève d'une idéologie circonstancielle, ou d'une forme dictée par les besoins du théâtre, et ce qui appartient au mythe proprement dit . . . ." "Molière en son Festin de Pierre . . . offre, à travers la même structure mythique, un contenu idéologique sensiblement distinct; les grappes de mythèmes sont semblablement disposées mais vétues d'une autre argumentation."

MOTTE, WARREN and GERALD PRINCE, eds. Alteratives. Lexington, KY: French Forum, 1993.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 30 (1994), 374: Festschrift in honor of distinguished dix-septièmiste Jean Alter. Stimulating and diverse studies from Ancien Régime satire to Nouveau Roman.

Review: F. Lagarde in PFSCL 22 (1995), 285–286: This festschrift for Jean Alter, semiotician and one of the founders of sociocriticism, contains six studies applying recent literary theories to works of the past: the concept of coherence in d'Aubignac, Bérénice and the sacrifice of the body in love to the public body, Christian and pagan religion in L'Astrée, a feminist reading of Racine's Eriphile,a post modern description of the characters in the Misanthrope, and the question of the future in Racine's works from viewpoints of narratology and drama.

MUELLER, MARLIES. "The Taming of the Amazon: the Changing Image of the Woman Warrior in Ancien Régime Fiction." PFSCL 22 (1995), 199–232.

"After the 16th century, which celebrated the virile qualities of the mind and character seconded by physical prowess of women of the highest station, 17th and 18th century fiction . . . brought a certain flowering of this tendancy, while for the second half of the 17th century on, alternative models . . . beckon women to act in the public space of politics, or, alternatively, to find happiness by the side of man as his helpmate in private space, excluded from the world of masculinity and politics. Nevertheless, as an ideal, the image of la femme forte survived until the end of the 18th century and beyond."

MURATORE, MARY JO. Mimesis and Metatextuality in the French Neo Classical Text. Reflexive Readings of La Fontaine, Molière, Racine, Guilleragues, Mme de La Fayette, Scarron, Cyrano de Bergerac and Perrault. Genève: Droz, 1994.

Review: F. Lagarde in PFSCL 22 (1995), 668–669: According to reviewer, "l'auteur analyse comment certaines oeuvres 'néo classiques' déjouent, transgressent ou subvertissent les impératifs d'une mimésis conçue traditionnellement comme représentation du monde et imitation des Anciens." The reviewer finds value in the study because of its "puissance d'interrogation" although he finds the conception of literary creation analysed in it less original than its theoretical style.

MURRAY, TIMOTHY. "Philosophical Antibodies: Grotesque Fantasy in a French Stoic Fiction." YFS 86 (1994), 143–63.

"This corporeal division, a division between body and soul as well as between bodies and sexes, is what I aim to pursue in reflecting on how a masculine anxiety over the destabilizing scene of ascetic self representation haunted the cultural imagination and literary practice of seventeenth century France." Author discusses D'Aubignac's "Abregé de la philosophie des stoïques" included as the preface of Macarise, ou la Reyne des isles fortunés (1664).

NELL, SHARON DIANE. " Looks Can Be Deceiving: The Trompe-l'oeil Poetics of French Rococo Style." ECr 33 (1993), 43–56.

Although focusing on rococo poets such as the abbé Chaulieu and examining patterns of "heterometrical motifs," treatment has ramifications for La Fontaine studies.

NIDERST, ALAIN. "A propos de l'Histoire des Ajaoiens," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 375–384.

Studies the work's literary and ideological context in order to determine if its authorship may be attributed to Fontenelle: "Séduisante conjecture, mais nous ne sommes toujours pas dans le certain."

NIDERST, ALAIN, ed. La Pastorale française: de Rémi Belleau à Victor Hugo. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 1991.

Review: Kathleen Wine in FR 67 (1993), 346–47: Colected papers consider pastoral poetry and theatre, poetic theory, theology, regional poetry, pastoral themes in music (Charpentier). No comprehensive intro and little striving for broader contexts. G. Ferreyrolles offers a "searching analysis" of political and theological ramifications of thematics that appear in Bossuet; Niderst's consideration of the "Querelle de la pastorale" (1685–1730) shows self-reflexivity and its poetics arising form different conceptions of the fable. Papers generally tend to illustrate Bruno Snell's reflections on the mode's self-referentiality as sign of decadence as well as defining trait.

PARENTE, JAMES A., RICHARD ERICH SCHADE and GEORGE C. SCHOOLFIELD, eds. Literary Culture in the Holy Roman Empire 1555–1720. Chapel Hill/London: U of North Carolina P, 1991.

Review: B. Asmuth in CollG 27 (1994), 68–71: This collection of 17 essays is the result of a 1987 symposium at Yale. Parts 1–4 treat the relation between Humanism and Science, Germanic and European literatures, Rulers and their authority and the Self-Consciousness of poets. Includes a comparative treatment of Tristan's Osman.

PERRET, DONALD. Old Comedy in the French Renaissance, 1576–1620. Geneva: Droz, 1992.

Review: J. C. Nash in RenQ 47 (1994), 983–984: "Old comedy" is really "the new kind of comedy surfacing as a counter-genre . . . [to that] of Pléiade and Italianate origins." These lesser known comic writers, Pierre Le Loyer, Gérard de Vivre, Claude Bonet, Marc Papillon and Pierre de Troterel, derive from Aristophanes' medieval comedy and Rabelais. Fresh and insightful, N. finds P.'s volume "one of the most interesting books in the French Renaissance" he has read in the past twenty years.

PLANTIE, JACQUELINE. La mode du portrait littéraire en France (1641–1681). Paris: Champion, 1994.

Review: N. Ekstein in PFSCL 22 (1995), 674–675: Publication of the 1975 thesis "légèrement remanié" and with an updated bibliographical supplement. According to reviewer, the definitive study in the field: the history of the portrait from ancient times; structural components, contexts, and uses; and the criticism and satire that followed as a reaction to the vogue of the portrait.

Review: Paul Martin in IL 46:5 (nov.-déc. 1994) 46–47: M. applauds P.'s effort, "dont les recherches se recommandent à nous par leur probité et leur perspicacité." P.'s study examines literary portraiture across different genres during the period in question. Among the major figures listed are Mademoiselle de Montpensier, Bussy-Rabutin, La Rochefoucauld, Molière and Madeleine de Scudéry. Among the topic P. considers are "la vie et l'art du portrait à l'apogée de la mode" as well as "l'influence de la technique du portrait mondain." M. states his particular appreciation of P.'s overall "rigueur logique" as well as the "netteté des termes qui posent le problème de savoir si les portraits littéraires offrent le miroir de la société qu'ils dépeignent."

PLEYNET, MARCELIN. "Le Poème en prose et la poésie." L'Infini 48 (1994), 66–84.

The epigraph of this article is taken from Les Précieuses ridicules of Molière. There are also short references to Fénelon (Les Aventures de Télémaque), Bossuet, and Saint Simon.

POUR OU CONTRE SAINTE-BEUVE: LE PORT-ROYAL. Genève: Labor et Fides, Société des Amis de Port-Royal, 1993.

Review: Marc Escola in RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994), 1077–78: The study brings together papers on Sainte-Beuve's "oeuvre maîtresse" given in Lausanne, September 1992. According to the reviewer, one set of exposés deals with "Lausanne au temps de Sainte-Beuve," while another series of presentations explores "l'historiographie port-royaliste" which looks at "les échos dans son oeuvre du contexte idéologique des années 1830, son immédiate postérité et sa réception." Additional studies include J.M. Beysade's remarks on cartesianism in Port-Royal, as well as A. Sedgwick's analysis of the Arnauld family's influence on Sainte-Beuve. E. concludes his review by commenting on the issues of "mémoire," "identité culturelle" and "actualité" that the collection raises.

PRINCE, GERALD. Narrative as Theme: Studies in French Fiction. Lincoln/London: U of Nebraska P, 1992..

Review: R. Chambers in FrF 19 (1994), 370–372: Volume includes only one 17th c. text, La Princesse de Clèves and makes the case that "narrative is semiotic rather than mimetic and constitutive rather than imitative of lives and selves." Reviewer finds volume "absorbing," "lucid," and "helpful" as it makes a "substantial contribution" . . . to a how question: how is narrative "themed" in narrative texts?"

Review: A. Gier in ZRP 109 (1993), 736: Part I is theoretical and defines "motif", "topos", etc., discussing narration itself as an important theme and establishing a category of "disnarrated." Part II includes analyses from La Princesse de Clèves to Patrick Modiano's Rue des boutiques obscures.

Review: James P. Gilroy in FR 68 (1994), 327–28: "Well-written, lucid, insightful...," study of narratives about narrative includes a chapter on La Princesse de Cleves as constituting "an exceptional narrative embodying exceptional truth."

• See French 17 (1993, 1992).

RACAULT, JEAN-MICHEL, éd. Ailleurs imaginés. Littérature, histoire, civilisations. Paris: Diffusion Didier-Erudition, 1990.

Review: J. T. O'Connor in ECr 34 (1994), 130: Sixteen essays of "very high caliber" from the Université de la Réunion include contributions on Cyrano, Etienne de Flacourt (1661) and L'Abbé Jean Paulmier (1663), the two latter ones dealing with Madagascar.

RAND, NICHOLAS T., ed. "Literary History and Sociology." By Gustave Lanson. Tr.Roberta Hatcher. PMLA 110 (1995), 220–235.

Rand sees a return to the 1904 Lanson essay as potentially "productive and rewarding, for Lanson, a focal point of French criticism at the dawn of the twentieth century, crystallizes significant trends from the past and anticipates crucial tenets of German and American literary reception theory." Numerous references to seventeenth century French authors.

REISS, TIMOTHY J. The Meaning of Literature. Ithaca: Cornell U P, 1992.

Review: Erica Harth in CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991) 293–95: H. views R.'s work favorably, remarking that "Reiss ranges over a dazzling array of some three centuries of English and European writers in pursuit of a notion of literature that has remained remarkably constant." The focus of the book is on the political and artistic "invention" of the concept of literature. With respect to seventeenth-century France, H., paraphrasing R., assigns the formulation of this idea to Richelieu, who, in the Academy, "created a corps of men who were to construct and guard the aesthetic rules that helped guarantee the prestige of the new political and moral order." The rules of reason and aesthetics became congruent with the rule of state." Claiming questions of gender, as well as politics, are central to R.'s argument, H. recommends reading R.'s work alongside Joan De Jean's Tender Geographies. H. concludes by advising readers to "turn to Reiss's enlightening account of the historical antecedents of our dilemma," when facing issues such as multiculturalism.

Review: J. Tambling in MLR 90 (1995), 120–22: Author considers emergence of the term "literature" as a specific, differentiated form of writing through rich discussion of 16th to 18th century English and French texts. R. views the 16th century as "a moment when the profession of literature was connected with a loss of power . . . existent between 1550 and 1650, deciding that the 'invention of literature' in compensation for this breakdown belongs to the mid seventeenth century and French investment in the king as 'the ideal Cartesian self' who brought 'political and linguistic stability' . . . ." Reviewer finds much to admire in this study despite somewhat unoriginal thesis.

• See French 17 (1994, 92).

RIEGER, DIETMAR. "'Histoire tragique' und Ständeklausel. Zu den Wandlungen einer narrativen Gattung des 17. Jahrhunderts," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 397–424.

RIGOTTI, FRANCESCA. Il Potere e le sue metafore. Milano: Feltrinelli, 1992.

Review: P. Zaccaria in RBPH 72 (1994), 667–71: L'auteur "analyse, surtout à l'intérieur de la pensée politique européenne moderne, trois champs métaphoriques particuliers qui traversent et structurent le langage politique: le lexique militaire, le lexique des rapports familiaux et celui des métaphore animales."

RODRIGUEZ, PIERRE et MICHELE WEIL, éds. Vers un thésaurus informatisé: topiques des ouvertures narratives avant 1800. Actes du quatrième colloque international SATOR. Université de Paul Valéry-Montpellier III, 25–27 octobre 1990. Montpellier: Université de Paul Valéry-Montpellier III, 1991.

Review: E. Van Der Schueren in RBPH 72 (1994), 698–712: "Rassemblant plus d'une trentaine de communications, la réunion de ces actes couvre, comme le titre l'indique, divers genres narratifs, du conte au roman, de la nouvelle au récit, et les formes tant en prose qu'en vers. Le champ chronologique est vaste: de quasi les origines de la littrature française, il déborde sur le XIXe siècle. . . . Parmi les auteurs du XVIIe traités: Sorel, Mlle de Scudéry, Mme de Lafayette, Scarron, Furetière.

ROHOU, JEAN. "L'évolution de la fonction de l'amour dans la littérature du XVIIe siècle," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 425–444.

Argues that the theme of love does not dominate the entire century; rather, love is a "rapport" rather than a theme and as such dominates only d'Urfé, Racine, and Mme de Lafayette.

ROSE, ELISHEVA. Sur le grotesque: l'ancien et le nouveau dans la réflexion esthétique. Saint-Denis: PP de Vincennes, 1991.

Review: Richard L. Hattendorf in FR 68 (1994), 139: Follows historical development of problematic semantics of the grotesque, historically and linguistically establishing its contours from conception (late 15th century) to the modern permutations by Kayser and Bakhtine. Perceived by Rosen as the subject of "un projet de connaissance" and an accepted category within the post-modern pursuit of an overall theory of literature.

RUBIN, DAVID LEE, ed. Continuum: Problems in French Literature From the Late Renaissance to the Early Enlightenment. Vol. IV: Libertinage and the Art of Writing 2. New York: AMS Press, 1992.

Review: T. Alliott in MLR 90 (1995), 178–79: Collection of articles adopts various approaches to the impact of libertinism on French writers including Molière and Pascal. J. Cairncross stresses lack of structural coherence in Molière's Dom Juan and sees the author"caught in a contradiction, aiming to avoid censorship but hitting back at hostile devots.''M. Houle discusses "the convergence between libertinism and casuistry, denounced by Pascal."

• See French 17 (1994, 93, 92).

RUBIN, DAVID LEE, ed. Continuum: Problems in French Literature From the Late Renaissance to the Early Enlightenment. Vol. V: Literature and the Other Arts. New York: AMS Press, 1993.

Review: T. Meding in PFSCL 22 (1995), 684–686: According to reviewer, this collection of essays "propose un élargissement de la définition du texte en soulignant les liens étroits entre écriture texte imprimé et esthétique texte peint, dessiné, chorégraphique, musical." A very valuable contribution to the field.

SAFTY, EFFEM. "De la vengeance et de la haine dans la tragédie baroque." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991) 241–63.

S. discusses "vengeful hate" as a chief thematic in baroque drama. Citing several works, among them Corneille's Médée, Benserade's La Mort d'Achille and Rotrou's Hercule mourant, S. contends that many of the horrific aspects of these plays—references to cannibalism, threats of sadistic, violent death, and revenge from beyond the tomb—reflect the chaos of a society still affected by the St. Bartholemew's Day Massacre. In his conclusion, S. asserts that as a thematic point of departure, "vengeful hate" can be called "tragic" because revenge is "en conflit avec la transcendance." Yet, vengeful hate falls into the category of the "atragique" because "elle se prétend d'aller au delà de l'infranchissable." In any event, S. suggests that only in Racine's Bérénice does one see that tragedy need not be based on the bloody purgation of "implacable hatred." This more refined, subtle definiton of tragedy is, in S.'s mind, what signals the advent of Neo-Classicism.

SAFTY, ESSAM. "Tragédie et mort, ou la mort est elle nécessaire dans la tragédie?" in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 345–359.

The author responds negatively to the question posed, concluding that "une tragédie puisse se passer de morts, pourvu simplement qu'elle réponde aux exigences que nul n'ignore, à savoir style, conditions des personnages et nature des situations."

SANCIER-CHATEAU, ed. Introduction à la langue du XVIIe siècle. Vol. 1: Vocabulaire, vol. 2: Syntaxe. Paris: Nathan Université, 1993.

Review: Marc Escola in RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994), 1068–69: E. terms this an "excellente collection" that constitutes "des manuels de synthèse des connaissances" in pocket form, for students in the first cycle of university studies. Among the most valuable aspects of the collection are E. Bury's definition of "classicism," as well as of correlative terms such as the "sublime," "honnêteté," "atticisme" and "préciosité." Georges Forestier's Introduction à l'analyse des textes classiques is viewed as "un manuel pratique visant à décrire `les lois générales qui permettent de rendre compte de la conception de l'écriture des textes classiques." E. praises the first volume, Vocabulaire, because it provides "des indispensables informations sur l'histoire, les genres et la production littéraire." The second tome, Syntaxe, is equally worthy. E comments "on retiendra surtout des analyses du système de la représentation (valeurs des pronoms adverbiaux et relatifs notamment) et de la construction du verbe. By the "diversité et pertinence des exemples choisis," this second volume constitutes "un vrai manuel du savoir-lire."

SARGENT, LYMAN TOWER. "Contemporary Scholarship on Utopianism." ECr 34 (1994), 123–129.

Very useful review article enumerates professional associations, libraries, and journals/book series which focus on the study of utopianism. The range of scholarly activites is impressive, from science fiction to "social dreaming," and feminist utopianism.

SARTORI, EVA MARTIN AND DOROTHY WYNNE ZIMMERMAN, eds. French Women Writers. Lincoln/London: U of Nebraska P, 1991.

Review: N. Ekstein in PFSCL 22 (1995), 298–299: A "bio bibliographical sourcebook" containing articles on 51 different women writers and one article on medieval women troubadours: biography, major themes, and survey of criticism. Includes a chronology of dates of important historical and literary events, a chronological listing of the women writers, and author and subject indices. The 17th century section includes Marie de Gournay, Madeleine de Scudéry, the Marquise de Sévigné, the Comtesse de Lafayette, Marie Catherine Desjardins de Villedieu, and the Comtesse d'Aulnoy. The reviewer finds the volume to be worthwhile but regrets the paucity of 17th century writers, a certain uneveness in the quality of the articles, and not infrequent typographical errors.

SCOLNICOV, HANNA and PETER HOLLAND, eds. Reading Plays: Interpretation and Reception. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.

Review: Biruta Capp in FR 68 (1995), 863–64: Includes Maya Slater, "Molière and his Readers"; Wolfgang Matzat, "Modes of Theatricaltiy in Molière's Comedies." Slater concentrates on the stagings; Matzat's "rather absurd and theoretical essay" examines the interaction of the theatrical and social contexts in Dom Juan and the Bourgeois gentilhomme "from a Brechtian optique." Dora Gilula's essay on dual plots in Terrence's comedies is hepful for Molière. The five essays on Shakespeare's comedies contain focuses (on poetry, editorial intervention, political sensitization) that may be extended to other plays.

SCOTT, BRENDAN, S.J. "La valorisation du corps dans les Exercices spirituels d'Ignace de Loyola," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 101–108.

"Il semblerait alors que tandis qu'il y a place à l'intérieur de la rhétorique ignatienne pour une description du corps humain comme étant une chose corrompue menant à la damnation, il y a chez St. Ignace beaucoup plus d'instances où le corps et les cinq sens sont le point de départ de la méditation et créent des images d'où jaillissent les mots nécessaires pour articuler la prière."

SENIOR, MATTHEW. In the Grip of Minos: Confessional Discourse in Dante, Corneille, and Racine. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 1994.

Review: P. Koch in Choice 32 (1995), 1456: "For S. . . . , Western civilization is characterized by the drive to self-awareness, a drive expressed over time in different ways. Where, in antiquity, the ideal was to know oneself (i.e., one's place in society) Judeo-Christian tradition introduced the concept of sin and redemption. Creating an absolute moral standard against which to measure individual behavior and thought, the latter concept manifested itself first as public penance in the early church, then as the durable, multifaceted practice of private confession, and most recently as psychoanalysis. It is against this cultural continuum that S. undertakes to interpret his three selected writers, illustrative of medieval and 17th-century Jesuitical and Jansenist approaches to confession. Of necessity incomplete, largely because of their very ambitiousness, the literary analyses are original, probing, perceptive, vigorous, and challenging. Given the variety of disciplines invoked (e.g., archaeology, psychology, poststructural criticism) and the current stature of the author's guides (Freud, Lacan, Foucault), this study could . . . have appealed to an audience well beyond the field of Romance were it not for the curious decision to translate the Latin and Italian but not the French quotations . . . . A rewarding journey nevertheless for those equipped to make it," says K.

SERROY, JEAN, ed. Romanciers du XVIIe Siècle. Paris: Klincksieck, 1991.

Review: Andrew G. Suozzo in CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991), 289–91: S. recognizes the contributions of Serroy's compendium, stating, "No serious scholar of the seventeenth-century novel can afford to ignore this rich and exceptional body of scholarship which indicates the importance of the novel for the century and points the way to future studies." Regarding the presentation of the work, S. explains that "each of the volume's articles is generally composed of a concise but thorough critical review of the works of and about a particular author." Suozzo finds especially appealing Verdier's review of criticism on Sorel, Serroy's piece on Tristan L'Hermite, as well as analysis of "lesser known, uncanonical authors" such as Camus, Rosset, Préchac and Le Noble.

SHANKMAN, STEVEN. In Search of the Classic: Reconsidering the Greco Roman Tradition, from Homer to Valery and Beyond. University Park: Penn State UP, 1994.

Review: Anon. in VQR 71 (1995), 118: "S.'s thesis is a bold one: a defense of a normative definition of the classic based on readings of individual literary texts. To justify this derivation of theory from practice, the author presents a loose and uneven concatenation of critical theory, intertextual analysis, and old fashioned close reading." The reviewer finds the "chapters on Plato, Homer, and the history of pastoral . . . excellent and informative," whereas the chapters "on Defoe, Pope, Diderot and Valery [sic] seem light by comparison an impression furthered by a very limited engagement of relevant criticism."

SHAPIRO, NORMAN R., ed. and trans. The Fabulists French: Verse Fables of Nine Centuries. Translated, with prologue and notes. Woodcuts byDavid Schorr. Urbana/Chicago: U of Illinois P, 1992.

Review: A. Callewaert in LR 48 (1994), 146: Welcome and beautiful anthology of the French fable for the general reader, but with an impressive bibliography, index of names and alphabetical list of characters. Translation is judged admirable for its rendering of the sense, style and spirit of the original in all its variety. Includes fabulists who wrote in other dialects, patois and languages including Provençal and Creole. 17th c. is represented by La Fontaine and Furetière.

SHAW, W. DAVID. Elegy and Paradox: Testing the Conventions. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1994.

Review: Anon. in VQR 71 (1995), 50: "This work tracks the generic transformation of elegiac verse through time by comparing historical similarities and differences across literary history. S,'s views are important," states the reviewer, "because they uncover, in a highly competent scholarly fashion, some of the mysteries of a mysteriously complex poetic subgenre." The author "propagates two ideas that are fundamental tenets of genre theory: with each new work or instance of a genre, the genre itself is transformed; periodizing is essential to writing literary history, but subgenres . . . cannot be looked upon as historical classes of literature; rather they are 'classifying statement[s] or proposal[s]' of their respective classes."

SMIT, W. A. P. "La théorie de l'épopée en Europe occidentale aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles." Trans.from the Dutch byPierre Brachin. ALM 256 (1993), 2–61.

Translator is emeritus professor of Dutch language and literature at Paris IV. Brachin's avant-propos caracterizes S.'s work as both colossal and captivating. An eminent comparatist, S. brought "une clarté définitive dans les domaines où régnaient avant lui l'à-peu-près et les conventions." Here B. translates part of S.'s treatment of "le contexte ouest-européen," including sections on Vossius, Tasso and "la doctrine classique." Helpful notes by B. add definitions and bibliographical references.

SOARE, ANTOINE. "Le théâtre des 'belles morts,'" in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 307–318.

The author explains thus the greater decorum found in tragedies written by Mairet and his disciples: "Ces compromis, ces tergiversations relevaient bien plutôt d'une crise des contenus tragiques confrontés à un climat moral soudainement plus exigeant."

SOARE, ANTOINE. "Cadavres exquis du théâtre baroque," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 119–128.

On the stage the body "s'estompe dans un foisonnement de gestes et de paroles. Pour l'en dégager, il faut le mettre spécifiquement en question, de préférence en sa présence, car absent, il n'est plus que littérature, encore que cette absence ait ses degrés au théâtre. C'est là un objectif distinct de la dramaturgie baroque, auquel correspond un éventail de procédés. Le plus fréquent et le plus efficace est l'exposition de cadavres sur la scène."

SPIELMAN, GUY. "Le Discours sur le mariage dans la comédie post-moliériesque, 1683–1715." (Vanderbilt University, 1994) DAI 55:7 1983-A.

S. "examines the discourse on marriage" in the comedies of Dancourt, Dufresny and Regnard." From a theoretical standpoint, S. attempts to dispel the somewhat conflicting critical notion that "comedies of manners offer documentary value by reflecting socio-political upheaval as an example of dramtic realism," while at the same time "limiting themselves to old themes and forms." To offset this idea, he views the "apparent realism" of "drama of this era... [as] an elaborate rhetorical construct." S. argues that the playwrights mentioned worked, "not from reality, but separate from a commonly accepted version of it (the doxa)," and combined this doxa with "rhetorical devices" or topoï to prefigure the fall of the Ancien Régime through heretofore unrecognized discursive patterns that espouse a "nascent ideology of freedom and equality."

STACKELBERG, JURGEN VON. Senecas Tod und andere Rezeptionsfolgen in den romanischen Literaturen der frühen Neuzeit [La Mort de Sénèque et autres "conséquences de réception" dans les littératures romanes à l'aube des temps modernes]. Tübingen, Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1992.

Review: Alain Génetiot in RHL 95:1 (Janvier-février 1995), 82: G. describes S's text as consisting of "dix études comparatistes sur des textes français du XVIe au XVIIe siècles mis en relation avec des oeuvres latines, italiennes, espagnoles et françaises. The critical idiom under which these studies have been grouped is response theory, or "réplique littéraire." Among the seventeenth-century authors mentioned are Tristan L'Hermite, Corneille, Molière, Nicole, Furetière and Scarron.

STACKELBERG, JÜRGEN. "Das Menschenbild der französischen Klassick." RF 104 (1992), 388–396.

Thoughtful and well argumented consideration of Karlheinz Stierle's "negativen Anthropologie" as found in the romance colloque of Düsseldorf (1982) and the volume Französische Klassik edited by Fritz Nies and Stierle. Von S. first examines significant characteristics such as "la raison," "la recherche du naturel,"le goût de mesure," then takes up individual authors such as Molière, La Fontaine, La Rochefoucauld, Mme de La Fayette and others. Von S.'s balanced view reminds us of the importance of divertissement as his conclusion contends that it is better [healthier?] to count on the worst and be pleasantly surprised when things are not so bad than vice-versa.

STATEN, HENRY. Eros in Mourning: Homer to Lacan. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1995.

Review: A. Thiher in Choice 32 (1995), 1590: "In this often brilliant, often disjointed book S. . . . wants to describe the recurrent need in Western culture to take refuge in transcendence in order to escape our anticipatory mourning for the death of the body. . . . S.'s interpretation of Plato seems obvious, and his Derridian reversal of the meaning of the gospel of John seems eccentric. More interesting," in T.'s opinion, "are his explorations of erotics in the troubadours, Hamlet, Madame de Lafayette, and, above all, his reading of Milton's celebration of the body of love . . . ."

STEADMAN, JOHN M. Redefining a Period Style: "Renaissance," "Mannerist," and "Baroque" in Literature. Pittsburgh: Duquesne UP, 1990.

Review: E.J. Campion in ECr 33 (1993), 115: Judged "thoughtful" and "significant," S.'s book argues that the concept of a gradual evolution of styles of art and literature is more useful than an artificial and controversial division of the period (14–17 c.) into several distinct movements. Finds the prism of classical rhetorical theories helpful in interpreting works of this era. C. appreciates S.'s profound analyses of "often overlooked links between literature and painting."

STEFANOVSKA, MALINA. "Le corps politique et ses maladies dans l'imaginaire politique de l'époque de Louis XIV," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 375–384.

The human body as the model of the political community in the writings of Saint Simon especially.

STROSETZKI, CHRISTOPH. "Spanien und Calderón in Frankreichs Klassik und Klassizismus," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 493–507.

STURGES, DUGALD S. The German Molière Comedies of Hugo von Hofmannsthal and Carl Sternheim. Frankfurt: Lang, 1993.

Review: R. W. Williams in MLR 90 (1995), 250–51: Study of 20th century German comedy "first offers a precise and very useful chronology of the relationship between Sternheim and Hofmannsthal and then surveys the history of Molière reception in Germany before embarking on a thorough examination of the ways in which each writer's encounter with Molière was instrumental in his development of a new comic style."

SUOZZO, ANDREW. "De l'idéologique au ludique: la représentation du corps du roman comique au roman burlesque," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 141–150.

"Dans un monde à l'envers, le corps dominera l'esprit dans une tentative de désabusement fort imprégnée du courant libertin. Plus tard, quand cette première réaction de réalisme 'antagoniste' se sera épuisée, le roman exploitera la matière même de cette tradition du corps humilié en se servant d'une intertextualité ludique qui, d'une certaine façon, indiquera une prise de distance entre les premières histoires comiques et le roman comique/burlesque après 1640."

SUTTON, DANA F. The Catharsis of Comedy. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1994.

Review: H. Pelliccia in Choice 32 (1995), 1111: This is "a brief . . . book on a very large, perhaps impossibly large, subject." The author intends "to contrive a theory of comedy corresponding to the theory of tragedy expounded by Aristotle in his Poetics." P. finds S.'s "theoretical insights . . . of very uneven quality . . . . On the other hand," states P., "chapter 7 has sensible comments on comedy's greater flexibility than tragedy's in maintaining and breaking the dramatic illusion; chapter 8 answers recent criticisms of J. Bernays's view of catharsis as a medicinal metaphor. Overall," according to P., "the book was casually thought out and written. It was also very sloppily produced: serious typos mar almost every page . . . ."

TEUBER, BERNHARD. Sprache-Körper-Traum. Zur karnevalesken Tradition in der romanischen Literatur aus früher Neuzeit. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1989.

Review: A. Gier in ZRP 109 (1993), 415–417: Appreciated for its clarity, careful argumentation and choice of examples, T.'s work is both cultural/semiotic and archaeological. Emphasis is not on 17 c. French, but a lengthy chapter treats the dream account in Francion.

TODOROV, TZVETAN and MARC FUMAROLI. Mélanges sur l'oeuvre de Paul Bénichou. Paris: Gallimard, 1995.

Review: Patrick Kechichian in Le Monde des Livres (3 Mar. 1995), v: Presents the enterprise of Bénichou's scholarship and writing globally, showing the "cohérence et la rigueur de ce travail." Essays by Todorov, Fumaroli, Bonnefoy, Castex, Jean Borie, Jose-Luis Dias, Philippe Raynaud, Agulhon, Jacques Roubaud, Mark K. Jensen.

TODD, JANET, ed. The Works of Aphra Behn. Vol. 4: Seneca Unmasqued and Other Prose Translations. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 1993.

Review: Irwin Primer in PQ 74 (1995), 125–29: Included are B.'s translations of La Rochefoucauld (Maximes) and Fontenelle (Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes and L'Histoire des oracles). The reviewer, who criticizes numerous aspects of T.'s editorial work, states that "T.'s intention of reviving these long-dormant prose translations by B. is surely commendable, but her editing . . . clearly needed more time and attention."

TORTEL, JEAN. Un certain XVIIe siècle. Marseille: André Dimanche, 1994.

Review: Amadée Carriat in CTH 16 (1994), 65: Posthumous collection of papers set in book form before the author's death. Welcomes the reappearance of historically important papers instrumental in the rediscovery of the earlier part of the 17th century's richness in literature.

TOUMAYAN, ALAIN, ed. Literary Generations: A Festschrift in Honor of Edward D. Sullivan. Lexington, Ky.: French Forum, 1992.

Review: R. Killick in MLR 90 (1995), 175–76: Volume of twenty widely varied essays includes articles by L. Mackenzie, Jr. "on contrasting views of Paris in Saint Amant, Boileau, and La Bruyere"; by F. Rigolot "on Sainte Beuve's linking of Romanticism, Renaissance, and Classicism in his Tableau historique (1828)." K. Anderson "finds formal precursors of Celine in Froissart, Tallemant des Réaux, Chamfort, and G. Lenotre."

TRUCHET, JACQUES and ANDRE BLANC, eds. Théâtre du XVIIe siècle III. Paris; Gillimard, 1992.

Review: Ronald W. Tobin in FR 68 (1995), 528–29: 18 plays, from the death of Molière to the turn of the century: Quinault, Pardon, T.Corneille and de Visé, Fatouville, Baron, Dancourt (7), Campistron, Regnard (4), La Fosse. "Forte et savante introduction en quatre parties" focusing on "un nouveau paysage théâtral" and including a good bibliographical synthesis of recent work on the "theatre lyrique." Chronology, variants, biblio. (including recordings): an ed. 'qui s'impose par la qualité de son appareil critique."

• See French 17 (1994).

VERDIER, GABRIELLE. "From Dragons to Dragonflies: A Taxonomy of Creatures in the Literary Fairy Tale." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991), 147–56.

V. examines the use of animal imagery in the French fairy tale between 1690 and 1705. She studies six conteuses, among them d'Aulnoy, Murat and d'Auneuil, as well as four conteurs such as Perrault and Mailly. The questions V. attempts to answer throughout her "taxonomic inquiry into animal types and frequency" are 1) "what does animal representation reveal about the author's taste, or... ideology? and 2) Is representation related to the gender of the authors?" After listing several categories of animal types and cataloguing their frequency, G. concludes that "a smaller variety of animals appear in men's tales, with women authors "includ[ing] a greater variety of smaller species and tend[ing] to favor the female and even feminine names." G. ends her article by appending charts which break down animal taxonomy and frequency according to the individual author and the gender of the author.

VERONA, ROXANA M. "Au bonheur des dames: l'agence littéraire de Sainte-Beuve." FrF 19 (1994), 279–294.

Views the "modèle de Sainte-Beuve" as "une proposition de lecture qui en provoque une autre . . . ." Calls for a parallel and complementary reading from the women's texts themselves, an "action d'intervention et de sauvetage littéraires d'une page d'histoire littéraire presque effacée." Refers to Ste-Beuve's "Qu'est-ce qu'un classique," his portraits of Molière, Mme de La Fayette and his causerie on Mlle de Scudéry.

VIALA, A., ed. Qu'est-ce qu'un classique? Paris: Klincksieck, 1993.

Review: Marc Escola in RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994), 1063–67: E. remarks that V.'s project is to "permettre aux dix-septiémistes de réfléchir sur une catégorie constitutive de leur domaine d'études, mais aussi de dialoguer avec les spécialistes des classiques les plus anciens," so as to determine exactly what a "classic" is. One definition proposed is, "un classique est un auteur déjà toujours lu, une oeuvre précédé d'un commentaire qui en oriente la lecture." The notions of "modèle" and "modelisation" also figure into this conception of what is "classicisable." After a discussion of the ancients, and of the concepts of "règle" and "plaisir," the review summarizes current studies in seventeenth century criticism such as E. Bury's idea, applied in La Fontaine, La Bruyère and Fontenelle, that a classic reveals "une conscience de traducteur," showing, "à quel point la traduction informe encore des ouvrages qui pour nous, paraissent incarner la maturité d'un âge adulte de la littérature française." E. concludes his review by asking whether a discussion of such a work in a publication like RHL is part of the "dynamique de la classicisation."

Review: J. Marmier in PFSCL 22 (1995), 303–305: Described by reviewer as "un classique de la réflexion sur le classicisme." Articles by F. Népote Desmarres, H. Merlin, P. Ronzeaud, A. Génetiot, E. Bury, P. Dandrey, G. Forestier, and others.

WATERSON, KAROLYN, ed. Réflexions sur le genre moraliste au XVIIe siècle. Dalhousie French Studies 27 (1994).

Review: J. Marmier in PFSCL 22 (1995), 690–692: Studies of La Bruyère, La Rochefoucauld, and Madeleine de Scudéry. A volume which, according to the reviewer, "jette des lumières neuves."

WEISGERBER, JEAN. Les Masques fragiles: esthétique et formes de la littérature rococo. Lausanne : L'Age d'Homme, 1991.

Review: P. Stewart in ECr 33 (1993), 115–116: Finds treatment inspired and seductive, impressive by the variety of sources of the period and agreably nuanced. S. wishes that this oeuvre de synthèse, which prepares the scene first with a treatment of "le beau classique" were furnished with a lexique or index of subjects. Reviewer concludes, "personne n'a plus complètement embrassé le sujet, personne n'en a tracé une histoire plus suave ou plus juducieuse."

WINN, JAMES ANDERSON. When Beauty Fires the Blood: Love and the Arts in the Age of Dryden. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1992.

Review: Buford Norman in CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991), 301–03: While W.'s text mainly deals with Dryden, N. states that it contains "many issues that are of considerable interest to dix-septiémistes." Among these are the English court's attempt "to import French taste, including English versions of La Mort de Pompée and of Molière, Quinault, and of Lully's Psyché." Of `interest also, according to Norman, is the fact that "quarrels about painting and music were linked to literary quarrels about imitation, imagination and judgment." In addition, N. states that in both countries, "proponents of different types of theater argued about evoking passions, verisimilitude, and the relative importance of plot, about whether one should please the public or the critics."

WITTSCHIER, HEINZ WILLI. Die französische Literatur. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1988.

Review: W. Schweickard in ZRP 109 (1993), 607–08: Sections include an overview of French literature from the Middle Ages to the present and a bibliographical guide. Useful for a quick survey.

WOSHINSKY, BARBARA R. Signs of Certainty: The Linguistic Imperative of French Classical Literature. Stanford: Anma Libri, 1991.

Review: D. Clarke in MLR 89 (1994), 1000–01: Collection of previously published articles on Corneille, Racine, Pascal, La Bruyère. "Abstract theoretical preliminaries" focus on the definition of "'the epistemological status of classical literature'." Strength of W.'s close textual analysis somewhat diffused by "ambitious generalizations."

Review: Buford Norman in FR 68 (1994), 340–41: "Well thought-out overview of the variety and complexity of classical discourse" and its relation to truth. "Numerous interesting readings" of Corneille (L'Illusion, Le Cid, Horace, Polyeucte,Nicomede), Racine (Andromaque, Britannicus, Iphigénie, Esther), Pascal (fragmentation, human and divine language, Augustinian exegesis and theology), La Bruyere ("De la cour 81," social discourse, fragmentation). Finds that "classical discourse affirms both reference and hierarchy" but also "undermines its own interpretation."

• See French 17 (1994, 1993).

WOOD, ALLEN G. "Suicide and Classical Theatre," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 331–343.

Reviews the theme and calls for further research on the subject.

YGAUNIN, JEAN. La Femme et le prêtre: thème littéraire. Paris: Nizet, 1993.

Review: C. K. Chadwick in MLR 90 (1995), 432–33: ". . . the analysis of female images which emerges in this study is somewhat stereotyped in its approach, emphasizing the sexuality of mythological Woman as tentatrice, as the embodiment of purity; as motherfigure or whore, and so on, rather than assessing the woman in the books studied as individual characters." Analysis based on literary texts from the Middle Ages to the twentieth century, including Molière in the 17th century.

Review: H. R. Runte in RBPH 72 (1994), 722–23: "Catalogue d'un thème littéraire? Oui. Ouvrage utile? En l'absence totale de toute documentation (ni indices bibliographiques, ni bibliographie critique, ni index) la réponse ne peut être que négative."

ZEBOUNI, SELMA. " Présentation, représentation: le classicisme au carrefour." ECr 33 (1993), 32–42.

Rich and provocative discussion convincingly demonstrates, through pertinent references to Boileau and Kant as well as to present day critics of "le classique" and "le baroque," that "la poétique de la mimesis (dite classique) et la poétique du sublime (dite baroque) ne sont pas des volets opposés mais bien complémentaires d'une même préoccupation esthétique, qui continue jusqu'à nos jours."

ZEBOUNI, SELMA. "Mimesis and je ne sais quoi: Boileau, Kant et Derrida." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991), 53–60.

Z. explores the problematic relationship between art and nature, and the subjective and the universal, while trying to uncover an aesthetic of the sublime in Boileau, Kant and Derrida. Claiming that B. and K. try to resolve the antimony between the subjective and the universal by arguing for art based on imitation and admiration of nature, Z. holds that D. attacks this notion by articulating a concept called "la mimesis productrice." D.'s interpretation differs from classical notions of mimesis because genius involves not reproduction, but independent production which elevates the artist to a man-God status. According to Z., D. argues for a logocentrism in art grounded in humanist themes. Thus, the notion of the sublime in D. carries with it not a sense of the inscrutable or ineffable, i.e., the je ne sais quoi, but a reaffirmation of human reason and language.

ZECHER, CARLA. "Pagan Spirituality and Christian Passion: The Music of the Spheres in Sixteenth-Century French Cosmological Poetry." FrF 18 (1993), 297–316.

Striking study illustrates the cosmological poet's twofold task: "first to read, and then to write the book of nature," and that the "cosmological path that Ronsard,Peletier and Du Bartas had each only traveled in part, leads in La Ceppede's Théorèmes to the devotional style that marks the end of the French poetic Renaissance." Z. traces a metapoetic journey that culminates in La C.'s intersection of pagan spirituality with Christian passion, a recreation of "the music of the spheres."

ZIPES, JACK. Fairy Tale as Myth: Myth as Fairy Tale. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1994.

Review: E. R. Baer in Choice 32 (1995), 1444: "Z.'s theoretical approach, which tends toward the Marxist and feminist, has proven to be provocative . . . [two earlier books by Z. are cited]. The present volume . . . endeavors to look at the 'evolution of the fairy tale as a literary genre . . . marked by a process of dialectical appropriation involving duplication and revision that set the cultural conditions for its mythicization, institutionalization, and expansion as a mass-mediated form through radio, film, and television.' Following a chapter that traces the origin of the fairy tale, Z. turns to contemporary iterations . . . ." "Richly illustrated and persuasively argued," according to B., "this volume is an important addition to all collections."

ZUBER, ROGER. Les belles infideles et la formation du goût classique. Paris: Albin Michel, 1995.

Review: Laurent Theis in BSHPF 141 (1995), 453: Re-publication of 1968 pioneering work updated in Biblio. and "augmented" (how the reviewer does not specify): a timely reminder to new meditation on the "rapports incertains entre la beauté et la fidelité." Postface by Emmanuel Bury.

ZUBER, ROBER, LILIANE PICCIOLA, DENIS LOPEZ et EMMANEUL BURY, eds. Littérature française du XVIIe siècle. Paris: PUF, 1992.

Review: Christian Garaud in FR 67 (1994), 868–69: "Un nouvel instrument de travail sûr et de lecture agréable" for 1st and 2nd-year students organized by genre: theatre and novel (Picciola), poetry (Lopez), "prose de'art" (Bury). Index and useful "Lexique des idées" (Zuber, as is Intro. and conclusion). Reviewer takes issue with Zuber's judgement that poetry for the century is "weak" and that it consequently deserves less place in a history than "prose d'art" that is "pleine de promesse" and similarly for La Fontaine vis-à-vis "Bossuet et l'éloquence."

• See French 17 (1993).

• See French 17 (1994, 1993).

• See also Part III:  Cartmill, Constance

BALZAC

• See Part II:  Merlin, Helene
• Part IV:  Beugnot, Bernard

BARBIER, MARIE-ANNE

• See Part IV:  Gethner, Perry
• Marin, Catherine

BARON

• See Part IV:  Truchet, Jacques

BAYLE, FRANÇOIS

LENNON, THOMAS M. and PATRICIA ANN EASTON. The Cartesian Empiricism of Francois Bayle. New York/London: Garland, 1992.

Review: Steven Nadler in Isis 85 (1995), 696: Contains annotated translation of the Système général de la philosophie cartésienne by this Cartesian physician (1622–1709), who took his lead from Desgabets and P.-S. Regia; Locke learned somthing about the Cartesianism he was attacking from this work.

BAYLE, PIERRE

BOST, HUBERT. Un 'Intellectuel' avant la lettre: le journaliste Pierre Bayle (1647–1706). L'actualité religieuse dans les 'Nouvelles de la République des Lettres' (1684–1687). Amsterdam/Maarseu: APA-Holland U P, 1994.

Review: L. Bergen in BHR 57 (1995), 309–11: B. démontre "à quel point cette image de philosophe soupçonné d'athéïsme ou libre penseur qu'on lui attribue depuis les 'Lumières' est en réalité un contresens. Il nous offre au contraire le portrait d'un Bayle très fidèle aux positions thélogiques réformées, très soucieux néanmoins de défendre la liberté de conscience.

BOST, HUBERT. Pierre Bayle et le religion. Paris: PUF, 1994.

• See also Part II:  Brennan, Katherine
• III:  Dingli, Laurent

BERNARD, CATHERINE

PIVA, FRANCO, ed. Catherine Bernard, Oeuvres. Tome I: Romans et nouvelles. Fasano/Paris: Schena/Nizet, 1993.

Review: G. Verdier in PFSCL 22 (1995), 289–291: A carefully done edition of Bernard's five novels and stories which "fera date dans la redécouverte du roman français du XVIIe siècle, et en particulier, du roman féminin." Sheds light on the life of the author. Modern spelling, lexical and historical notes, bibliography of manuscript sources and criticism, and an index of names. A second volume containing the novelist's tragedies and poetry is planned.

• See Also Part IV:  Gethner, Perry
• Marin, Constance

BERNIER

• See Part III:  Lennon, Thomas
• Part V:  Gassendi; Bernier
• Gassendi; Murr, Sylvia

BEROALDE DE VERVILLE

GIORDANO, MICHAEL J., ed. Studies on Béroalde de Verville. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 22 (1992).

Review: S. Bamforth in MLR 89 (1994), 999–1000: Collection of six papers explores B.'s multifaceted talents. Four articles concerned with Le Moyen, two with love poetry. Bibliography covers 1981–1991.

• See French 17 (1994, 92).

ZINGUER, HANA. Le roman stéganamorphique: "Le voyage des princes fortunez" de Béroalde de Verville. Paris: Champion, 1993.

Review: J. C. Ternaux in PFSCL 22 (1995), 693–695: Studies the hermetic and alchemical aspects of this "journal intime." According to reviewer, a study which "incite à redécouvrir une oeuvre séduisante par sa bizarrerie, carrefour de sciences et d'écritures."

• See also Part IV:  Kenny, Neil

BERULLE

DUPUY, MICHEL, ed. Conférences, vol. I of Oeuvres completes. Latin trans.Auguste Piedagnel. Paris: Cerf/Oratoire de France, 1995.

Review: Patrick Kechichian in Le Monde des Livres (31 Mar. 1995), v: Reviewer presents a virtuosic portrait of Bérulle's magnificence as a writer and of the man, scholar rather than "religious writer," whom Urban VIII acknowledged as "apôtre du Verbe incarné." The first of 14 vols. of collective ed., this volume's contents are modest—the instructions for religious communities largely in letters, questions, advice and support for spirituality. Reviewer gives good short biblio. of recent scholarship on the "Ecole française de spiritualité.

BOILEAU

LEWIS, PHILIP. "Fragmented Text and Continuous Reading: A Longinian Text and Some of Its Implications." FLS (Vol. 21, 1994), 25–33.

While this article briefly discusses "Perrault's polemical responses to Boileau in the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns," its thrust deals with B.'s "translator's licence," as demonstrated by the poet's embellished, modernized passages that fill lacunae in Longinus's On the Sublime. According to Lewis, B. includes these passages in order to advance his own theory of the sublime.

MORIARTY, MICHAEL. "Satire and Power in Seventeenth-Century France: The Case of Boileau." FMLS 30 (1994), 293–304.

Enlightening and careful consideration of B.'s "struggle for poetic independence and dignity" discusses the manifold pressures on 17th c. satirical discourse. Treats B.'s numerous justifications, his appeals to his predecessors, his emphasis on self-knowledge and authenticity, the "censor" image, and ambiguity or "l'équivoque."

• See also Part IV:  Toumayan, Alain
• Zebouni, Selma

BOISROBERT

• See Part IV:  Delmas, Christian

BOSSUET

VUILLEMIN, JEAN-CLAUDE. "Stratégies et apories de l'éloquence sacrée: l'oeuvre oratoire de Bossuet." SCFS 17 (1995), 25–36.

Examines strategies by which the sacred orator marks the distance of his predication from the artes bene dicendi on the one hand and the actor's eloquence on the other; sacred theatre, from the seductive but temporally limited affectus of secular theatre. Included logically in these tactics by necessity is representation of the theatre as an "école et exercise de vice"; by the same token the analogy must be admitted with the pulpit.

• See also Part III:  Parisi, Luciano
• Pleynet, Marcelin
• Part IV:  Niderst, Alain

BOURDALOUE

• See Part III:  Bury, Emmanuel

BOUSCAL

• See Part IV:  Bannister, Mark

BUFFIER, MARGUERITE

• See Part II:  Biedermann-Pasques, Liselotte

BUSSY-RABUTIN

VINCENT, DANIEL-HENRI et VINCENETTE MAIGNE, éds. Bussy-Rabutin Dits et inédits. Paris: Editions de L'Armançon, 1993.

Review: Alain Génetiot in RHL 95:1 (Janvier-février 1995), 87: G. states that V. and M.'s work is composed of two distinct parts: the first, primarily biographical and autobiographical, is complemented by the second, a previously unpublished transcription from a manuscript kept in the library at the Château de Chantilly containing 51 songs written by Bussy between 1640 and 1670. In his conclusion, G. remarks, "ce recueil est de forte belle facture, qui ne se veut pas une édition savante, est néanmoins pourvu d'introduction, d'annotations lexicales et historiques précises." All of which "révèle ainsi un précieux ouvrage pour faire mieux connaître à un public élargi l'attrayante personalité du comte libertin."

• See also Part IV:  Bertaud, M.
• Plantie, Jacqueline

CAMPISTRON

• See Part IV:  Truchet, Jacques

CAMUS

• See Part IV:  Serroy, Jean

CHALLE, ROBERT

ARTIGAS-MENANT, GENEVIEVE et JACQUES POPIN, éds., avec MARIE EMMANUELLE PLAGNOL. Lecons sur Les Illustres Françaises de Robert Challe: Actes de la table ronde de Créteil (9 janvier 1993). Paris: Université de Paris XII-Val de Marne, 1993.

Review: S. Davies in MLR 90 (1995), 445: Collection of eleven essays plus additional contributions "concentrated on three areas: fictional techniques, the roman libertin, and the relationship of the text with religious and philosophical ideas."

• See French 17 (1994).

CORMIER, JACQUES. "D'un Sancho à l'autre, de Saint-Martin à Robert Challe." Tra Lit 7 (1994), 201–221.

Treats differences between volumes five and six of the French Don Quichotte. Examines 1) la morgue des grands (oppressive judges, for example), 2) ambitious ecclesiastics, 3) the role of Sancho. Close examination of the last point demonstrates how the récit has become reoriented: "La Continuation, par la façon dont elle traite Sancho, s'érige en négation absolue de ce que le tome V laissait entrevoir."

DELOFFRE, FREDERIC. "Adieu à l'Acadie: Le dernier voyage de Challe en Nouvelle-France." Tra Lit 7 (1994), 185–200.

D.'s fascinating treatment complements Jean Mesnard's "Entre Mémoires et fiction" (Tra Lit 3) as it examines the question: "Challe nous dit-il la vérité, et toute la vérité, sur les circonstances de son dernier voyage et de son départ définitif du Canada?"

CHAPELAIN

• See Part IV:  AUTOUR DU ROMAN
• Beugnot, Bernard

CHARRON

BELIN, CHRISTIAN. "Charron et Pascal," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 41–52.

Studies Pascal as the reader of Charron and the two as readers of Montaigne and Saint Augustine with special attention to the themes of the wager and the contradictions in human nature. Pascal found in Charron a theology directed at lay readers and and took away an Augustinian rather than a Thomistic reading. Pascal himself served as the conduit through which Charron gained entry to Port Royal spirituality.

LAGARDE, FRANÇOIS. "L'idée de nature chez Pierre Charron," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 55–70.

"Ce maître ès persuasion gère la conscience publique et entretient dans les esprits un double désir de belle nature: celui de l'ordre, et l'on sait que le siècle de la monarchie absolue aspire fortement à l'ordre politique. Celui d'un naturel plus intérieur, plus immédiat, qui fera l'objet d'une quête littéraire et même spirituelle, et qui semblera fuir à mesure que l'ordre de l'obéissance s'imposera."

MACDONOUGH, RICHARD B. "The 'Real' Pierre Charron and his Plan: A New Look," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 19–36.

Studies biography and works in order to conclude that C. was not an agnostic, atheist, or libertine.

NIDERST, ALAIN. "Montaigne, Charron, Bayle," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 83–91.

"Pour ces hommes le pyrrhonisme n'est nullement une brèche dans la foi; c'est au contraire, le meilleur, peut être le seul, moyen de la fortifier."

SCOTT, BRENDAN. "Pierre Charron and Mateo Ricci: Conversion as the Congruence of Theory and Practice," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 75–80.

Sees C. and Ricci, the first Jesuit missionary to China and C.'s contemporary, as enhancing one another in their attitudes toward China: ". . . both men . . . gave their best efforts to the issues of human dignity and non violent conversion of faith."

• See also Part III:  Schiffman, Zachary

CHASSIGNET

• See Part IV:  Harry, Patricia

CHOISY

VAN DER CRUYSSE, DIRK, ed. Journal du voyage de Siam. Paris: Fayard, 1994.

Review: Gilles Lapouge in QL (16–30 avril 1995), 11–12: Reviewed with Dirk Van der Cruysse, L'Abbé de Choisy: Androgyne et mandarin (Fayard). C. "accompagne l'ambassade que Louis XIV a décidé de dépêcher au Siam (Thaïlande) . . . . L'abbé note ses impressions dans un Journal plein de verve, un des plus beaux livres de voyage de son siècle. Il ouvre pour les Français une lucarne sur le royaume des talapoins: processions sur l'eau, pagodes, idoles d'or et de pierreries, chasses à l'éléphant et feux d'artifices. Du coup, l'abbé, quand il rentre à Paris, se fait ordonner prêtre."

Review: Nicolas Weill in Le Monde de Livres (31 Mar. 1995), x: Remarkable annotation (some 1100 notes, seven appendices on the political implications of the 1688 voyage, two indices). Modernized text. Esthetically superior illustrations. Brief notice is also given to the author's L'Abbé de Choisy: androgyne et mandarin. Fayard, 1995.

CORNEILLE, PIERRE

ABRAHAM, CLAUDE K. "Note sur les gentilshommes bourgeois de Corneille." Tra Lit 7 (1994), 119–123.

A. dedicates to the memory of Georges Couton this incisive review of lovers in C.'s comedies. A. recalls Couton's admonition: "S'il s'agit dans Mélite d'unir les coeurs, il ne faut pas oublier d'assortir les fortunes." Aristocrats as well as merchants use the "langage mercantile [pour révéler leurs] véritables sentiments." Thus, the clever title of A.'s note since, "pour le protagoniste comique de Corneille, la parole est le personnage."

ALBANESE, RALPH JR. "Masculin/Féminin: Discours et Pouvoir dans Le Cid." RR 85:3 (May 1994), 361–370:

A. examines the patriarchy's linguistic and political immobilization of Chimène at the conclusion of Le Cid. Chimène's "manipulation," via Fernand's false announcement of Rodrigues's death, exemplifies the "power" of "masculine discourse" in the sense that the goal of this manipulation is to "transformer le désarroi de l'héroine en spectacle d'humiliation public; il s'agit d'un discours féminin jugé excessif, ou, plus précisément, d'une hystérie contrôlée." Nonetheless, A. maintains that Chimène, largely through her silence, becomes a character of protest, a "contestataire acharnée" who challenges a royal authority forcing her to reconcile parricide and marriage.

ALLENTUCH, HARRIET R. "Surena's Melancholy." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991) 91–100.

A. contends that the goal of her article is to show that the "pessimistic" and "melancholic" tone of C.'s last play "expresses a disillusion that is less personal to the hero than grounded in a general despair about the male condition of rivalry for pride of place and male-male violence." King Orode's jealousy of Surena, which prompts the king to murder his general, recalls the thematic, recurrent in much of C.'s drama, of "le sujet trop grand pour son roi." This thematic, found in Nicomède and Agésilas, has a unique outcome in Surena, because unlike the other two plays, there is "no reconciliation among men." Thus, in contrast with his other works, C.'s final play culminates in "a dark vision of monarchy" which, "while foreshadowed in C.'s earlier work... constitutes [in Suréna] its strictest expression."

ALLENTUCH, HARRIET. "Is Corneille's Oedipe Oedipal?" FR 67 (1994), 571–79.

Maintains that it is not the existence of a double action but by their discordance (that they overlap rather than mesh, Oedipe tyrant vs Oedipe redeemer) which explains the play's failure to survive. The double action, as a patterning discerned by Mauron in the Tetralogy, also leads to a "subtext poorly embedded in the dramatic action," a "failure to synthesize successfully conscious and unconscious thinking...in secondary revision." A fine article with incisive use of the Mauron paradigm.

BERTAUD, MADELEINE et ALAIN NIDERST, éds. Onze études sur la vieillesse de Corneille dédiées à la mémoire de Georges Couton. Boulogne/Rouen: ADIREL/Mouvement Corneille, 1994.

Review: M Margitic in PFSCL 22 (1995), 244–245: Studies combining literary and/or socio political history with analysis and interpretations of texts: C.'s effect on the esthetic and moral mentality of his generation, allusions to the period of Louis XIV in Attila, two late tragedies as embodiments of two successive Christian theologies, Pulchérie's characters as thinly disguised prominent figures in the theater, neostoicism in OEdipe, the reworking of Cinna's themes in Agésilas, Attila's paradoxical yet typical behavior, historical fidelity as an element of continuity in C., C.'s continuing attention to current events, allegorism in the tragedies, love and renunciation as thematic continuity, female characters as discontinuity, and modern stagings of the late plays.

BROWN, SASKIA. "Sacrifice and Catharisis in Corneille's Discours and Heraclius." SCFS 17 (1995), 157–168.

Thoughtful analysis of catharsis as purification, a process that "does obey the same logic of sacrifice as that which characterizes the dynamics of Cornelian tragedy." "Even in Rodogune," but especially in the last of the "pièces de la monstruosité," there is the "ambiguity of sacrifice" in powerful form. Interesting conclusion on Heraclius.

BYRNES, JAMES J. "Cultivating Violence and Violating Culture in Corneille's Horace." RLA (Vol. VI, 1994) 23–27.

B. states that his purpose is to discuss "an archaeology of Cornelian knowledge, in particular, the knowledge of violence—its historical situation, its system of valuation and the representations of the subtending mentalités and moral perplexities within the contrarieties of a history of ideas." For B., violence determines "the perception of the State and of civil Society." He argues that "The role of the State is not to suppress violence but to render it stable and productive." Thus, the "disorder" of violence becomes "only a stage...within an encompassing order that provides a larger meaning to the motivated actions of the characters."

CLARKE, DAVID. Pierre Corneille: Poetics and Political Drama under Louis XIII. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge UP, 1992.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 29 (1993), 372: Considered "invaluable," this study analyses the ideological conflicts which served as background to C.'s enduring poetic expression.

Review: Susan Read Baker in MP 92 (1994), 240–43: "With this study of the theory and practice marking the heyday of C.'s career, D. C. joins the ranks of a distinguished modern company of British scholars devoted to the study of French classical theater. Their criticism proceeds by carefully reinserting classical texts into the cultural climate that gave them birth." D. C.'s "comprehensive threefold program" consists of these elements: "to situate the dramatist as a Norman officier subjected to ideological and institutional turbulence fomented by Richelieu's politique de gloire, to disengage the oppositional flavor of Cornelian poetics, and to show how C. inspires political and moral reflection in seven dramas from the age of Louis the Just . . . ." The author's "final goal is to shed light upon the contemporary reception and abiding value of these exemplary Cornelian texts." In B.'s view "[t]he reader of this study must conclude with [D.] C. that C., like Aeschylus before him, located tragedy less in the individual soul than in man's place in a world order. Thanks to such thoughtful scholarship," says the reviewer, "twentieth century readers stand to gain a better grasp of the beginnings of modernity . . . ." B. commends the author "for renewing appreciation both of C.'s theater and the culture that produced it."

Review: G. Defaux in FrF 19 (1994), 235–238: Authoritative, solid and rich, C.'s volume treats 1) Une muse de province, 2) Corneille's conception of poetic drama, and 3) Corneille's plays written in the reign of Louis XIII. No deconstruction here, but a series of "rapprochements éclairants" of Corneille's text with those of his predecessors and contemporaries, well-known or not. D. praises the "impressionnante somme de lectures" and C.'s successful questioning of quite a few "idées reçues de la critique cornélienne."

DALLA VALLE, DANIELA. "L'OEdipe de Corneille: un mythe christianisé," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 123–133.

Studies C.'s reversal of the Greek myth as an example of his theatrical construction.

FORESTIER, GEORGES, ed. Pierre Corneille. Le Cid. 1637–1660. Paris: S.T.F.M, 1992.

Review: D. Clarke in MLR 89 (1994), 1002–03: Valuable double edition presents 1660 text of Le Cid with Cauchié's 1946 edition of the 1637 text. Useful chronology of the "Querelle du Cid" and "discussion of the dramatic and aesthetic significance of the changes Corneille made between 1637 and 1660." Textual bibliography; bibliography of critical works; summary glossary for 1637 text. Reviewer regrets typographical presentation.

Review: Helen B. McDermott in Fr 68 (1994), 338–39: Cauchie's text of original version with variants to 1657, the 1660 text, "Advertissement" (1648), and original "Examens." Useful for easy juxtapositions and analysis of the play's evolution.

Review: H. Stenzel in RF 105 (1993), 200–201: New edition established from that of Maurice Cauchie's 1946 volume. Less than favorable review details areas that could be improved and reminds the reader of the "vorzüglichen Edition von M. Margitic."

• See French 17 (1993, 92).

FORESTIER, GEORGES, éd. Suréna, général des Parthes. Pierre Corneille. Paris: Livre de Poche Classique, 1993.

Review: P. Dostie in LR 48 (1994), 147–149: Considered in a joint review with F.'s edition of Bajazet, both volumes are appreciated for their critical apparatus which D. finds "concis, néanmoins riche et stimulant." F.'s preface reveals his preference of C. to Racine as it invites a rehabilitation of this last tragedy of C.

Review: D. Shaw in MLR 90 (1995), 186–88: Accessible edition contains introduction, good notes, classified bibliography. "Particularly illuminating are the remarks on the relationship between history and tragedy, on the simplicity of the play's structure, and on the significance of the Orpheus association."

• See French 17 (1994).

FUMAROLI, MARC. "La tragédie de la cité terrestre dans Horace," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 157–190.

"Le destin de Rome, paradigme de la cité terrestre, forme à la fois le décor poétique et le thème 'philosophique' de la tragédie d'Horace. Plus qu'Horace en effet, qui n'incarne après tout qu'un des aspects et un des moments de ce destin, c'est Rome elle même qui est le sujet et qui fait l'unité de la pièce."

GEORGES, ANDRE. "L'Augustinisme politique de Cinna." LR 47 (1993), 149–159.

Consideration of C.'s politics, theories of climates and epochs, and "la prudence infinie" of heaven (or providence). Concludes that Cinna is "pragmatique comme Saint Augustin" and desirous of demonstrating that "le régime monarchique était le meilleur régime pour Rome dans le contexte politique, social et économique actuel." Finds Cinna's thought coherent, justifying apparent inconsistencies by the reasoning that he was both a "personnage réel" (Emilie's servant and Auguste's counsellor) and a "personnnage fictif" (the organizer of an apparently political plot). G. underscores Act III's monologue where this double character blends.

GERARD, ALBERT. Pierre Corneille ou la sensibilité lucide. Liège: Belgique, 1990.

Review: Harriet Allentuch in FR 68 (1994), 146–47: A provocative lecture providing an overview of C.'s political thought on the occasion of the tricentennial. Focuses on a political awakening that offers an "étonnante actualité." Parallels are sometimes strained, tendentiously anachronistic, oversimplified but sometimes also stimulating. No biblio.

JAOUEN, FRANÇOISE. "Pompée ou la fin de l'histoire," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 249–263.

Studies the reasons why C. never wrote the history of Richelieu's ministry: "La commémoration cornélienne du Ministre de Louis XIII se fera en silence, au bénéfice de son successeur, Mazarin, et pour l'édification politique de ce dernier."

KNIGHT, R.C. Corneille's Tragedies: The Role of the Unexpected. Savage, MD: Barnes & Noble, 1991.

Review: Harriet Allentuch in FR 67 (1994), 678–79: Commenting on 23 plays, builds a profile of the career and takes issue with system-building critics (Bénichou, Nadal, Doubrovsky, Stegmann) on the belief that no omnibus view does justice to the chess player playwright intent on unexpected moves and addicted to the strategy of reversal and surprise (e.g. Pertharite.) Purposes are poetic and dramatic. "Refreshing English iconoclasm" but the danger of reductionism must also be kept in mind."

• See French 17 (1994, 1993, 1992).

KONSTAN, DAVID. "Oedipus and His Parents: The Biological Family from Sophocles to Dryden." Scholia. Natal Studies in Classical Antiquity 3 (1994), 3–23.

Unlike Sophocles, the successors, including Corneille, remove the emphasis from biological relationship and place it on regicide and revenge

POIRIER, GERMAIN. Corneille témoin de son temps II: "Le Cid" (1636). PFSCL/Biblio 17 84 (1994).

Review: Jean-Marc Civardi in IL 47:1 (jan-fév. 1995), 38: C. summarizes P.'s thesis that Le Cid depicts an "allégorie du combat des jésuites contre la réforme et l'humanisme scientifique représenté par Copernic et Galilée." After noting P.'s equation of the play's characters with various theological perspectives, C. acknowledges Jesuit influence on Corneille, but concludes that P.'s outlook is somewhat narrow. In this vein, C. mentions the difficulty in considering Le Cid as only "un grand jeu mystique," a "drame philosophique," or "la pièce du libre arbitre."

Review: M. O. Sweetser in PFSCL 22 (1995), 676–677: Studies allegorical and mystical aspects of the work in the context of the spiritual and ideological movements of the period. Reviewer finds "une vision neuve et originale" of the work albeit one that may not persuade everyone.

RATHE, ALICE. "La tentation du parricide dans le théâtre de Corneille," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 319–330.

Studies the reasons why C.'s characters flirt with but never actually commit parricide.

RATHE, ALICE. La Reine se marie: variations sur un thème dans l'oeuvre de Corneille. Geneva: Droz, 1990.

Review: Claire Carlin in FR 68 (1995), 873–74: High praise for demonstration of the triumph in self-determination of two queens—Cléôpatre and Pulchérie—contrary to an entrenched tradition interpreting them with the other queens as "weak." Thorough documentation in analyses of political deoctrine and solid proof of the thesis that "Corneille's originality extends to his interpretation of legitimacy; "grâce accordée par Dieu touche la famille royale tout entière," this engaging "les capacités légales de la femme."

• See French 17 (1993).

SERROY, JEAN, éd. Le Cid. Paris: Gallimard, 1993.

Review: Benedicte Louvat in RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994) 1079: Quite favorable review of what L. calls "la première édition en format de poche de la version originale de la pièce." Among the critical attributes of the edition are its "tableau de concordance," the "choix de variantes," and "un appendice sur les mises en scène du Cid." L. compliments Serroy on his preface, which gives "une analyse générique de l'oeuvre, tragi-comédie, puis tragédie, et peut-être davantage encore comi-tragédie." Of note also are the modernized orthography as well as the retention of the original punctuation.

SERROY, JEAN. "La Sincérité du Menteur." Tra Lit 7 (1994), 125–134.

Close examination of Dorante's words demonstrates that contrary to critics such as Georges Couton and Michel Cournot, the Menteur is not reduced to "un simple rouage de la mécanique dramatique, une sorte de machine à mentir." Indeed Dorante becomes "menteur pour être sincère avec lui-même." His "art de mentir" includes "la stratégie du paraître" and "le talent de l'affabulation," redounding to theatre within theatre.

TOCZYSKI, SUZANNE CATHERINE. "L'on n'y agit qu'en parlant: Reading Corneille Through Speech Act Theory." (Yale University, 1994) DAI 55:7 1983–4 A.

T. cites the "seventeenth-century preoccupation with questions of language" as the justification for applying speech act theory to Corneille. Among the texts examined are Le Cid, Horace and Cinna. In Le Cid, T. looks at the "protagonists' attempts at efficacious language," while the chapter on Horace examines how "the verbal structures of betrothal and marriage define the limits of possible speech of the female protagonists." Her discussion of Cinna involves "the social responsibility engendered by speech," as exemplified by the love relationship between Emilie and Cinna, as well as by Auguste's appropriation of power.

TOCZYSKI, SUZANNE C. "Chimène, or the Scandal of the Feminine Word." PFSCL 22 (1995), 505–523.

Author finds in Chimène's "provisional" silence at the end of the play the demonstration that "the question of woman's speech and its power is central to his conception of dramatic action in Le Cid; in its final version, at least, the efficacity of feminine discourse, although constantly put into question, retains its capacity to introduce a certain instability into the masculine social order."

TUCKER, HOLLY. "Corneille's Medée: Gifts of Vengeance." FR 68 (1995), 1–13.

Argues that the cycle of self-interested gift-giving present from the first scene, Corneille's prefatory "gift" of Médée, and the denoucement justify interpretation of a championing of women placed outside the gift-giving system by patriarchal society. An intriguing reading that makes good use both of Mauss and of earlier critical readings of the play.

VILLENA-ALVAREZ, JUANITA. "The allegory of literary representation as hybrid in Corneille's L'Illusion Comique,' Diderot's Le Neveu de Rameau, and Arrabal's La nuit est aussi en soleil." (University of Cincinnati, 1994), DAI 55:9 2857-A.

V.-A. takes as her critical point of departure Barbara Johnson's theory of "`closure versus subversion, product versus practice, meaning-containing versus significance-scattering process.'" Johnson's perspective allows V.-A. to develop her own concept of the literary hybrid, which she denotes as a "monstrous" form and structure exemplified in these specific works by Corneille, Diderot and Arrabal. With respect to Corneille, V.-A. emphasizes "Corneille's experimentation with the technique of a play within-a-play-within-a-play, emphasizing two divergeant principles: the theatricality of theater and theatrum mundi."

WATTS, DEREK A., ed. Corneille: Rodogune and Nicomède. London: Grant & Cutler, 1992.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 30 (1994), 384: "Offers insights for the specialist" and "appeal[s] to the intended undergraduate audience," as it pairs the "only tragedies by C. to have maintained a foothold on the French stage." Highlights the nature of power and générosité.

Review: D. Shaw in MLR 90 (1995), 186–88: W. "provides a systematic study of the two texts. Both sections deal with the plays in terms of performance, inventiveness, structure, classical rules, characters, tragic content. Some interesting contrasts emerge." Comparative conclusion could be expanded.

• See French 17 (1994, 93).

WYGANT, AMY. "Pierre Corneille's Medea-Machine." RR 85:4 (November 1994) 537–552.

W. discusses C.'s adaptation of the machine-play as represented in La Conquête de la Toison d'or. Suggesting that the machine-play involoved the pronounced use of stage technology in order to enhance dramatic meaning, W. argues that the figure of Medea in Toison d'or embodies "the power of both the machinist and of the magician." The image of the machinist/magician stands as a metaphor for "representational absolutism" in which Medea symbolically becomes a "resistant force" to Louis XIV that seeks not to topple the monarch, but to instruct and inspire him to become a "philosopher-king." From an aesthetic standpoint, W. states that "Medea becomes a witch for modernity," since she carries the "power to stage herself, to be the illusion herself, to control her own representation."

WYGANT, AMY. "Le corps métaphorique de Médée," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 385–388.

W. concludes that "dans la mesure où Médée figure la scène elle même, c'est la représentation qui enfante, et qui donne naissance à celui qui donnera naissance à l'empire, plutôt que le contraire."

• See also Part III:  Salazar, Philippe-Joseph
• IV:  Dunkley, Jean
• Franchetti, Anna
• Greenberg, Mitchell
• Heron, P. M.
• Langer, Ullrich
• Moles, Elizabeth
• Safty, Effem
• Stackelberg, Jurgen
• Woshinsky, Barbara

CORNEILLE, THOMAS

CLARKE, JAN. "Thomas Corneille's Circé—A Precursor of Racine's Phèdre?" MLR 90 (1995), 325–32.

". . . it is not possible to claim categorically that Circé was one of Racine's main sources as far as the plot of Phèdre is concerned, since the numerous areas of similarity between the two works are already present in the classical sources from which both are derived. I do, however, contend that Thomas Corneille's machine play was an important source of inspiration for Racine, as great or even greater than that of Ariane, and that it is one which, surprisinqly, has hitherto been overlooked."

HARRISON, HELEN L. "Thomas Corneille's Darius: Tottering on the Brink of Identity." PFSCL 22 (1995), 525–537.

Thomas' frustrations in writing the play and the relationship between Thomas and Pierre: the questioning of Darius' identity mirrors Thomas' efforts to establish an identity separate from that of his brother.

• See also Part II:  Letts, Janet
• Part IV:  Truchet, Jacques

CUREAU DE LA CHAMBRE

• See Part III:  Lennon, Thomas

CYRANO DE BERGERAC

ALBERT-GALTIER, ALEXANDRE. "La Mort d'Agrippe: transgression et libération dans une tragédie libertine". CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991) 1–13.

A.-G.'s examination of Cyrano de Bergerac's only tragedy defines libertinage in terms of transgression, or "la contestation du pouvoir ou des pouvoirs." According to A.G., Cyrano's characters "s'insurgent contre l'autorité familiale, morale, politique, religieuse.... He adds that the authority of language is also transgressed, emphasizing the importance of the lie as an aesthetic component of C.'s work. Lying and duplicity lead to "la transgression par le sang," setting a general tone of violence consistent with libertine thought.

ALBERT GALTIER, ALEXANDRE. "Derniers embrassements et consommation amoureuse: un aspect des amours masculines chez Cyrano," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 321–329.

Questions the status of love among males in C.'s work: "Le dessein général des Estats et empires de la lune suggère une réponse philosophique et dans un sens politique, car on ne peut toucher à l'ordre ou au désordre de la sexualité sans troubler l'ordre politique. Pour Cyrano, il peut y avoir plusieurs préférences sexuelles, il n'y a qu'une conduite: . . . . songez à librement vivre."

GARMANN, GERBURG. "Cherchez la femme: représentations et fonctions du féminin dans L'autre monde de Cyrano de Bergerac." PFSCL 22 (1995), 491–503.

Argues that the son's liberation occurs in a maternal context.

GAUTHIER, PATRICIA. "A propos de l'idée de fragmentation dans L'Autre monde de Cyrano de Bergerac." FLS (Vol. 21, 1994), 45–53.

G. examines the distinctiveness of C.'s L'Autre monde with respect to his other works such as his plays or Lettres. This distinctiveness resides largely in the discontinuous, fragmented structure of L'Autre monde. The novel's textual history contributes to its fragmentation, since it was first published in two separate "volets." More importantly, however, C.'s narrative point of view underscores the text's fragmentation as it is "un roman écrit à la première personne et le narrateur détient le pouvoir de donner un sens à ces différents fragments qu'il fédère comme autant d'épisodes vécus et narrés par lui." Structural fragmentation is complemented by thematic heterogeneity, which, G. states, includes "multiple referrences" to "Campanella, Gassendi, La Mothe Le Vayer, Copernic, etc..." Consequently, "à la fragmentation de l'écriture correspond la diveristé des sources de réflexion."

HARRY, PATRICIA M. "The Role of the Visual in the Novels of Cyrano de Bergerac." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991), 15–28.

H. discusses Cyrano's application of the Horatian concept of ut pictura poesis to novels such as L'Autre Monde (which she refers to as Lune), and Les Estats et Empires du Soliel. Focusing on the exploits of C.'s protagonist Dyrcona, H. explores the thematic and structural importance of "mirror imag[ing]" in developing C.'s aesthetic. H. claims that "C. exploits to satirical ends the qualities of presence, immediacy and liveliness characteristic of painting, by employing the device of mirroring." Through satire and emphasis on the visual, C. is able to "mirror" both scientific moral issues of the period, such as Galileo's trial, corpuscular physics, and Platonic metaphysics.

MACPHAIL, ERIC. "Cyrano's Machines: The Marvelous and the Mundane in L'Autre Monde." FrF 18 (1993), 37–46..

Provocative examination of "la machine" demonstrates that C.'s imaginary contrivances suggest "the autonomy of literary truth from traditional notions of referentiality and authority." M.'s analysis is enriched by references to literary critics of C.'s day. C. uses machinery "to liberate narrative from its automatic reception."

RONZEAUD, PIERRE. "Les lettres de Cyrano de Bergerac sur les sorciers: montage et démontage d'une imposture culturelle," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 445–460.

"En deux textes complémentaires [Cyrano] aura soumis les ténèbres de l'âge classique à un éclairage qui en dissipe les obscurités ou les dénonce comme les illusions d'un théâtre d'ombre, que l'on ne peut regarder comme de simples figures grotesques quand on connaît les tragiques spectacles d'horreur qui se cachent derrière elles."

• See also Part IV:  Harry, Patricia
• Liebacher-Ouvrard, Lise
• Muratore, Mary Jo
• Racault, Jean-Michel

D'AUBIGNAC

• See Part IV:  Motte, Warren
• Murray, Timothy

D'AULNOY, MME

ZIMMERMANN, MARGARETE. "'Il le croqua comme un poulet': Discours alimentaires chez Madame d'Aulnoy," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 537–555.

Argues that the writer's "ample Comédie" merits inclusion in the literary canon as much as La Fontaine's.

• See also Part IV:  Marin, Catherine
• Sartori, Eva
• Verdier, Gabrielle

D'AUNEUIL

• See Part IV:  Verdier, Gabrielle

DE FOIGNY

FAUSETT, DAVID, ed. and trans. Gabriel de Foigny. The Southern Land Known. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 1993.

Review: A. Stroup in ECr 34 (1994), 133: Appreciates F.'s work in making this fascinating and problematic book available in English, but indicates dissatisfaction with the scholarly apparatus.

DESCARTES

ARIEW, ROGER and MARJORIE GRENE. "Ideas in and before Descartes." JHI 56 (1995), 87–106.

Studies the historical context of the "new way of ideas" in the philosophy of the period. D. turned the notion of "idea" away from the traditional sense as archetype and model in order to transform it into pure thought.

CAVAILLE, JEAN-PIERRE. Descartes: La Fable du monde. Paris: Vrin, 1991.

Review: Fernand Hallyn in RHL 95:1 (Janvier-février 1995), 84–85: H. praises C.'s work, a study "qui efface la frontière entre études philosphiques et littéraires, affirmant et démontrant l'interaction de l'écriture et de la pensée dans la constitution et la transmission de la pensée sciento-philosophique." According to H., C. views Descartes's metaphor of the world as theatre and fable to be grounded in the baroque fixation on "le doute devant les apparences naturelles et la fascination devant l'artifice." In this baroque world, humanity must formulate a "rhétorique [qui] se combine avec la revendication d'une vraie science" in order to derive a logic capable of discerning "évidence."

CHING, BARBARA. "Cartesian Cartography and Cultural Distinction Binding the `Book of the World'." CdDS (Fall 1991), 101–14.

C. begins her argument by applying Edward Soja's thesis that "Cartesian cartography" can be defined as "the enduring and somehow comforting belief that space can be methodologically discovered and innocently represented," that "space is susceptible to little else but measurement and phenomenal description: fixed, dead and undialectical." As a result, "Cartesian cartography" coincides with the the seventeenth-century "compulsion to know one's place." C. tempers this argument by quoting Soja and Mark Monmonnier who hold that "maps, like speeches and painting, are authored collections of information," and must be interpreted as subjective texts. As "the connections between cartology, power and hermeneutics become clear," one sees that "Cartesian cartography" gives the observer a sense of "place and positioning in a political sense.

COLE, JOHN R. The Olympian Dreams and Youthful Rebellion of René Descartes. Urbana/Chicago: U of Illinois P, 1992.

Review: William R. Shea in Isis 85 (1994), 799–800: Gives "psychohistory a second try," treating the three dreams of 10–11 November sophistication and a generous dose of humor and common sense." Thesis generally concerns Descartes rebellion against a paternally determined legal career and his decision to act and think outside convention. Valuable reconstruction of Descartes' family and the social climate in which he was reared.

Review: Eric Johnson in FR 68 (1995), 872–73: Major contribution is a reconstruction of the Olympica and a methodical analysis of the dreams, the events surrounding them, and their consequences. Cole in presenting an identity crisis (and youthful rebellion) "is at odds against a heavily entrenched tradition": hence a defensiveness of tone. But for rigor and insight, methodology and scholarship "this book is noteworthy."

COTTINGHAM, JOHN, ed. The Cambridge Guide to Descartes. Cambridge: CUP, 1992.

Review: Emily R. Gross in Isis 85 (1994), 151–52: Intro. offers a "reflective account of D.'s life including a pointed, accurate summary of each contributed essay." Marks a turning point in D. scholarship, from analytic emphasis to historical: Rodis-Lewis and R. Ariew on scholastic and scientific contexts; N. Jolley on reception; J.-L. Marion, J.-M. Beyssade, P. Markie, and L. Loeb on the Méditations; on science, D. Clarke (concepts of explanation), D. Garber (definition of matter), G. Hatfield (physiology), S. Graukroger (abstraction).

• See French 17 (1994).

COTTINGHAM, JOHN. "The Self and the Body. Alienation and Integration in Cartesian Ethics." SCFS 17 (1995), 1–3.

Examines the Cartesian Revolution—reason and opacity; alienation from nature; the reintegration of the human being with the conclusion that D. clearly wished that a "perfect moral system" should be "an organic outgrowth from his anthropology;" it would rest on the fullest possible understanding of the workings of the passions, and their proper contribtuion to a fulfilled human life." Excellent synthetic formulation of questions.

DAMASIO, ANTONIO R. L'Erreur de Descartes: La raison des émotions. Paris: Odile Jacob, 1994.

Review: Anon. in Le Point (3 juin 1995), 66: The author proposes "cette thèse étonnante: sans émotions, l'homme ne saurait calculer, déduire, comprendre. Bref, nous pensons aussi avec ce qu'autrefois on nommait le coeur ou l'âme." In support of this notion, three "thèses" are proposed: First, "Il n'y a pas de 'raison pure': loin de les gouverner, la raison est informée par les passions, et notamment les 'six primitives' de D. . . ." Second, "La perception des émotions a une valeur cognitive. D. se trompe en ne voyant que le rôle négatif des émotions faussant le raisonnement, et non leur rôle positif . . . ." Finally, "Le cerveau n'est pas coupé du corps . . . ." The reviewer finds that ". . . ce livre stimulant prend à partie la double erreur de D. D'une part, son dualisme de l'esprit et du corps. . . . D'autre part, un second dualisme, au sein de l'homme pensant, oppose raison et passions . . . ." "Certes, on hésitera à suivre l'optimisme de Damasio," states the reviewer, ". . . mais on ne saurait récuser la force et la cohérence de sa démonstration."

DAMASIO, ANTONIO R. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. London: Picador, 1995.

Review: Daniel C. Dennett in TLS 4821 (25 Aug. 1995), 3–4: The elaboration and history of Cartesian dualism is at the base of this "wonderfully written book" that seeks to restore appreciation for the perspective of the body and the shared balance of powers from which we emerge as conscious persons. The review is also a fine essay for those interested in Dennett.

FERRY, LUC. "Les Français sont ils encore cartésiens?" Le Point (3 juin 1995), 56–57.

First of several articles on D. in this issue of the magazine. "'Qui lit encore Descartes? Sans doute bien peu de monde, hors du milieu scolaire et universitaire. Et pourtant le mythe persiste: le Français a 'l'esprit cartésien.'" "Dans la sphère de la religion, comme dans celles de la politique et de la culture, [l'influence du cartésianisme] est encore si présente que nous pouvons être cartésiens sans jamais avoir lu une ligne de D." This brief article includes historical background.

FERRY, LUC. "Sa Vie comme un roman." Le Point (3 juin 1995), 58–59.

"Il y eut beaucoup de rêveries, de tumultes et de passions dans la vie de cet ami de la raison." Biographical summary.

GRISONI, DOMINIQUE ANTOINE. "Une Morale par provision." Le Point (3 juin 1995), 64–67.

"Descartes considérait qu'un traité de morale serait le couronnement de son oeuvre philosophique. Mais il ne l'a jamais écrit. Depuis, on s'interroge: sa 'morale par provision' avait elle vocation à devenir définitive?" "Le problème de la morale cartésienne est l'un des plus épineux auxquels les historiens de la philosophie ont eu à s'affronter. La raison? D. lui même. Tout au long de sa vie, le philosophe a tenu des propos contradictoires sur le sujet." Although, in the domain of "morale," D. "se révèle un adepte du flou artistique," in G.'s opinion, it is possible to find in D.'s writings "l'architecture cohérente d'une morale précise." According to G., "l'équilibre . . . [est] le maître mot de la morale cartésienne. Celui qui explique pourquoi le philosophe . . . avait placé médecine et morale sur le même plan: l'une aspire à l'équilibre du corps et l'autre à celui de l'âme."

MARION, JEAN LUC. "Descartes notre contemporain. Interview: Jean Luc Marion." Le Point (3 juin 1995), 60–62.

Introductory statement: "Relire Descartes? Rien n'est plus urgent, plus actuel, d'après J. L. M., son meilleur exégète français." According to M., it was not until early in the 19th century that people began to believe that "les Français sont cartésiens." M. says, "Il ne me semble guère possible de se déclarer, aujourd'hui, 'cartésien' . . . . Pourtant, on peut lire D. comme un contemporain. Car nous nous débattons toujours dans les oppositions qu'il a construites." M. goes on to explain why Cartesian thought remains relevant in the modern world. "En fait," concludes M., "les débats de la postmodernité restent largement cartésiens."

REVEL, JEAN FRANÇOIS. "Descartes, c'est la France, hélas!" Le Point (3 juin 1995), 62–63.

"On se demande comment a pu prendre naissance, deux siècles après sa mort, le D. imaginaire sur lequel nous vivons depuis lors. Car . . . D. n'a rien compris et, même s'est opposé de toutes ses forces à l'événement [sic] fondateur de la science: la naissance de la physique galiléenne et de la méthode expérimentale baconienne. Dès que lui parvient la nouvelle d'une expérience qui réfute l'une de ses idées préconçues, il récuse l'expérience." "Pour Kant, le livre fondateur [in philosophy or theory of knowledge] au XVIIe siècle, ce n'est pas le charmant mais banal 'Discours de la méthode,' c'est le 'Novum Organum' de Francis Bacon . . . ." (Title of article alludes to title of book by André Glucksmann, Descartes, c'est la France.)

• See also Part II:  Mcconachie, Bruce
• Raymond, Jean-François
• Siguret, François
• Part III:  Akerman, Susanna
• Bornstein, Kate
• Cartmill, Constance
• Eriksson, Gunnar
• Fink, Eugen
• Gavroglu, Kostas
• Harth, Erica
• Hoffman, Joshua
• Koch, Philip
• Lennon, Thomas
• Leterre, Thiery
• Matthews, Gareth
• Musgrave, Allen
• Nadler, Steven
• Schiffman, Zachary
• Sheets-Johnstone, Maxine
• Sorabji, Richard
• Woolhouse, R. S.
• Part IV:  Beugnot, Bernard
• Desan, Philippe
• Grove, Laurence
• Harth, Erica
• McKenna, Andrew
• Moles, Elizabeth

DESJARDINS, MARIE-CATHERINE

• See Part IV:  Jensen, Katharine

DROUIN, NICOLAS

DOGLIO, MARIANGELA MAZZOCHI, éd. Nicolas Drouin, dit Dorimond: Théâtre. Fasano/Paris: Schena/Nizet, 1992.

Review: D. Shaw in MLR 90 (1995), 189–90: "This is a work of considerable scholarly interest, offering, in a most accessible form, the first collected edition of the works of the other significant seventeenth century actor manager author."

• See French 17 (1994).

D'URFE

GREGORIO, LAURENCE A. The Pastoral Masquerade: Disguise and Identity in L'Astrée." Stanford: Anma Libri, 1992.

Review: Marie-Odile Sweetser in FR 68 (1995), 874–75: A sociocritical perspective and analytical study of the different kinds of disguise that form the identities of the novel's characters: a Platonic strain, identified from a history of disguise is present, but characters do not always measure up to the expected idealization/perfection or social class and mask do not match. "Analyses précises et méthodiques."

• See French 17 (1994, 1993).

JÜRGENSEN, RENATE. Die deutschen Übersetzungen der Astrée des Honoré d'Urfé. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1990.

Review: T. Koch in ZRP 110 (1994), 560–61: Important reference for students/scholars of the pastoral in both German and Romance literatures. Treats not only the history of the text and interpretations but also the wider context such as the aristocracy, religious wars. Useful bibliography.

ZOTOS, ALEXANDRE. "Dichotomies et ambivalences de l'univers pastoral dans l'Astrée." Tra Lit 7 (1994), 91–101.

In the context of "le statu formel du berger" and "la représentation du séjour pastoral," Z. brings to light "certaines des intentions ou postulations du roman . . . dans l'ordre esthétique et moral." To accomplish this, Z. considers a series of antinomies from both thematic and structural perspectives. Thus, Le Forez, for example, is both "un ici familier" and "un ailleurs." The dualities develop, in L'Astrée, "la dialectique de l'être et du faire . . . en même temps que la quête d'unité et d'harmonie."

• See also Part IV:  Greenberg, Mitchell
• Motte, Warren
• Rohou, Jean

DU RYER, PIERRE

GAINES, JAMES F. and PERRY GETHNER, eds. Lucrèce, tragédie (1638). Genève: Droz. 1994.

Review: Georges Forestier in RHL 95:2 (Mars-avril 1995) 311–12: F. initially welcomes this edition, calling du Ryer "l'un des grands dramaturges de la première moitié du XVIIe siècle, ne le cédant qu'aux seuls Corneille et Rotrou." After summarizing du Ryer's plotline, F. places Lucrèce well within the classical tradition, calling the play "une vraie tragédie à l'antique." As for the edition itself, F. states that "Le texte de la pièce est établi avec soin et il est bien annoté." However, F. criticizes the editors for presenting an introduction that situates the work within du R.'s oeuvre and within a general literary context, but does not raise basic issues such as character, theme, and "les questions de dramaturgie et d'écriture." In addition, the introduction mentions neither Ovid nor G.B. Mamiani's Lucrezia as a possible antecedent. Finding further shortcomings in the work, F. claims that the editors do not, at any time study the text as a tragedy, and that they obfuscate the political message of the play by confusing "monarchie légitime absolutiste et usurpation tyrannique."

Review: M. F. Hilgar in PFSCL 22 (1995), 650–651: According to reviewer, an excellent edition of a play that has not been in print since 1638 and that figured prominently in the formal development of tragic theater and in the creation of political tragedy.

ROHOU, JEAN, ed. Pierre Du Ryer. Dynamis. Exeter: U of Exeter Press, 1992.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 29 (1993), 372: Appreciates R.'s persuasive argument regarding importance of this text and its socio-political context; finds disappointing certain omissions and inconsistancies.

FATOUVILLE

• See Part IV:  Mazouer, Charles
• Truchet, Jacques

FENELON

CUCHE, FRANÇOIS XAVIER, ed. Fénelon, Lettre à Louis XIV. Précédé de "Un prophète à la cour." Rezé: Editions Séquences, 1994.

Review: F. Lagarde in PFSCL 22 (1995), 640–641: According to reviewer, "Cuche fait de la Lettre un texte plus mystique que politique, plus prophétique que rebelle, et entreprend de la défendre." A welcome reedition of the work.

ORCIBAL, JEAN avec JACQUES LE BRUN et IRENEE NOYE, eds. Correspondance de Fénelon. vol. X: Fénelon dans la retraite (juin 1699-décembre 1702; vol. XI same title; vol. XII: Les Nouvelles Controverses (1703–1707); vol. XIII same title; vol.XIV: Guerre, négociations, théologie (1708–1711); vol. XV: same title. Genève: Droz, 1989–1994.

Review: A. Vermeylen in LR 47 (1993), 132–133: Welcome addition to the monumental collection and a tribute to its initiator Orcibal, "ce modèle d'érudition et de labeur infatigable." dix-septiémistes will regret his death but continue to appreciate in these volumes his solid direction of a fine team.

RILEY, PATRICK. Fénelon-Telemachus. Cambridge: CUP, 1995.

• See also Part I:  Parussa, Gabriella
• Part IV:  Liebacher-Ouvrard, Lise
• Pleynet, Marcelin

FERRAND, ANNE

• See Part IV:  Jensen, Katharine

FOIGNY

RONZEAUD, PIERRE, ed. La Terre australe connue (1676). Paris: STFM, 1990.

Review: Madeleine Alcover in FR 67 (1994), 866–67: Wisely uses the text of 1676 (without modernization) with variants from the 1692 that show the mutilation of the text in response to censorship. Introductory study, "a (re)lecture 'negative du roman'" is appreciated, including its many questions still open concerning the interpretation of the text, the author's intentions, and the author himself. Alcover raises a number of interpretive questions.

• See French 17 (1993, 1992, 1991).

FONTENELLE

NIDERST, ALAIN, éd. Oeuvres complètes. Tome V: Théâtre et autres textes. Tome VI: Histoire de l'Académie des Sciences. Paris: Fayard, 1993/94.

Review: P. Hourcade in PFSCL 22 (1995), 670–671: Volume 5 contains items dating from 1710 to 1741 and relating to the writer's theatrical production and the academic discourses. Volume 6 contains the scientific academic discourses and correspondence. Very valuable editions.

• See also Part IV:  Niderst, Alain
• Viala, A.

FRANÇOIS DE SALES

• See Part III:  Salazar, Philippe-Joseph

FURETIERE

GIARDIMA, CALOGERO. Narration, burlesque et langage dans le Roman Bourgeois de Furetière. Paris: Minard, 1993.

Review: Marc Escola in RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994), 1080–81: G.'s work consists of five studies on F.'s novel, with emphasis on the manner in which Le Roman Bourgeois subverts the esthetic of the baroque novel. Citing G., E. states, "C'est l'ensemble des `procédés formels visant à tourner en dérision les récits de l'époque' qui intéresse Calogéro Giardima." Satire of the baroque transforms itself into the burlesque, defined as "la parodie des grands thèmes romanesques (l'amour, l'héroïsme, et le beau langage)," as well as by a "`jeu verbal' sur l'onomastique et la polysémie." Subjectivity of perspective is assured by the "omniprésence du jeu qui parvient paradoxicalement à rendre son roman vraisemblable en définissant un nouveau réalisme.'" Quoting G., E. concludes that altering conventional narrative structures allows Furetière to "répondre aux aberrations romanesques de l'âge baroque par "`l'incohérence' d'une intrique qui juxtapose deux intriques différentes, dont chacune constitue un roman."

GIARDINA, CALOGERO. "Narration, burlesque et langage dans Le Roman bourgeois d'Antoine Furetière." ALM 257 (1993), 1–81.

Multifaceted treatment of this "livre paradoxal" which is at once a product of its time ("procédés chers aux romanciers . . . le hasard . . . le réalisme . . . des personnages outranciers . . . la composition du récit . . . pas si différente de celle de l'Astrée," and a parody of the very narrative strategies it uses. G. also demonstrates surprising affinities with the nouveau roman. Useful notes complete this study which is in five parts: 1)"la parodie des grands, thèmes du roman de l'âge baroque et le burlesque (l'amour, le héros, le beau langage)," 2) "le langage, le burlesque et le jeu," 3) "narration, réalisme et subjectivité," 4) "les types d'énoncés," 5) "la structure narrative."

• See also Part I:  Parussa, Gabriella
• Part IV:  Rodriguez, Pierre
• Shapiro, Norman
• Stackelberg, Jurgen

GALILEO

CAMPANELLA, THOMAS. A Defense of Galileo.... Ed and trans. Richard J. Blackwell. Notre Dame/London: U of Notre Dame P, 1994.

Review: Maurice Finocchiaro in Isis 86 (1995) 108–9: Valuable text (supersedes 1937 trans.) concerning G.'s status in 1613–16 and "in its liberal context" fuller evidence for a progressive wing of the Church. Campanella elaborates many arguments present in G.'s "Letter to the Grand Duches Catherine." Long, well-informed introduction:" a welcome addition to the literature on the Galileo "affair."

FANTOLI, ANNIBALE. Galileo: For Copernicanism and the Church. Trans.Georg V. Coyne. Vatican City State: Vatican Observatory Publications, 1994.

Review: Maurica A Finocchiaro in Isis 86 (1995), 486–87: An account of the "Galileo affair" that is "well documented, intelligently argued, deeply insightful, and judiciously balanced." The best one-volume, up-to-date account of the episode, which renders older one-volume accounts obsolete "and moves the discussion to a higher level."

RESTON, JAMES. Galileo: A Life. New York: Harper Collins, 1994.

Review: Maurice A Finocchario in Isis 86 (1995), 487–88: "A popular biography that has merit for the aesthetic values of Reston's writing and the universalist intention; however...reluctantly, it cannot be recommended to its intended public, or to anyone else: too many factual errors, edited quotations, no standard bibliographical references, full of untenable interpretations, many unsubstantiated claims and non-sequiturs.

SHARRATT, MICHAEL. Galileo: Decisive Innovator. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994.

Review: William A. Wallace in Isis 86 (1995), 326–27: With clarity and brevity, and evenhanded narrative, a long needed single-volume that is abreast of recent scholarship and brings the man to life in his scientific, social, and religious contexts. The concluding chapter recounts the efforts made by the Holy See (1964–1992) to reopen and rehabilitate Galileo.

WALLACE, WILLIAM A. Galileo, the Jesuits, and the Medieval Aristotle. Aldershot/Brookfield, Vt.: Variorum, 1991.

Review: Lawrence M. Principe in Isis 85 (1994), 694: Valuable collection of 15 papers from the 1980s: the first 8 complement the author's Galileo and his Sources (1984), the others his Galileo's Logic of Discovery. Important since "the relationship of Galileo to his Aristotelian Jesuit sources still has an important role to play in the larger arena of the current (much needed) revaluation of the revolutionary paradigm of scientific development," here ironically favoring the "continuity theory."

• See also Part III:  Baronini, Gabriele
• Bedini, Silvio

GALLAND

COUVREUR, MANUEL et DIDIER VIVIERS. "Galland se relit: correction ou censure?" RBPH 72 (1994), 585–93.

Etude de deux textes, Smyrne ancienne et moderne et voyage fait en Levant, et de l'évolution d'un écrivain. "Comme le prouve une analyse de son travail de traduction, cette évolution résulte en fait de l'application, à ses propres oeuvres, de procédés qu'il maîtrisait parfaitement, mais qu'il réservait uniquement à l'imitation d'auteurs anciens et modernes, comme pour trouver une frontière entre une oeuvre d'art et son simple travail de savant antiquaire."

GASSENDI

BERNIER, FRANÇOIS. Abrégé de la philosophie de Gassendi. Eds. Sylvia Murr and Genevieve Stefani. 7 vols. Paris: Fayard, 1992.

Review: Lynn S. Joy in Isis 85 (1994), 152–53: The Abrégé is welcomely recovered for textual study in this readable edition. Reviewer gives a helpful summary of Bernier's editorial practice and problems raised by it and by the discrepancy between the prefatory presentation of Gassendi and G's own view of himself as philosopher. The questions: finally to what degree Bernier was himself a Gassendist and Gassendism a coherent philosophical movement.

• See French 17 (1993).

MURR, SYLVIA, ed. Bernier et les Gassendistes. Paris: Corpus des Oeuvres de philosophie de Langue Française, 1992.

Review: Lynn S. Joy in Isis 85 (1994), 153–54: Essays contribute to our understanding of the ways we may better know Gassendi by greater attention to his disciples: revision of the Syntagma on circulation of the blood (S. Murr), on Bernier's opinions of G.'s and Descarte's views on space (R. Ariew); Fred Michael on the logic of ideas; Carole Talon-Hugon's comparison with Acquinas; A. Niderst on dissemination. The best starting point for future scholarship: Jean Menard's "La Modernité de Bernier."

• See also Part II:  Popkin, Richard
• Part III:  Lennon, Thomas

GILLET DE LA TESSONERIE

CHAPLIN, P. E., ed. Gillet de la Tessonerie, L'art de régner. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1993.

Review: H. Baby-Litot in PFSCL 22 (1995), 251–253: The first critical edition of the forgotten tragi comedy that will interest, among others, historians of the monarchy and pedagogues.

GODY

• See Part IV:  Harry, Patricia

GOULAS, NICOLAS

• See Part IV:  Bertaud, M.

GOURNAY, MARIE DE

• See Part IV:  Sartori, Eva

GRAFFIGNY, FRANÇOISE DE

• See Part IV:  Gethner, Perry
• Jensen, Katharine
• Liu, Catherine

GUILLERAGUES

• See Part IV:  Muratore, Mary Jo

HARDY

HOWE, ALAN, ed. Didon se sacrifiant. Genève: Droz, 1994.

Review: T. Alliott in MLR 90 (1995), 751: A "scholarly and sensitive edition of an important text." Howe examines "the perhaps surprising fidelity of Hardy's text to the Latin original and the dramatic debt that he owed to Jodelle's tragedy of the same name, published in 1574." Howe argues for "the coherence and subtlety of the psychological presentation of Didon and Aenée."

Review: C. Delmas in PFSCL 22 (1995), 278–279: The first truly critical edition of the work: "L'auteur met l'accent sur une 'dramaturgie de la rupture' largement fondée sur l'exploitation nouvelle des conflits et les balancements psychologiques entre devoir d'Etat et passion au point de faire de Hardy le précurseur direct de Racine dans Bérénice et Phèdre, alors même que les hésitations des personnages sont présentées comme caractéristiques de l'ambiguïté 'baroque.'"

HUET, PIERRE-DANIEL

GUELLOZ, SUZANNE, ed. Actes du Colloque de Caen. Paris: PFSCL/Biblio 17, 83 (1994).

Review: Frédéric Charbonneau in IL 47:2 (mars-avril 1995), 46–47. C. applauds the appearance of this compendium which fills "une lacune manifeste de la bibliographie de cet auteur important." Along with the collection of papers is a "version allégée" of the catalogue of Huet's works. The purpose of this catalogue, according to C., is to "fournir la localisation précise de divers documents d'archives, manuscrits et éditions originales, dispersés dans les bibliothèques municipales." Among the most notable of topics are the refutation of the claim that Huet was an ardent skeptic, Huet's anti-cartensianism, and his relationship to Jansenism and the Jesuits.

SALAZAR, PHILIPPE-JOSEPH, éd. Mémoires (1718). Toulouse: Société de Littératures Classiques, 1993.

Review: Alain Génetiot in RHL 95:1 (Janvier-février 1995), 90: The context within which G. evaluates S.'s work is Ch. Nisard's nineteenth-century translation of Huet's Commentaires. While praising S. for "rendant à nouveau accessible un texte capital pour l'intelligence des milieux érudits de la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle, G. points out that unlike Nisard, S. does not add Huet's two famous letters to Perrault on the "Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes, et à Montausiersur le sublime." For G., however, the largest difference between the two editions concerns the notes, which, in Nisard's work are primarily bio-bibliographical, while Salazar "se concerne exclusivement au repérage rigoreux des texts évoqués, renchérissant alors considérablement sur son prédécesseur."

IGNATIUS OF LOYOLA

MEISSNER, WILLIAM W. Ignatius of Loyola: The Psychology of a Saint. New Haven/London: Yale UP, 1992.

Review: E. G. Gleason in RenQ 47 (1994), 421–422: Although the work could have gained from better editorial guidance and some pruning, it is judged "sophisticated [and] intelligently argued." G. finds the portrait convincing as it places the saint in his "cultural and religious context and draws his trajectory from an aristocratic courtier and intrepid soldier to a spiritual ascetic." Of particular interest to specialists of devotional poetry.

JURIEU

DELUMEAU, JEAN. L'Accomplissement des prophéties. Imprimerie Paris: Nationale, 1994.

Review: Jean Nicolas in QL (16–31 janvier 1995), 26: "Le huguenot J. est surtout connu pour sa d_nonciation violente de la politique religieuse de Louis XIV, mais dans L'Accomplissement des Prophéties, pub[l]ié en 1686, . . . il affirme ses certitudes millénaristes à grand renfort de citations bibliques . . . ." "J. formule dans une langue vigourouse et colorée l'espérance populaire d'un soulagement immédiat sous le règne de l'église terrestre de Jésus Christ." "Cette rédition d'un texte en apparence loin de nous, traversé de mystères et de furies d'un autre âge, éclaire jusqu'aux racines des faits de mentalités sans doute permanents, à la fois positifs et négatifs: le repli fanatique dans les fantasmes sectaires, mais aussi la promesse du bonheur comme ultime étape de l'avance du temps."

KEPLER

PANTIN, ISABELLE, ed. Dissertatio cum nuncio sidereo.... Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1993.

Review: James R. Voelkel in Isis 85 (1994), 513: Painstakingly edited text, valuably annotated with fluent French translation. Three-part intro traces the historical context, situates the concepts within Kepler's career, and contrasts Galileo with him.

LA BRUYERE

LAFOND, JEAN. "De la guerre et de la paix, de la monarchie et de la république, dans 'Démophile et Basilide' (Les Caractères, X, 11)," in 'Diversité, c'est ma devise.' Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 281–299.

L. concludes that near the end of the century in La B.'s work "ainsi naît un regard ethnologique qui ne pouvait pas ne pas tenir à distance le temps présent, laissant pressentir par là même l'importance de la relation des moeurs au politique. C'est la littérature qui, en l'occurrence, s'est montrée le moyen le plus aigu et le plus subtil de cette mise à distance, qui est aussi mise en question."

MAZAHERI, HOMAYOUN, "L'animal dans Les Caractères de La Bruyère." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991), 135–46.

M. places La B. on the side of Montaigne, La Fontaine and Gassendi in the debate with Descartes over animal intelligence. According to M., La B. contradicts D.'s theory of "animaux-machines" in De L'Homme, Des Esprits Forts, and Des Jugements. M. also cites passages from Montaigne's L'Apologie de Raymond Sebond and La F.'s Discours à Madame de La Sablière attesting to animal cognition. La B.'s emphasis on humanity's cruelty, not only to animals, but to all life, leads M. to assert that "L'homme est, en effet, considéré comme une sorte d'animal." M. concludes by mentioning Bossuet's critique of Montaigne's writings on animal intelligence. Although not stating it directly, the author implies that Bossuet saw himself in opposition to La B. in this debate.

MAZAHERI, HOMAYOUN. "La Bruyère: de la nostalgie à l'espoir." RF 105 (1993), 102–109.

Surprising re-examination of La B.'s perspectives, finds him an "esprit progressiste, non réactionnaire." If M. admits that La B. is "relativement pessimiste," he also finds "quelques lueurs d'espoir" such as La B.'s belief in literature and the fact the the moralist continues to dire even if the essential has been said.

• See also Part IV:  Faudemay, Alain
• LE FRANÇAIS...
• Toumayan, Alain
• Viala, A.
• Waterson, Karolyn
• Woshinsky, Barbara

LA CALPRENEDE

SNAITH, GUY. "All for Friendship: La Calprenede's Phalante and Other Friends." SCFS 17 (1995), 147–55.

Examines the ways in which seven of the nine extant plays represent a "world in which friendship stands out as a value which is never dishonoured." A significant contribution to the growing number of studies on friendship in 17th-century France.

• See also Part IV:  Bannister, Mark

LA CEPPEDE, JEAN DE

GANIM, RUSSELL. "A Kiss is Not Just a Kiss: The Use of Baiser in La Ceppède's Théorèmes." RLA (Vol. VI, 1994) 61–66.

G. argues for La Ceppède's a lo divino adaptation of the Renaissance lyric subgenre of the baiser. La Ceppède appropriates this lyric form in order to demonstrate how erotic love can be transposed on a divine level. G. discusses La Ceppède's sacred rehabilitation of the baiser in several sonnets of the Théorèmes, but emphasizes that the baiser jumeau between Mary and Christ, depicted in sonnet (I,3,13), acts as a response to the kiss of Judas, portrayed in sonnet (I,1,43). The poet's goal in recuperating secular lyric subgenres is to redeem them, so that those who read the poetry "may attain the same purity, with literature's transformation enabling the reader's."

LADVOCAT, LOUIS

• See Part IV:  La Gorce, Jerome

LAFAYETTE, MME DE

HENRY, PATRICK, ed. The Inimitable Example: The Case for the Princesse de Cleves. Washington: The Catholic Univ. of America P, 1992.

Review: H. Porre in Fr 67 (1993), 354–55: Excellent collection of 12 articles of divergent approaches and methodologies, of uniform high quality of scholarship and writing. Attention has generally shifted from interest in the "aveu" to the dénouement, considered here with stimulating diversity. Intro by Henry outlines history of critical reception; epilogue, by John D. Lyons a mise-au-point of the articles' contribution to it. Extensive biblio. "An important contribution."

• See French 17 (1994, 1993).

JAYMES, DAVID. "The Princesse de Clèves through a Microscope Darkly." PFSCL 22 (1995), 611–619.

J. studies the related themes of curiosity and "instrumentalized" seeing in the novel: ". . . it is as if the Princess were confined to a cabinet curieux and investigated and forced to examine herself with the aid of a metaphorical microscope. . . . The Princess thus realized her mother's deathbed wishes, to accede fully to her destiny as a bearer of pure meaning, to become the precious object of wonderment and curiosity that only she could be. In so doing she had to remove herself completely from the 'economic circuit,' shutting herself up in a museum that was a tomb, rendering herself invisible in the two senses of that French word."

MICKELSEN, DAVID. "You Can Never Tell: Déja Vu and Jamais Vu in La Princesse de Clèves." RLA (Vol. VI, 1994) 135–140.

M. argues that La Fayette's novel "undermines vision as a sufficient and reliable source of knowledge, [because] it disrupts both social and personal expectations for both characters and readers." Citing Nemours's astonishment and despair at the novel's conclusion, M. states that "a hermeneutic based on vision must fail when confronted with complex, subtle or unforseen mental states." M. takes as an example the Princess's ultimate response to Nemours, which the latter "expects" will be "affective," but turns out to be "an idealizing intellectual stance."

PAULSON, MICHAEL G. andTAMARA ALVAREZ-DETRELL,trans. Madame de La Fayette's The Princess of Cleves. Lanham, MD: UP of America, 1994.

New readable translation in a modern language format with introduction, critical commentary, and Who's Who section.

ROHRER, JAYMES ANNE. "Epistolary Intercourse in La Comtesse de Tende." RLA (Vol VI, 1994), 160–164.

R. examines the importance of the letter in La Fayette's novella. Among other things, R. discusses the letter as a "figurative sex act" between the correspondents." In discussing Navarre's letter to the Comtesse, R. states that the missive "metonymically stands for its writer, [as] it is delivered on to the countess's bed, the contracted site of their future trysts." At the beginning and end of the article, R. mentions the countess's reply to Navarre. This letter "is referred to but not textually reproduced." She calls this a "suppressed" letter, which corresponds to the fact that La Fayette's text itself was suppressed until after her death. Both the letter and the novella were stifled, she argues, because of their "scandalous natures." For R., this unique relationship between narrative and textual history shows La Fayette's attempt to "subver[t] a social order that suppresses `illegitimate' channels of power and intercourse."

• See also Part I:  De Mulder, Walter
• Part IV:  Boursier, Nicole
• Charles, Kenneth
• DeJean, Joan
• Douthwaite, Julia
• Duchêne, Roger
• Greenberg, Mitchell
• Klein, Nancy
• Liu, Catherine
• Muratore, Mary Jo
• Prince, Gerald
• Rodriguez, Pierre
• Rohou, Jean
• Sartori, Eva
• Staten, Henry

LA FONTAINE

BECKER, KARIN. "Elemente mittelalterlicher Schwankkomik in La Fontaines Contes et Nouvelles en vers," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 43–62.

BRANAN, ELISABETH GIROD. La Fontaine: Au dela des "bagatelles" des Contes et des "badineries" des Fables. Lexington, Ky.: French Forum, 1993.

Review: T. Alliott in MLR 90 (1995), 440: Author starts from the premise that the Contes and the Fables of La Fontaine should be understood in terms of interrelationship, for they have common stylistic features and are united above all by their moral themes. Reviewer feels that "it might have been beneficial to take into account more frequently the different expectations raised by these distinct genres."

Review: J.-P. Collinet in RF 105 (1993), 450–452: Finds B.'s "agréable essai" useful to "gens de goût" and "exégètes déjà chevronnés du poète" as well as to "étudiants novices." Singles out B.'s analyses of themes such as the king and the court, the poet's attraction to solitude, and so forth. Finds that B.'s principal merit is to "mettre mieux en lumière l'indépendance de La Fontaine et d'en proposer une définition plus adéquate et très judicieusement affinée."

Review: Alain Génetiot in RHL 95:1 (Janvier-février 1995), 89. G. notes that B.'s work focuses on "les thématiques de la critique morale et sociale" at the end of the seventeenth century. B's thesis is that La Fontaine is best termed a "pessimiste, mais non désespéré, qui se réserve pour s'évader une `arrière boutique' à la Montaigne." G. faults B. for an excessively "descriptive" approach that focuses little on La Fontaine research published within the last ten years.

Review: Roseann Runte in Fr 68 (1995) 525–26: "A very intelligent and useful integrated reading," unified by treatment of solitude and retreat and placed in comparison with others from d'Urfé to Deshoulières, the philosophy of Gassendi, and the pessimism aggravated by speculation and discussion of the political theories of Hobbes and Machiavelli.

BRODY, JULES. "Lecture philologique d'une fable de La Fontaine: Le coq et le renard (II, 15)." in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 81–91.

B. concludes that the fable is "saturé, jusque dans les recoins les plus refoulés de son fond et de sa forme, par des variantes tautologiques sur les thèmes de la dualité et de l'ambiguité de l'existence."

CALDER, ANDREW. "La Fontaine and La Rochefoucauld: The Other as Reflection of the Self." SCFS 17 (1995), 37–51.

Using the paradigm of friendship as occasion for self-knowledge, and regulation of excessive self-love, examines LF's tributes to LR. Wisdom is availability, seen in the "mirror of others," and the resulting "pleasure of knowing a multiplicity of selves."

COLLINET, JEAN PIERRE, éd. Jean de La Fontaine, Poésies et oeuvres diverses. Paris: La Table Ronde, 1994.

Review: Jean Plaud in IL 47:3 (mai-juin 1995) 47: P. claims that C.'s edition "invite à lire ou à relire des oeuvres en vers ou en prose de La Fontaine autres que le Fables et les Contes." Among the notable aspects of the work are its "préface substantielle" as well as its "notes sobres [qui] facilitent utilement la lecture des textes." P. praises the "diversity" of the edition which includes works such as L'Eunuque, Adonis, and Le Songe de Vaux.

Review: M. O. Sweetser in PFSCL 22 (1995), 638–639: A pocket edition of lesser known works with preface, endnotes, and chronology of the author's life. Reviewer states that "ce qui fait le prix de cette anthologie sans prétention savante est la parfaite intelligence et le goût raffiné qui ont présidé au choix des textes."

COLLINET, JEAN-PIERRE. "La Fontaine et ses jeunes veuves." Tra Lit 7 (1994), 165–183.

"La Fontaine et la mort; beau sujet sur lequel nous manque une étude." C.'s analysis demonstrates the individuality and "fine vérité" in La F.'s incarnation of "l'éternel féminin." Characterized as "profound" despite "apparences de légèreté," La F.'s poetic rendering of young widows was appreciated by a society filled with so many (C. enumerates several, from Madame de Sévigné to Hortense Mancini): "On conçoit aisément que, de chacune et d'elles toutes, l'oeuvre de La Fontaine ait pu capter et retenir de fugaces reflets."

DANDREY, PATRICK, éd. Le Fablier. (Revue des Amis de Jean de La Fontaine, 4). Chateau Thierry: Société des Amis de Jean de La Fontaine, 1992.

Review: M. Slatter in MLR 89 (1994), 1003: Fifth issue of papers and articles from the annual conference of the Society. Review under the general direction of M. Fumaroli "reflects the breadth as well as the scholarship of this dynamic new society." Particular praise for the articles by Collinet on "Les Deux Pigeons" and Moreau on Psyché.

DANDREY, PATRICK and ALAIN GENETIOT, éds. Le Fablier. (Revue des Amis de Jean de La Fontaine, 5) Actes du colloque 'La Fontaine de Château-Thierry à Vaux-le-Vicomte': Première partie: Les Années de formation. Château-Thierry: Société des Amis de Jean de la Fontaine, 1993.

Review: T. Alliott in MLR 90 (1995), 751–52: "This issue of Le Fablier includes some contributions to the 1993 colloquium focused on the earlier years of the poet's career." M. Fumaroli explores the influence of Giambattista Marino on La Fontaine; A Génetiot stresses Marot and Voltaire as models for the naïve/natural style of studied negligence and mondain humor La Fontaine developed; M. McGraw explores LF's "skill in paradoxical description"; R. Duchêne clarifies the term galant in the context of "the competing claims of classical learning and social appeal in the literature of the period"; Y.-M. Bercé reviews evolving historical interpretations of Foucquet's trial.

Review: J. P. Collinet in PFSCL 22 (1995), 261–263: A "riche numéro" of conference studies and other items.

Review: Alain Génetiot in RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994), 1082–83: G. describes the collection of the "revue annuelle de la société des Amis de Jean de La Fontaine." This particular edition is dedicated to the "premier" La Fontaine, i.e., "le protégé de Fouquet avant sa brutale disgrace en 1661, et qui trouve son inspiration dans la veine ovidienne et galante goûtée par le maître Le Vaux." Among the notable papers are Marc Fumaroli's "Politique et poétique de Vénus: l'Adone de Marino et l'Adonis de La Fontaine; Alain Génetiot's "La Fontaine à l'école du style marotique et du badinage voiturien," and Margaret Mc Gowan's "L'Eloge et la discrétion: l'art de peindre chez La Fontaine."

GRIMM, JURGEN. Le pouvoir des fables. Etudes lafontainiennes I. PFSCL/Biblio 17 85 (1994).

Seventeen studies using sociocritical and historical methods to situate La F. in time. Bibliography.

GRIMM, JURGEN. "L'amour sans corps, ou l'art du 'dire sans dire' dans les Contes et nouvelles de La Fontaine," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 281–299.

Studies La F.'s rhetoric of indirection: "Ce sont des textes, au fond, très peu sensuels qui, dans la mesure où ils éliminent le corps et ses fonctions, s'adressent à la capacité intellectuelle du lecteur, au plaisir qu'il a de déchiffrer ce qu'ils disent en ne le disant pas."

HELLER, LANE M. and IAN M. RICHMOND, eds. La poétique des Fables de La Fontaine. London/Ontario: Mestengo Press/The University of Western Ontario, 1994.

Review: J. P. Collinet in PFSCL 22 (1995), 652–654: Nine conference studies which critically are a "carrefour entre la tradition la plus immémoriale et la plus audacieuse modernité, . . ." Reviewer states that "de cette enquête collective sur le fabuliste, ressort surtout, en définitive, que s'il demeure indispensable de préciser sa rhétorique, une telle étude ne suffit plus, mais qu'elle doit se prolonger et se couronner d'une autre investigation, non moins nécessaire, mais plus délicate, spécifiquement consacrée à sa poétique."

NELL, SHARON DIANE. " Looks Can Be Deceiving: The Trompe-l'oeil Poetics of French Rococo Style." ECr 33 (1993), 43–56.

Although focusing on rococo poets such as the abbé Chaulieu and examining patterns of "heterometrical motifs," treatment has ramifications for La Fontaine studies.

NIES, FRITZ. "Appetizer der bürgerlichen Küche: La Fontaine im Alltag," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 385–395.

ORIZET, JEAN. "Jean de La Fontaine ou la morale du plaisir." RDM (avril 1995), 131–39.

A l'occasion du tricentenaire de la mort de La Fontaine, Bercé se propose d'examiner "des images convenues qui s'attachent, aujourd'hui encore, à l'auteur des Fables, et des Contes mais aussi de Psyché, d'Adonis, ou du Songe de Vaux ...."

RUBIN, DAVID LEE. A Pact with Silence: Art and Thought in the Fables of Jean de La Fontaine. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 1991.

Review: E.G. Branan in FrF 18 (1993), 98–99: Reviewer appreciates R.'s all-inclusive definition of "fable" as both lyrical and didactic; its discourse is bipartite (apologue and exposition). If B. is not convinced that the fable passed from "sagesse to system" with La Fontaine, she does note R.'s successful demonstration of the poet's uniqueness vis-à-vis the models both Aesopic and Indian. R. also contends that La F.'s Fables cohere because of their didactic unity and draws a parallel between La F. and the baroque poets' "undoing of rigorous sequence in the lyric."

SLATER, MAYA. "Death in the Fables of La Fontaine," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 217–227.

S. concludes that "the poet is much more than a stoical figure who welcomes death calmly. He can also convey feelings of fear and denial, which coexist with the loftier attitude and which result in poetry that is more complex, more realistic and ultimately more human."

SWEETSER, MARIE ODILE. "Le poète et le petit prince: stratégies d'éducation dans Les compagnons d'Ulysse," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 509–523.

Author concludes that "l'ambivalence et l'ambiguïté restent bien la marque du poète, même dans une fable destinée à célébrer un jeune prince [le duc de Bourgogne] et à l'instruire."

VINCENT, MICHAEL. Figures of the Text: Reading and Writing (in) La Fontaine. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1992.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 30 (1994), 191: Reviewer finds that V.'s method may make La F. both "more fascinating" and "less accessible." V.'s identification and decoding of 17th c. intertextual readings leads him to posit a reader "more or less disguised, in the text" plus "even more thickly disguised references to contemporary sayings, hieroglophics (sic) and emblems."

Review: J.-P. Collinet in RF 105 (1993), 443–444: Short but substantial essays in an excellent volume whose cover bears Grandville's illustration for Les Deux Pigeons. Treats, in addition, Le Fou qui vend la sagesse, Démocrite et les Abdéritains, etc.

Review: Roseann Runte in FR 68 (1995), 525: Focuses on Psyché, on selected fables: "Démocrite et les Abdéritains," "Les Deux Pigeons," "La Laitière et le pot de au lait," "Le Curé et la mort" (treated as a double fable). Close readings that are "clear, logical, original, and convincing." A book that "poses a flagstone on the pavement along the road to (re) constructing a true significance for the whole of LF's work as possessing a greater number of threads of unity than we have heretofore located."

• See French 17 (1994, 1993).

WENTZLAFF EGGEBERT, CHRISTIAN. "Bilder für das Ohr: 'Plumage' und 'ramage' bei Lafontaine und Théophile de Viau," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 525–536.

• See also Part I:  Ciffarelli, Paola
• Parussa, Gabriella
• Part IV:  Faudemay, Alain
• Fenoaltea, Doranne
• Grove, Laurence
• La Gorce, Jerome
• Mickel, Emanual
• Muratore, Mary Jo
• Nell, Sharon
• Shapiro, Norman
• Viala, A.

LA FORCE, MLLE DE

• See Part IV:  Berriot-Salvadore, Evelyne

LA FOSSE

• See Part IV:  Truchet, Jacques

LA MOTHE LE VAYER

MC BRIDE, ROBERT, ed. Lettre sur la comédie de l'Imposteur. Durham: U of Durham P, 1994.

Review: Bénédicte Louvat in RHL 95:2 (mars-avril 1995), 314: This edition attempts to prove La Mothe Le Vayer's authorship of the 1667 letter which defended Tartuffe after the play's initial interdiction in 1664. According to the reviewer, Mc B.'s proof consists of drawing parallels between the Lettre and La Mothe le Vayer's other writings on religious thought, and on the defense of the theatre. Echoing Mc B., L. reiterates the commonly-held notion that Molière himself may have co-authored the Lettre. Reviewer concludes by noting that while McB.'s hypothesis is "séduisante," and "l'ensemble souvant convaincant; les lecteurs jugeront si le débat est définitivement clos."

LA PERUSE

COLEMAN, JAMES A., ed. La Péruse: poésies complètes. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 1992.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 30 (1994), 379: Important for students of French classical theatre, since La Péruse is above all remembered for his contribution to that field. Here C., editor in 1985 of La P.'s Médée, valiantly argues for a new appreciation of La P.'s lyric poetry.

LARIVEY

BELLENGER, YVONNE, éd. Pierre de Larivey (1541–1619), Champenois, chanoine, traducteur, auteur de comédies et astrologue. Actes des sixièmes Journées rémoises et troyennes, 25–27 janvier 1991, organisées par le Centre de Recherche sur la littérature du Moyen Age et de la Renaissance de l'Université de Reims. Paris: Klincksieck, 1993.

Review: J. Emelina in PFSCL 22 (1995), 237–239: Some eight studies devoted to Larivey as a "pre Classical" author of comedies, a major translator of works from Italy and India, and an enigmatic "astrophile." According to the reviewer, this "passeur exceptionnel de la Renaissance" contributed much to the subsequent development of French literature.

Review: D. Perret in BHR 57 (1995), 287–88: Volume dedicated to R. Garapon contains papers which explore the "diverse interests and wide-ranging production" of Larivey.

LA ROCHEFOUCAULD

BAKER, SUSAN READ. "Maxims, Moralists and the Problematic of Discontinuity in Seventeenth-Century France." FLS (Vol. 21, 1994) 35–43.

B. discusses the aesthetic and substantive character of the maxim, which she describes as "an exemplary discontinuous genre." Concentrating on La Rochefoucauld's Maximes, but also mentioning La Bruyère and Montaigne, B. asserts that "in the maxim and other discontinuous texts, writing itself is displayed as an art that literally imposes itself upon the reader." She contends that discontinuity in La Rochefoucauld's text "show[s] that the quest for total knowledge inscribed by Cartesianism must be abandoned."

BIASON, M.T. La Massima o il "saper dire." Palermo: Sellerio, 1990.

Review: Marc Escola in RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994), 1081: A favorable review in which E. describes B.'s goal to "situer la maxime dans le champ littéraire des formes brèves." In the first chapter, B. defines the maxim and its "morphological, stylistic and logico-representative characteristics." The second chapter applies these theoretical notions to the Maximes, whereas the last section explores the context in which the maxim appeared in order to trace its "devenir historique." Strengths of the book include its observations on prosodic and phonetic repetition (parallelism, chiasmus, false symmetry, etc...,) as well as its critical bibliography. E. concludes, stating "On retiendra... le répertoire et la typologie des figures proposées, dont l'étendue trouverait peu d'équivalent dans les études en langue française sur les maximes."

CLARK, HENRY. La Rochefoucauld and the Language of Unmasking in Seventeenth century France. Geneva: Droz, 1994.

Review: Derek A. Watts in JES 25 (1995), 322–23: This "well documented study takes issue . . . with the prevailing orthodoxy [concerning the origin of LR.'s perspective on human nature], by pointing to other likely origins, all of them secular, of the systematically harsh views of man's nature, centred [sic] on the concept of amour propre . . . ." "With its many pages of original documentation and interpretation," says W., "this book makes a positive contribution to . . . LR. studies. It is not, however, satisfactory in all respects," according to the reviewer. Perceived drawbacks are discussed. "However, despite these shortcomings, here is a book which may be read with profit by all who are fascinated by a challenging problem that will doubtless never be solved."

HODGSON, RICHARD G. "Les 'divers degrés de la chaleur du sang': le corps et les passions chez La Rochefoucauld," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 239–247.

"Comme l'amour propre et beaucoup d'autres 'realia qui composent l'homme,' nos humeurs sont 'à couvert des yeux les plus pénétrants' et tout le mal qu'elles font reste presque totalement inaperçu tant que nous 'tournons toutes nos conduites' à satisfaire les passions qu'elles engendrent. Conception très pessimiste de la nature humaine, qui a fait de Nietzsche et de Lacan des lecteurs passionnés de La R."

WATTS, DEREK A. La Rochefoucauld, Maximes. Glasgow: University of Glasgow French and German Publications, 1993.

Review: Marc Escola in RHL 94:6 (Novembre-décembre 1994), 1081: E. describes W.'s work as an "ouvrage d'introduction, selon le principe de la collection qui présente brièvement le contexte historique et ésthétique de la publication des Maximes." Noting the similarity between W.'s approach and that of P. Bénichou and J. Starobinski, E. speaks of a critical perspective that emphasizes the "démolition de l'homme à travers une étude de la critique de la vertu héroique." For the reviewer, the value of W.'s work lies in its ability to "introduire le lecteur anglophone à l'histoire posthume des Maximes et à la réception de ce que J. Lafond a proposé d'appeler le `champ littéraire des formes brèves'."

• See also Part IV:  Bannister, Mark
• Faudemay, Alain
• Plantie, Jacqueline
• Todd, Janet
• Waterson, Karolyn

LA ROCHE GUILHEN, ANNE DE

• See Part IV:  Gethner, Perry

LE CLERC, JEAN

PITASSI, MARIE-CRISTINA. "La Théologie au XVIIe siècle: violence ou modération?" BSHPF 141 (1995), 341–55.

Analyzes a group of short tracts that reveal his doctrine to be that truth can only be discovered in confrontation with error, thereby excluding all use of force, physical, verbal, or moral. "The originality of Le Clerc's formulation rests, first, in a dynamic conception of the truth, and second, in a redefinition of the notions of orthodoxy and heresy."

LEIBNIZ

BELEVAL, YVON. Leibniz de l'âge classique aux lumières: lectures leibniziennes. Paris: Beauchesne, 1995.

Posthumous publication of a second volume (302 pp.) of essays largely completed at the time of Beleval's death (1988).

• See also Part III:  Akerman, Susanna
• Nadler, Steven
• Woolhouse, R. S.

LE LOYER, PIERRE

• See Part IV:  Coats, Catherine
• Perret, Donald

LE NOBLE

• See Part IV:  Serroy, Jean

LE NOTRE

• See Part IV:  Toumayan, Alain

LESPINASSE, JULIE DE

• See Part IV:  Jensen, Katharine

L'ESTOILE

• See Part IV:  Bertaud, M.

LOCKE

MARSHALL, JOHN. John Lock. Resistance, Religion, and Responsibility. Cambridge: CUP, 1995.

Advertised as providing "a major new historical account of the development of political, religious, social and moral thought..."

LOUIS XIII

• See Part II:  Zanger, Abby

LOUIS XIV

BURKE, PETER. The Fabrication of Louis XIV. New Haven: Yale UP, 1992.

Review: C. R. Coats in RenQ 47 (1994), 976–979: Judged "important, provocative but uneven," B.'s volume is to be praised for its interdisciplinary methodology. Two sections are singled out as "especially provocative": treatments of "the iconographic response to Louis' Revocation of the Edict of Nantes" and "salacious representations during unpopular periods."

• See also Part II:  Berger, Robert
• Lossky, Andrew
• Part IV:  Bertaud, M.

LULLY

COUVREUR, MANUEL. Jean Baptiste Lully: Musique et dramaturgie au service du prince. Bruxelles: Vokaer, 1992.

Review: E. Woodrough in MLR 90 (1995), 190–92: Monograph treats literary and musical aspects of Lully's work and explains "how Lully progressed from the musick'd play to the Frenchified opera.

• See also Part IV:  La Gorce, Jerome
• Winn, James

MAIRET

• See Part IV:  Dunkley, John
• Soare, Antoine

MALEBRANCHE

NADLER, STEVEN. Malebranche and Ideas. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Review: Marjorie Grene in Isis 85 (1994), 800–1: Focuses on one question—the nature and function of "ideas" in Malebranche's epistemology, rectifying interpretations from Antoine Arnauld and Locke's commentaries to the present and rehabilitating in a (rather weak) final chapter Malebranche's theory of perceptual acquaintance. Useful historical work discusses the limits of M.'s adherence to Descartes and the relation between his Cartesianism and Augustinianism.

RODIS-LEWIS, GENEVIEVE, ed. Oeuvres. vol. 2. Paris: Gallimard, 1992.

Review: Marjorie Grene in Isis 85 (1994), 800: "Excellence of scholarly apparatus makes volume a joy to use": all variants, meticulous and ample footnotes and introductory notices illuminate Malebranche's development and relation to other traditional and contemporary thinkers. Identification of biblical allusions is especially valuable. Editor "boasts" that she imposes no interpretation upon the texts.

• See also Part III:  Lennon, Thomas
• Nadler, Steven

MAYNARD

ROBERTS, WILLIAM. "Maynard and the Death of a Daughter," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 267–285.

Five paintings establish the context of high child mortality as a general 17th c. fact, into which M's Ode "L'Astre du Jour" is placed. Detailed explication presents poem as a rejection of Malherbe's "Consolation," by an inconsolable father. Deceased daughter's portrait emerges as that of an idealized, adolescent Cornelian heroine. Emotions overcome reason, but ode follows a "tightly woven plan."

MENAGE, GILLES

CAMINITI, LEA PENNAROLA, ed. Gilles Ménage: Lettres inédites à Pierre-Daniel Huet (1659–1692). Naples: Ligouri, 1993.

Review: Alain Génetiot in RHL 95:1 (Janvier-février 1995), 89–90: G. welcomes the publication of 233 letters from Ménage to Huet taken from manuscripts in Huet's dossier at the Bibliothèque Laurentienne. While the letters "portent la marque des évenements que le Parisien Ménage relate à son ami de province," they nonetheless comprise an active dialogue on intellectual issues. G. claims that the letters "sont avant tout à lire comme une conversation savante continuée, toute entière tournée vers des points de critique littéraire, linguistique et grammaticale." Of scholarly interest as well are the "excellente introduction," the notes, a complete index nominum and photographs of original manuscripts.

• See also Part I:  Leroy-Turcan, Isabelle

MOLIERE

ALBANESE, RALPH, JR. Molière a l'école républicaine (1870–1914). Stanford: Anma Libri, 1992.

Review: K. Canvat in LR 47 (1993) 343: C. calls for other studies on different authors which would similarly document how the teaching of literature "participe à la construction de notre mémoire vive." A. demonstrates M.'s value as a "référence culturelle universelle" by political systems of both Left and Right. Highlights M.'s characters with whom students can readily identify and his ideal of "l'honnête homme" from which students can form "l'esprit (critique) et le jugement." Praiseworthy.

Review: Barbara Ching in CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991) 305–07: C. describes A'.s work as "ostensibly about the development of Republican pedagogic discourse on Molière out of university-based Molière criticism." Yet, she states that in addition, "the book actually provides an interesting analysis of French literary education... as well as an overview of Molière criticism from the Revolution to the end of the Third Republic." While C. does find fault with A. for minor stylistic and structural deficiencies, she calls A.'s work " a judicious blend of literary history, reception theory, sociology of knowledge and new historicism."

Review: D. Shaw in MLR 89 (1994), 1004–05: Study "examines the cult status of Molière in the early years of the Third Republic. The author analyzes the twin track tendency of Molière's scholarship towards the end of the nineteenth century: the new respectability of literary exegesis in university circles balanced by the phenomenal popularity of Moliere among the writers of the manuels scolaires."

• See French 17 (1994, 93, 92).

ALBANESE, RALPH, JR. "Corps et corporéité dans les premières farces de Molière," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 211–220.

A Bakhtinian look at the "corps carnavalesque" in M.'s early plays.

BAMFORTH, STEPHEN, ed. Molière. Nottingham French Studies 33 (1994).

Review: J. F. Gaines in PFSCL 22 (1995), 626–627: Conference studies characterized by their "craftsmanship" and "timeliness." A volume containing "much valuable reading."

BARBIER, CHRISTOPHE. "Tartuffe au Soleil." Le Point (22 juillet 1995), 59.

"L'entreprise d'Ariane Mnouchkine [Le Tartuffe de Molière, mise en scène d'A. M., au parc des expositons de Châteaublanc], un Tartuffe chez les islamistes, ne passe pas la rampe." "Marketing et théâtre n'ont jamais fait bon ménage, [A. M.] le prouve après tant d'autres. A Avignon, intra muros, elle annonce un Tartuffe islamiste, Molière à Bab el Oued, le FIS à la cour du Roi Soleil." In B.'s opinion, "c'est un Maghreb de pacotille que déballe A. M. . . ."

BOUCQUEY, THIERRY. Mirages de la farce: Fête des fous, Bruegel et Molière. Amsterdam/Philadephia: John Benjamins, 1991.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 30 (1994), 374: Using what he terms "une méthodologie idiomatico-théâtrale" to reinterpret the genre of farce, B. both demonstrates how M. is both tied to medieval farce and goes beyond it.

BOURQUI, CLAUDE. Polémique et stratégie dans le Dom Juan de Molière. PFSCL/Biblio 17 69 (1992).

Review: Marie-France Hilgar in FR 67 (1995), 514–15: Part I examines the relationship of Dom Juan with Tartuffe and the clerical opposition that existed from 1662–64. Maintains, against Molière, that he was in fact less interested in satire than in attacking the devout with ridicule. Part II concentrates on the strategies of the play, a "morale anti-dévote" and a punishment "pas crédible." The question remains why Molière "a choisi de jouer avec le feu."

BYL, SIMON. "Molière et la médecine antique." ECL 63 (1995), 55–66.

In the conflict that pitted the medical authority of the ancients against the "moderns" who turned to empirical evidence, M. sided with the latter.

CAIRNCROSS, JOHN. "Propos sur Tartuffe; Elomire Hypocondre," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 93–98.

C. corrects dates in M.'s life and works.

CALDER, ANDREW. Molière: The Theory and Practice of Comedy. London: Athlone, 1993.

Review: Bénédicte Louvat in RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994) 1080: L. summarizes C.'s goal to "définir la nature, les structures et les enjeux de la comédie moliéresque, avec pour principal souci l'inscription de Molière dans son siècle." Molière, while inheriting a comic tradition, nonetheless brings a "new function" to comedy, "celle de mettre à nu les dysfonctionnements sociaux et moraux." This "comédie morale," essentially pessimistic in nature, precludes any kind of "prescriptive philosphy" or didacticism. L.'s final remark concerns the text's structure, that of "seize chapitres quasiment indépendants." While this type of organization may facilitate initial reading of the text, L. concludes that C.'s choice of structure "empêche la définition d'une véritable thèse sur le texte."

Review: N. A. Peacock in MLR 90 (1995), 188–89: "This study will challenge scholars to look afresh at the intellectual and moral context of Molière's work, and will give students a very useful introduction to the relationship between theatre and ideology." Reviewer finds C.'s exploration of religious satire in Tartuffe and Dom Juan particularly interesting.

• See French 17 (1994).

CRONK, NICHOLAS. "Molière-Charpentier's Le Malade Imaginaire: The First opéra-comique?" FMLS 29 (1993), 216–231.

Exciting and cogent analysis of this "bold theatrical experiment," the "prototype opéra-comique" which promoted "a partial musical-theatrical aesthetic at the moment of opera's emergence in France." Recounts the rediscovery by John Powell and reviews the 1990 Jean-Marie Villégier production.

DANDREY, PATRICK. Dom Juan ou la critique de la raison comique. Paris: Champion, 1993.

Review: Benedicte Louvat in RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994), 1079: L. calls D.'s book a "stimulante étude" that proposes "une analyse en trois volets des liens qui unissent la forme de la pièce (cinq actes de prose, une structure éclaté, un registre mêlé)." The first part of the work centers on "la forme de l'éloge paradoxal," borrowed from "la rhétorique facétieuse" which structures the plays. Next, the author looks at the "éloge paradoxal" in relation to legend and folklore. The last section focuses on the notion that contrary to his predecessors and to Thomas Corneille, "Molière choisit la posture de l'indécision critique, ironique au sens plein, sans jamais tomber dans l'aporie d'un pyrrhonisme dogmatique." While generally agreeing with D., L. does object to "l'analyse qui est faite de l'utilisation des machines" which does not adequately reflect the "sens et réalité [donné] à la confrontation avec le divin."

Review: R. Tobin in PFSCL 22 (1995), 254–256: D. studies the esthetics of paradox, irony and the openness of the work's structure, and models, especially that of Thomas Corneille, of the play, seeing in it a "poétique de l'interférence" à la Michel Serres. A study characterized by the reviewer as "sans précédent" in Molière studies because it turns to advantage both knowledge of the intellectual context of the 17th century and certain recent critical approaches.

Review: E. Van der Schueren in LR 48 (1994), 119–124: Considered "une heureuse surprise," D.'s masterful treatment "tend à retrouver autant la signification de cette pièce irregulière, bigarrée et paradoxale, que les raisons qui font en sorte que sa signification demeure 'indécise' . . . ." V. der S. highlights D. on "how to read M.:" "Dom Juan mérite d'être lu comme une critique de la raison comique à travers laquelle se trouve mise en question toute la stratégie d'émergence de la vérité dans le théâtre de Molière, et singulièrement toute lecture au premier degré de la philosophie raisonnable de ses raisonneurs."

DANDREY, PATRICK. Molière ou l'esthétique du ridicule. Paris: Klincksieck, 1992.

Review: P. Dostie in LR 48 (1994), 116–118: Highly appreciative review of D.'s global consideration of M.'s theatre in its relation to the overarching and paradoxal question of "une exigence noble, qui consiste à peindre les moeurs de son époque de façon vraisemblable, et le but profane de faire rire les honnêtes gens." Chapters focus on 1) "la poétique du ridicule", 2) "l'éthique du naturel," and 3) "l'humanité comique." Second chapter contains a section on the function of "le raisonneur." From Dostie's remarks ("solution choisie par Dandrey, le raisonneur ne serait-il pas un point de repère pour évaluer la difformité risible du héros?" It appears that Dandrey rejoins the long standing and convincing analysis by Francis Lawrence which found the raisonneurs to be "the ebullient spirits of the comedy of M. . . . whose ideas . . . catch and involve the intellect [and whose mockery] . . . comprehends and exposes all the complex involutions of the main character's fantasia" (The Nature and Function of the Raisonneur in Molière, 158–159).

Review: D. Shaw in MLR 89 (1994), 1004–05: A work of "admirable intellectual scope [which] permits an appreciation of Molière against the sweep of comic tradition." Reviewer has some difficulty with presentation and style, but judges work a valuable contribution to Moliéresque studies.

• See French 17 (1992).

DICKSON, JESSE. "L'idéologie du rire ou, comment interpréter Le Misanthrope?" FR 68 (1995), 594–95.

Unpretentious but masterful speculative interpretation of the play as a staging of "honnêteté" in which the complicitous laughter of complacency, of aggressive satire, and of irony provide an uneasy harmony.

DOCK, STEPHEN VARICK. Costume and Fashion in the Plays of Jean-Baptiste Poquelin de Molière: A Seventeenth-Century Perspective. Geneva: Editions Slatkine, 1992.

Review: James S. Gaines in FR 67 (1994), 1068–69: "A solid, reasoned study," which extends analysis to the entire canon, giving a sense of the playwright's evolving use of costumes as an element that supplements the thematic and dialogic structures also presented in verbal and gestural form. Sumptuous illustrations.

Review: Perry Gethner in CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991), 297–99: G. considers D.'s work to be a "valuable study...[that] assembles in one volume, and for the first time, all the extant documentation relating to costumes in Molière's plays...plus over 100 illustrations." While "all these accounts and illustrations have been publishes before," G. praises D.'s meticulousness in assembling them "in one place." For G., "the most original feature of Dock's analysis...is his explanation of how specific costumes may have made such a powerful impact on the original audience that they overshadowed the plot and dialogue." Among the plays in question are Dom Juan, Le Sicilien, and Le Bourgeois gentilhomme. Although G. does point out "a small number of factual errors," he views D.'s contribution as "a most welcome addition to Molière scholarship."

DUMOULIE, CAMILLE. Don Juan ou l'héroisme du désir. Paris: PUF, 1993.

Review: Sylvie Ballestra-Puech in IL 47:1 (jan-fév. 1994), 39–40: B.-P. describes D.'s goal as that of updating "les structures du mythe de Don Juan en évitant le double écueil du psychologisme et d'une analyse structurale qui réduirait le mythe à une pure forme, en négligeant la force qui l'anime: celle du désir." D.'s freudian/lacanian approach focuses in part on the relation between "Eros" and "la jouissance mystique," as well as on Molière's portrait in Don Juan of "la `folie de la raison'" and of "`cartesianisme vécu dans l'emportement du désir.'" B.-P.'s reaction is generally favorable, and concludes with the remark, "Si l'on admet la pertinence de l'approche choisie, on ne peut qu'être convaincu par la démonstration et apprécier la rigueur et la clarté dans l'utilisation des concepts psychanalitiques."

EMELINA, JEAN. "Insultes, injures et jurons dans les comédies de Molière." Tra Lit 7 (1994), 135–151.

In spite of the lack of a computerized concordance of M. and the lexical boundaries "floues et les appréciations délicates, surtout à trois siècles de distance," E. provides a fascinating study of the "gros mots" of M., insisting on their charm, theatrical function, and role as "le reflet d'une société . . . et un précieux témoignage sur une langue."

EMELINA, JEAN. "La beauté physique dans le théâtre de Molière: fragments de discours amoureux sur le corps," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 191–210.

"Constamment liée à l'amour sincère et réciproque, la vraie beauté n'est pas propice au rire mais au sourire et surtout à l'euphorie. Elle redit aux sceptiques l'optimisme de Molière, ce désir inlassable d'harmonie complète, morale, physique et sociale, qui sous tend l'action, dont elle est le couronnement, et qui fait de ses comédies un conte de fées domestique pour honnêtes gens."

FLECK, STEPHEN H. Music, Dance, and Laughter. Comic Creation in Molière's Comedy Ballets. PFSCL/Biblio 17 88 (1995).

Reviews comic theory (especially Gregory Bateson) and Molière, surveys the comedy ballets with separate chapters on Le Bourgeois gentilhomme and Le Malade imiginaire in order to reveal a"specific movement away from the uniquely comic toward a wider, thoroughgoing festivity." Includes tables of dance, music and comedy in the plays and bibliography (including discography and filmography).

GOODKIN, RICHARD E. "Between Genders, Between Genres: Célimène's Letter to Alceste in Molière's Le Misanthrope." RR 85:4 (November 1994) 553–572.

G. summarizes the thrust of his article saying that "Célimène's letter can be interpreted as epitomizing the differences between how men love and how women love. But it can also be read as a literary artifact situated at the cross-roads between classical theater and the incipient genre of the novel." After demonstrating that the recipient of Célimène's "mysterious letter" is Alceste, G. asks the question of why Célimène would write to Alceste if she had "no intention of sending [it]." The reasons lie in the notions of gender and genre. With respect to gender, Célimène, as a woman who loves out of sheer passion, Célimène cannot send her letter to Alceste because she does not believe that he, or any man, will continue to desire her once she has made herself available. The disparity between love and gender is echoed in the dissonance between the novel and the theater. As a genre, theatre cannot accomodate the letter in the same manner as the epistolary novel. Consequently, M. underscores the limitations of discourse within the play and within the genre.

GRIMM, JURGEN. Molière en son temps. PFSCL/Biblio 17 75 (1993).

Review: S. Bamforth in MLR 90 (1995), 752–53: French translation by B. Naudet and F. Londeix of Grimm's "concise and masterly study" of 1984 which adapted a socio-historical and philological approach. Reviewer finds the main strength of the work "in its combination of detailed contextualization with rigorous analysis of the plays themselves."

Review: J. -P. Collinet in RF 105 (1993), 452: Translation into French by Béatrice Naudet and Françoise Londeix of G.'s 1984 Molière, but with significant revisions and up-to-date bibliography. An important historical and sociological orientation complements a minute examination of the "oeuvre moliéresque, portant sur ses phases d'évolution, ses formes et ses thèmes."

Review: Marie-France Hilgar in FR 68 (1995), 526–27: 1984 work translated into French and updated to 1992. In four parts: Molière in his time, evolution of the theatre, sociology of comedy, "Molière texte et jeu," biblio and index. Periodization is 1663–1666, moving with social and political contexts as well as in relationship to Louis XIV. M. "adopte toujours la perspective de la cour;" résumés seem superfluous but overall "une étude solide dans son traditionalisme, une analyse qui sonne toujours juste et une des meilleures introductions au théâtre de Molière."

• See French 17 (1994).

HORVILLE, ROBERT. "Les jeunes amoureux du théâtre de Molière: des monomaniaques comme les autres?" in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 245–260.

"Les jeunes amoureux appartiennent à la tonalité romanesque de la tragi comédie, tandis que les monomaniaques s'inscrivent dans une perspective résolument comique."

LANDRY, JEAN-PIERRE. "Le rire de Molière, comédie et honnêteté." Tra Lit 7 (1994), 153–163.

Situates "le rire moliéresque" in its rapport between the comedies and the world of the 17th c. Examines successively: 1)society with its new civility and promotion of comedy, 2) "le bon et le mauvais comédiens" and the role of the raisonneur, 3) "un rire de connivence" and harmonies between "le spectateur et le spectacle présenté."

MAZOUER, CHARLES. "Georges Dandin dans le Grand divertissement royal de Versailles (1668)," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 315–329.

". . . la question herméneutique de l'unicité ou non du point de vue du dramaturge . . . se présente assez différemment si l'on considère la comédie récitée seule de Georges Dandin, ou si l'on prend en compte la totalité du spectacle tel qu'il fut donné à Versailles en 1668, avec l'énorme partie musicale de Lully."

MAZOUER, CHARLES. Molière et ses comédies ballets. Paris: Klincksieck, 1993.

Review: J. Emelina in PFSCL 22 (1995), 282–284: Studies the "'symbiose' de la danse et de la musique avec le texte." According to reviewer, "tout ce versant de l'oeuvre de Molière a été et est encore, surtout en France, souvent oublié ou négligé. En le plaçant en pleine lumière, Charles Mazouer l'a légitimement et brillament remis à l'honneur. Il nous renforce par là même dans l'idée que la 'peinture de moeurs et de caractères' et la satire morale ne sont peut être la fin dernière de la comédie."

Review: Marie-Claude Canova-Green in IL 47:1 (jan- fév. 1995), 38–39: C.-G. calls M.'s work an "excellent ouvrage" constituting "la meilleure étude à ce jour des comédies-ballets de Molière." Of particular note according to the reviewer is M.'s "réhabilitation de ce genre mixte, longtemps décrié par le public." C.-G. states that M.'s goal in revisiting this genre is to "faire porter l'essentiel de son intention sur les parties musicales et dansées et de montrer comment les intermèdes...invitent en fait à une relecture de la comédie proprement dite."

Review: Bénédicte Louvat in RHL 95:1 (Janvier-février 1995), 86–87: According to L., author's work constitutes "un synthèse de son travail sur un genre souvent négligé par la critique, et qui occupe pourtant une place majeure dans l'oeuvre de Molière." Author emphasizes structure and technique over substance, defining first an "esthétique et une poétique du genre," then proceeding to a discussion of "ornements" as well as of the "forme de l'intermède" before dealing with "le sens né de ce mélange des arts." L. claims that while one may not be in entire agreement with author's argument, "l'ouvrage fournit un cadre dans lequel penser aujourd'hui le genre problématique de la comédie-ballet."

MCCANN, JOHN. "Harpagon: the Paradox of Miserliness." PFSCL 22 (1995), 555–569.

"Harpagon was much happier when he had given someone else his money. Furthermore, he acquired more riches since interest had to be paid on the loan. Consequently Harpagon spends much of the play trying to give his gold to someone else. This is why we find him funny. He is doing the opposite of what we expect a miser to do."

MIETHING, CHRISTOPH. "Amphitryon. Tragischer Mensch und komischer Gott," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 331–351.

MIRTU, MICHAELA. Dynamique des formes théâtrales dans l'oeuvre de Molière. Histoire d'une dissidence secrète. Paris: Presses Universitaires, 1990.

Review: Bénédicte Louvat in RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994), 1078: L. outlines M.'s project to "définir un `geste fondamental,' une thématique majeure du théâtre moliéresque en rapport avec les structures mentales et sociologiques de son public." The work, which examines, among other things, the "parcours du sens" on the "double plan du lisible et du visible" in La Critique de l'Ecole des Femmes, L'Impromptu de Versailles and Dom Juan, is nonetheless termed "souvent fort obscur" by the reviewer. Citing the text, L. questions "la pertinence scientifique d'une lecture qui s'attache a `trouver un code idéologique permettant à un spectateur roumain d'aujourd'hui[...lignes écrites dans les années 1980–87] d'approcher cette oeuvre du passé et sa charge contestataire.'"

MOLINIE, GEORGES. "Sémiotique du corps au XVIIe siècle," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 353–360.

Uses Les Femmes savantes and Le Malade imaginaire: ". . . il y a effectivement contradiction entre chaque ensemble de comportement énonciatif relativement au corps: la position de Chrysale est contradictoire avec celle d'Argan, et celle des servantes est contradictoire avec celles des intellectuelles, de même très rigoureusement que le déviant orgasme de ces dernières avec leurs propres propos."

PEACOCK, NOEL. Molière in Scotland (1945–1990). Glasgow: University of Glasgow, 1993.

Review: M. C. Canova Green in PFSCL 22 (1995), 287–288: A sociological study of the reception of translations and stage adaptations of Molière in Scotland since World War II: "la récente métamorphose de Molière en McMolière."

Review: Bénédicte Louvat in RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994), 1079–1080: L. describes the work's title as "déconcertant" because P.'s study deals with the adaptation of Molière's oeuvre in Scotland after the Second World War. Nonetheless, L. claims that "l'intérêt de cet ouvrage réside dans le questionnement portant sur les modalités de l'adaptation à l'étranger d'une oeuvre littéraire qui plus est l'oeuvre d'un poète au XVIIe siècle." In her conclusion, L. discusses the political context in which Molière's drama was appropriated in Scotland. She states, "il s'agit de donner des pièces une version spécifiquement écossaise, et non anglaise, voire d'opposer à la figure de Shakespeare un auteur dramatique sinon national, du moins naturalisé."

Review: D. Shaw in MLR 90 (1995), 189–90: "Solid, workmanlike account" of nineteen Molière plays produced on the postwar Scottish stage. Each account provides information on the play's history and important modern French interpretations, "followed by an account of every production of the play in Scotland since the war, complete with reviews." Four categories: One Act Plays, Three Act Plays, Five Act Plays, Comédies Ballets.

Review: David Whitton in ThR 19 (1994), 273–74: "Looking at the reception of M. in a geographically and culturally delimited context, this book presents a two-fold interest. . . . [I]t supplies a fragment of the vast unwritten history of M. in performance" and ". . . the subject is also of interest for the light it throws on the recent development of Scottish theatre . . . ." "The study concentrates on the post-war years . . . ." "The aim of the book is to provide a record of the relevant activities and chart their reception." The reviewer notes that ". . . the study might be said to be more about adaptation and translation than about production. The performance analysis is summary, supplemented by copious extracts from newspaper reviews." Although W. "enjoyed this book" he is uncertain about the intended audience.

PEACOCK, NOEL. Molière in Scotland, 1945–1990. Glasgow: U of Glasgow French & German Publications, 1993.

Review: Christopher Smith in JES 25 (1995), 324–25: "P. categorizes his material first by formal sub genre and then chronologically within it, prefacing his discussion of each individual play with a brief introduction that situates it in M.'s career. After that, full information is given about each production, including details about the publication of the script and about critical response as reflected in newspaper cuttings."

PEACOCK, NEIL. Moliere: Les Femmes savantes. London: Grant and Cutler, 1990.

Review: Larry Riggs in FR 68 (1995), 137–38: Sound analyses, well-written. It is not justifiable to pretend, as Peacock does, that the play may be uncontaminated by ideology. It would generally have been possible "to present a more complex, pluralistic reading...without confusing neophyte critics" and better not "to have epxressed active hostility to...fruitfully innovative approaches to Molière."

• See French 17 (1993).

PHALESE, HUBERT DE. Les mots de Molière. Paris: Nizet, 1992.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 30 (1994), 375: De Phalèse (pseudonym of Pierre Fiala et al.) provides a useful tool for scholars focusing on quantitative structures and thematic analyses. Selective bibliography.

Review: D. Shaw in MLR 89 (1994), 1004–05: Volume in a series "which demonstrates the possibilities and pitfalls of applying computer techniques to literary criticism. Concerned exclusively with Molière's last four plays, it contains a dazzling array of computergenerated lists: these cover the historical context, contemporary writers, the speech patterns of each character, and analysis of themes such as theatricality, love, money, and medicine." Useful reference work.

• See French 17 (1994).

PICH, EDGAR. Autour de l'Ecole des Femmes. Trois pièces de Molière. Une expérience du théâtre, une polémique. Lyon: A.L.D.R.U.I., 1993.

Review: Bénédicte Louvat in RHL 95:1 (Janvier-février 1995), 86: L. states that "le propos de cette courte étude est de retracer l'histoire de la querelle de L'Ecole des Femmes depuis la création de la pièce (1662)... jusqu'à la publication du dernier texte de la querelle au mois de mars 1664, un mois et demi avant l'interdiction du premier Tartuffe. While the first part of the work focuses on "les structures dramatiques" of L'Ecole, the second part "est plus explicitement centrée sur la querelle," with P. emphasizing the ways in which "Molière répond à ses adversaires, et dont la signification dépasse pourtant celle du seul discours polémique."

POMMIER, RENE. Etudes sur Tartuffe. Paris: Sedes, 1994.

Review: Bénédicte Louvat in RHL 95:1 (Janvier-février 1995), 86: L. discusses P.'s conflicting approaches to this study, stating that P. "hésite ici entre le genre satirique du pamphlet, et celui, dépassioné et `objectif' de l'explication de texte. According to L., P. attacks Charles Mauron's readings as well as Roger Planchon's stage representations. The last part of P.'s study is devoted to "deconstructing" the contemporary thesis of Tartuffe as homosexual. With respect to the disparate tones of P.'s writing, L. states, "Si les propos de l'auteur ne manquent pas de pertinence... on est toutefois en droit de s'interroger sur l'utilité de la critique d'humeur qui s'y mêle."

PRADIER, HUGHES, éd. Voltaire: Vie de Molière avec de petits sommaires de ses pièces. Paris: Gallimard, 1992.

Review: D. Shaw in MLR 89 (1994), 1004–05: First separate printing of Voltaire's Vie de Molière since 1884. Edition contains text, notes, postface. Reviewer cites need for more consistently informative footnotes.

RIGGS, LARRY W. "Corps/performance contre texte/prétention: l'anti transcendantalisme de Molière," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 221–235.

"M. ne cesse de nous rappeler que l'universalisme le plus 'raisonné' puise son énergie impérialiste dans des désirs très particuliers et très matériels. Au carrefour de la modernité, le comédien nous rappelle que la culture est la matérialisation de désirs, que toute activité humaine est une performance, et qu'aucune performance n'est désintéressée."

RIGGS, LARRY. "Desire, Discourse and Power: Molière's Unmasking of Hegemonic Ideology." RLA (Vol. VI, 1994) 144–150.

R. argues that "for Molière, it is important to denounce ideological ambitions that aim to institutionalize a kind of ventriloquism: a hegemony, in the etymological sense, in which all voices are instruments of the single, central voice of power." His discussion focuses on Les Femmes Savantes, Le Tartuffe, L'Ecole des Femmes, Dom Juan and Le Misanthrope.

RONZEAUD, PIERRE. Molière: Dom Juan. Paris: Klincksieck, 1993.

Review: R. Tobin in PFSCL 22 (1995), 254–256: Studies of the character as a hero of modernity, of the play as a battlefield for religious debates, and of aspects of form in the play.

SMITH, CHRISTOPHER. "Curtain up for Le Nouveau Molieriste." SCFS 17 (1995), 223–25.

Account of the founding and editorial policies of the new serial publication. Contributors to vol. I (1994) and vol. II are included.

STENZEL, HARTMUT. "Espace public et naissance d'un esprit critique Molière et la querelle sur la moralité du théâtre," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 473–492.

According to S., one finds in M. "une conception selon laquelle raison, vérité et espace public seraient liés de façon inséparables. Raison et vérité sont présentées non seulement comme des conditions préalables à toute connaissance (au service de laquelle le théâtre est ici assimilé), mais il serait de leur obligation de dépasser les limites institutionnelles qui leur sont traditionnellement assignées."

STEINBERGER, DEBORAH BESS. "Molière and the Domestication of French Comedy." (New York University, 1994) DAI 56:1 213-A.

S. discusses a fundamental spatial shift in French drama from the "public square" to the "domestic interior" that occurred in the 1660s. Examining the themes of "domestication" in plays such as L'Ecole des Femmes, Tartuffe and Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme, S. "show[s] how this new setting breeds family plots dominated by the struggle to define, control and protect the domestic space while separating private from public affairs." Domestication of setting led to increased possibilities for female characters," and in turn led to the development of "two subgenres: the widow comedy and the comédie larmoyante," with the former portraying women as corrupted domestic managers, and the latter depicting them as "faithful wives and devoted mothers."

VERNET, MAX. Moliere côté jardin, côté cour. Paris: Nizet, 1991.

Review: P. Piret in LR 47 (1993), 309–312: Finds V.'s perspective "féconde" and the book "passionnant," although its presuppositions are judged "contestable." V. argues against a reduction of M. to his texts; a text should be read as "la trace de la représentation originelle." P. appreciates V.'s remarkable analysis of the place of the king in M.'s theatre."

WHITTON, DAVID, ed. Molière: Le Bourgeois gentilhomme. London/New York: Grant & Cutler, 1992.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 30 (1994), 384: Praised for its "excellent introduction," W.'s edition demonstrates the theatricality of the play as a "total art form" which "reinforces M.'s analysis of the flawed human psyche."

Review: N. A. Peacock in MLR 90 (1995), 188–89: W. provides a "useful mise-au-point of Molière's originality in developing the comédie-ballet as a genre." With regard to Le Bourgeois gentilhomme, W. thinks that "the subtle distinction between theoretical and performative coherence rescues Molière from the charge of a badly constructed work by showing his consummate ability to bring together in a tripartite structure a multimedia divertissement."

• See French 17 (1994, 92).

WHITTON, DAVID. Molière, Don [sic] Juan. New York: Cambridge UP, 1995.

Review: S. Golub in Choice 33 (1995), 477: "This useful book focuses on the production history of Don Juan in various Western cultures, most notably France," as staged by numerous directors (e.g., Jouvet, Vilar, Chéreau). Also discussed are Russian, Swedish, German, and Czech interpretations. This "book helps to explain why M.'s static, Baroque machine play with its rationalist 'atheist' antihero became a magnet for intellectual discourse through the age of deconstruction." According to G., "W. successfully demonstrates through scenographic details how directional interpretation influences perception, and he emphasizes the responsibility to the past, present, and future that such interpretation entails."

• See also Part II:  Beaussant, Philippe
• See also Part IV:  Carson, Joe
• Dotoli, Giovanni
• Dunkley, John
• Faudemay, Alain
• Franchetti, Anna
• Greenberg, Mitchell
• Greiner, Bernhard
• Guichemerre, Roger
• Hjort, Mette
• La Gorce, Jerome
• McBride, Robert
• McKenna, Andrew
• Moles, Elizabeth
• Molho, Maurice
• Motte, Warren
• Muratore, Mary Jo
• Plantie, Jacqueline
• Rubin, David
• Scolnicov, Hanna
• Stackelberg, Jurgen
• Sturges, Donald
• Winn, James

MONTPENSIER

• See Part IV:  Bertaud, M.

MURAT

• See Part IV:  Verdier, Gabrielle

NERVEZE

GIRAUD, YVES. "Parlez-nous d'amour: roman et sentiment chez Nervèze." Trav de Lit 6 (1993), 103–124.

Persuasive examination of N.'s successful "histoires exemplaires," seeks a rehabilitation of an author whose work was widely read and edited in his time. The essential N. lies not in narration but in his "propos sur l'amour." Underscoring N.'s "analyse affective,"dimension poétique," "style emphatique," "manie d'apostropher,"his work should be viewed as "une des premières tentatives de roman psychologique" and as a "belle synthèse de ces diverses tendances de l'âge baroque."

NICOLE

JAMES, E.D. "Pierre Nicole and La Logique de Port-Royal. SCFS 17 (1995), 15–24.

Careful examination of Nicole's remarks indicate that certain identification of his particular contribution to the Logique remains elusive. Interested principally in "l'art de juger," logic is taken to be a "handmaiden for apologetics" and logical distinction "as pegs on which to hang propaganda against adversaries."

• See also Part III:  Cartmill, Constance
• Danielou, Catherine
• Stackelberg, Jurgen

ORLEANS

YARROW, P.J. "Fifty Years an Alien: Elisabeth Charlotte, Duchesse of Orleans, 1671–1722." SCFS 17 (1995), 111–24.

Skillfully mines the Palatine's letters for a striking portrait: a happy girlhood that ended with marriage (1671). The new and alien world is kept that by Madame who remains determinely German to the core, though not condemned to live wholly in the past.

• See also Part IV:  Bertaud, M.

PALAPRAT

• See Part IV:  Mazouer, Charles

PALATINE

ALBERT, MECHTHILD. "'Une ermite au milieu de la cour.' La mélancolie de Madame Palantine, in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 17–41.

"Confinée dans son aimable solitude, Madame sait transformer la mélancolie, attitude négative d'une résignation impuissante, en loisir tranquille. La tristesse morne ou désespérée fait place à une 'philosophie du présent.'"

PROBES, CHRISTINE MCCALL. "A Woman's Sentiments and Philosophy: the Maxims of Madame Palatine's Lettres françaises." PFSCL 22 (1995), 135–143.

According to the author, ". . . the maxim is rich in metaphors and images, a striking revealer of the woman behind the message, not unlike the quiproquo in a play, a revealer of a character's sentiments which would otherwise remain secret."

PARADIS DE MONCRIF

• See Part IV:  Assaf, François

PASCAL

ADAMSON, DONALD. Blaise Pascal: Mathematician, Physicist and Thinker about God. New York: Macmillan/St. Martin's, 1995.

Review: J. Johnson in Choice 32 (1995), 1748–49: "A. surveys the full range of P.'s intellectual achievements, with special attention to his ideas in mathematics, physics, and religion. Though somewhat uneven in its overall approach, the book succeeds in two areas," according to J. "First, A. provides new insights and makes numerous interesting connections in his careful examination of P.'s religious philosophies (e.g., as revealed in the Provincial Letters and Thoughts). Second, the author is to be commended," says the reviewer, "for his thorough discussion of P.'s wager involving the cycloid and its related history." Includes "[a] helpful section of annotated notes and references, supported by an extensive index and a 'select' bibliography . . . ."

ARMOUR, LESLIE. "Infini Rien": Pascal's Wager and the Human Paradox. Carbondale: Southern Illinois U P, 1993.

Review: Bruce Edmunds in PFSCL 22 (1995), 235–236: Reviewer finds A.'s arguments interesting, suggestive, detailed, and carefully constructed. However, A.'s "attachment to a Pascal always in control of his own text causes him to overlook or explain away very important tensions."

BLAISE PASCAL, MATHEMATICIEN, PHYSICIEN, INGENIEUR. Clermont-Ferrand: Direction du Livre et de la Lecture et la Féderation Française de Cooperation entre Bibliothèques, 1993.

Review: Marc Escola IN RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994), 1074–75: Published to commemorate the three hundred-fiftieth anniversary of the "machine arithmétique," this work is composed primarily of 1) "un rapide historique de R. Bérard sur le fonds pascalien de la Bibliothèque municipale et interuniveristaire de Clermont-Ferrand" and 2) "un exposé de F. Cardot sur l'oeuvre scientifique de Pascal et un catalogue de l'exposition."

CANTILLON, ALAIN. "Corpus Pascalis." YFS 86 (1994), 39–55.

"What lies here, in this series of books, and in these autobiographic pages, collected under the title Pensées, are not writings designated, through the metaphor of the name, as a body lying in a book/ genre; nor is it a corpse substituted for another which it would represent, through a real metaphor; it is the actual living body of Pascal dead, that is to say, the only body of Pascal present among the living since his death. Each editor tries to give this body its integrity and true aspect . . . ." C. views the Pensées as "a powerful historiographical object for a critique of the notion of corpus."

COURIER. Clermont-Ferrand: Centre International Blaise Pascal, 1994.

Review: Marc Escola in RHL 95:2 (mars-avril 1995), 314: This work is comprised of papers on the Pensées given at a colloquium organized by the C.I.C.B. E. states that contributions included on "le modèle perspectif" and "la question du point de vue" (J. Mesnard). Additional topics examined were "le statut du sentiment dans l'apologétique" (A. McKenna), le concept d' "homme" (C. Meurillon) and the "fondement prophétique" (Ph. Sellier). The Actes also contain "deux pages d'informations sur l'actualité et les publications pascaliennes."

DAVIDSON, HUGH M. Pascal and the Arts of the Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge U P, 1993.

Review: Marc Escola in RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994) 1076: D.'s study illuminates P.'s "attitude ou démarche intellectuelle" vis-à-vis three major areas of the philosopher's work 1) mathematics and physics 2) religious experience and theology and 3) controversies and "textes dialogiques." E. finds that "l'originalité de l'ouvrage consiste à replacer les différents travaux de Pascal dans l'épistèmé du XVIIe siècle et à postuler une `unité' de la méthode pascalienne." This "unité" manifests itself in the search for truth, a truth demonstrated through the exercise of three "arts libéraux" or "classiques," i.e., "la rhétorique, la dialectique et la géométrie."

Review: E. Moles in MLR 90 (1995), 753: "This study . . . analyses Pascal's novel 'heuristic matrix' by retracing those old staples of seventeenth-century stylistics: rhetoric, dialectic, and geometric." Reviewer notes that "problems in applying historical grids to Pascal's style are compounded" because of our own ignorance as to Pascal's training in these disciplines and by the unfinished state of his works. M. concludes: "thus it is doubly hard to avoid Davidson's trap of circularity in hypothesizing about his techniques."

Review: B. Norman, Jr. in FrF 19 (1994), 238–240: Judged "a pleasure to read, extremely instructive, worthy of our admiration . . . moving," D.'s volume examines "four fundamental intellectual operations : recovery or interpretation, discovery or invention, presentation or arrangement, integration or systematization . . . and the investigative art." Remarkable for its insights, it also "reminds us that scholarship in the humanities is indeed human, that what we write about should influence and improve our lives."

DESCOTES, DOMINIQUE. L'Argumentation chez Pascal. Paris: PUF, 1993.

Review: Fernand Hallyn in RHL 95:1 (Janvier-février 1995) 85–86: H. claims that among the studies on Pascal and rhetoric, "celle-ci se distingue par son ampleur, son originalité et sa profondeur." While the first part of D.'s work examines "l'evolution des idées générales de Pascal sur l'argumentation," the second part "est consacrée au `modèle géométrique' and its argumentative application. D. extends this model in the third part of the text, raising questions "d'ordre herméneutique et historique," while the fourth and last section discusses "la `stratégie' argumentative, c'est-à-dire la manipulation du lecteur par des techniques qui relèvent notamment de la fiction ou des conventions génériques." In general, H. compliments "la richesse de l'ouvrage" as well as "la rigueur de ses analyses ou de la qualité des son information." The only drawback is the lack of an index, "non seulement des noms, mais des passages analysés."

DESCOTES, DOMINIQUE. Pascal. Biographie et étude de l'oeuvre. Paris: Albin Michel, 1994.

Review: Marc Escola in RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994), 1074: E. begins his review by describing the general format of Albin Michel's "Classiques" collection, which consists of "une biographie substentielle de l'auteur, suivie d'une étude de l'oeuvre." The "étude de l'oeuvre" section is made up of "fiches thèmes" that give a thematic summary of particular texts, along with "fiches oeuvres" that provide a general overview of an author's major works. E. claims that this format allows Descotes to "présenter un Pascal ouvert à la diversité même de l'oeuvre." D.'s text is divided into five sections 1) scientific works 2) theology 3) esthetics and two essays on the Provinciales and the Pensées in which D. explores the genesis and history of these two texts.

Review: F. Lagarde in PFSCL 22 (1995), 257–258: An introduction for students to the great ideas and themes of Pascal's work: narration of the life and sections on science, religion, literature, Les Provinciales, and the Pensées. Reviewer finds that "tout Pascal est impeccablement présent" in the volume but that there is no conclusion.

FORCE, PIERRE. "Pascal's War Machine." PFSCL 22 (1995), 147–156.

Studies the link between polemics and literature in the years preceding the Classical period: the fundamentally polemical nature of religious literature and the weapon of authority in Pascal's battle with the Jesuits. F. concludes that "the polemic between Pascal and the Jesuits crystallizes the differences between two conceptions of authority, which are most evident when one looks at the way in which an author's name is used. For Pascal, an author's name is relevant only when the writer has been witness to something. The Jesuits go the other way. They extend the hermeneutic method used in the reading of Holy Scripture to all authors religious or secular. Therefore, the author's name becomes the first source of meaning and consistency."

FORCE, PIERRE. "Maladies de l'âme et maladies du corps chez Pascal," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 77–86.

Pascal and the Jesuits on body and spirit: "Il y a donc pour Pascal une sorte de chiasme entre la situation des Jésuites et celle des vrais chrétiens. Les vrais chrétiens sont unis spirituellement et divers corporellement. Les Jésuites sont unis corporellement et divisés spirituellement. La conviction de Pascal, en accord avec la tradition métaphysique, est que ce chiasme a quelque chose de nécessaire. . . . La maladie n'est pas tant un manque de contrôle de l'âme sur le corps que l'attribution d'une âme à ce qui n'est pas corps."

GOYET, THERESE, ed. L'accès aux Pensées de Pascal. Paris: Klincksieck, 1993.

Review: Marc Escola in RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994), 1075: This work represents the publication of papers presented at a "colloque scientifique et pédagogique" held in Clermont-Ferrand. Among the studies published are J. Mesnard's exposé on "la conscience de l'homme Pascal," A. McKenna's "histoire posthume des Pensées," Ph. Sellier's comments on "la théologie et le christianisme augustinien de Pascal," as well as an analysis of the word "corps" by C. Meurillon. The teaching of Pascal in secondary schools is also addressed in the collection, helping to define the notions of "modernité" and "accès" in terms of Pascal.

Review: William Marceau in FR 68 (1995), 139–40: Admirable contribution to Pascal studies and a study in the pedagogical sense made in a double colloquium of specialists and secondary teachers. The specialists include Jean Mesnard on the journey from Platonism to Augustinianism; Antony McKenna on Brunschvicq and Kant; Philippe Sellier on theology, i.e. "fundamental," G. Ferreyrolles on the politics and on notions of childhood, Michel Lioure on 20th-century admirers; T. Goyet on fr. 149–430 with special interest to paleographers. Good illustrations.

HAMMOND, NICHOLAS. Playing with Truth: Language and the Human Condition in Pascal's Pensées. New York: Oxford UP, 1994.

Review: M. R. Bonfini in Choice 32 (1995), 948: "This book is about language as a persuasive process and how far 'language communicates meaning about reality.'" According to B., "H.'s introduction is dense and unnecessarily heavy, yet it could be useful to scholars who wish to review theories on the original composition, chronology, and arrangement of P.'s Pensées. H. uses key lexical concepts from which to develop an exegesis of terms, proffering insights into the Pascalian universe and suggesting what might have been the progression of the author's thought." "The body of the work is divided into three parts: relevance of language and order in the persuasive process, examination of the six key terms, relationship of the key terms with truth." B. considers the bibliography to be "excellent."

KIM, HYUNG-KIL. De l'Art de persuader dans les Pensées de Pascal. Paris: Nizet, 1992.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 30 (1994), 87: The great value of H.-K.'s study is the helpful focus on persuasion which necessarily complemented P.'s theological considerations.

Review: Anthony R. Pugh in FR 67 (1994), 680–81: Hypothesis is that the rules for persuasiveness outlined in the second section of "De l'esprit géometrique"—hypothesis, definition, demonstraton, conclusion—will work for the Apologia of the Pensées. "Only fitfully successful." "Little to offer the serious student of Pascal."

• See French 17 (1994, 1993).

LEVI, HONOR, ed and trans. Blaise Pascal. The Pensées and Other Writings. Oxford/New York: Oxford U P, 1995.

Based on the Mesnard Oeuvres complètes (1964–92) and the Sellier Les Pensées (1976).

MC KENNA, A. Entre Descartes et Gassendi. La première édition des Pensées de Pascal. Paris/Oxford: Universitas/Voltaire Foundation, 1993.

Review: Marc Escola in RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994), 1073–74: E. finds Mc K.'s work to be "un travail rigoureux, à bien des égards passionant." Mc K.'s thesis is to view the publication of the Pensées as "un moment décisif dans le conflit qui oppose au XVIIe siècle un rationalisme chrétien renouvelé par Descartes, à un pyrrhonisme allié à l'augustinisme et influencé par Gassendi." Summarizing Mc K., E. describes the "lecture pascalienne de Descartes," noting that the influence of gassendiste thought on the Logique of Port-Royal, and the subsequent impact of the Logique on the first edition of the Pensées.

MENGOTTI, PASCALE et JEAN MESNARD, éds. Entretien avec M. de Sacy. Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1994.

Review: Marc Escola in RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994), 1076–77: The full title of the text in question, Entretien avec M. de Sacy sur Epictète et Montaigne is ascribed to a "morceau découpé in the Memoires of the port-royaliste Nicolas Fontaine." Most readers are aware of the text's existence via J. Mesnard's enclusion of it in his Oeuvres Complètes of Pascal. However, the reviewer states that P. Mengotti unearthed an unknown manuscript of the Entretien at the biliothèque de l'Institut de France. The manuscript, bearing "l'original autographe de Fontaine," is published and analyzed by Mengotti and Mesnard, whose contributions include "Un appendice [qui] relève les leçons nouvelles les plus intéressantes en les confrontant au texte."

MESNARD, JEAN, ed. Les Pensées de Pascal, 2e edition. Paris: S.E.D.E.S., 1993.

Review: Marc Escola in RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994), 1076: E. begins his review by remarking, "on doit à J. Mesnard l'introduction la mieux informée et la plus synthétique, la plus `classique' aux Pensées de Pascal." Noting M.'s inclusion of variants in the second edition, E. comments that in addition, "`la chronique posthume des Pensées' et la bibilographie s'y trouvent mises à jour." The appendices "s'ouvrent désormais aux nouvelles méthodes des études pascaliennes," while providing insight into current scholarship on the editorial aspects of the Pensées.

RONZEAUD, P., ed. "Pascal, Pensées." Littératures classiques 20 (1994).

Review: Marc Escola. RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994), 1077. The collection assembles papers given on Pascal at two colloquia organized by the CMR 17: the first in Marseille, November 1993, the second at the Sorbonne, January 1994. Among the entries included are L. Thirouin's remarks on "le défaut d'une droite méthode," A. McKenna's comments on "une question de cohérence," J. Mesnard's work on "les structures binaires et ternaires dans les Pensées," and J. Morel's reflections on the "modernité" of Pascal. As no particular thematic or structural element links the essays, the reviewer summarizes his comments on the collection by calling it "une liasse d'informations, donc il appartient au lecteur de mettre en oeuvre."

SALVAYRE, LYDIE. La Puissance des mouches. Paris: Seuil, 1994.

Review: Jean Patrice Dupin in QL (16–30 septembre 1995), 13–14: "Personnage principal du quatrième roman de L. S., un meurtrier raconte sa vie par bribes, son dégoût des autres et sa passion pour Blaise Pascal." This character "nourrit une fascination sans limites" for the Pensées of P. The criminal is quoted: "'Une sorte de logique implacable,' précise t il, 's'est emparée de mon esprit dès lors que je me suis mis à lire B. P., c'est à dire à penser,' et cette 'logique implacable' voudrait que les propos de P. soient directement applicables à toutes les situations de la vie quotidienne, ce qui souvent n'ira pas sans mal."

SELLIER, PHILIPPE. "Une Préface 'retrouvée' de l'Apologie pascalienne." Trav de Lit 6 (1993), 149–158.

Groundbreaking study on the perennial subject of P.'sordre. Thematic and philological considerations permit S. to establish P.'s "Préface de la seconde partie."

WETSEL, DAVID. "Pascal and the Polemics of Christian Orthodoxy." PFSCL 22 (1995), 157–167.

Studies the theological basis of the religious debates: "as Pascal sees it, the received Christian vision of the world and of human nature can neither be altered nor expanded without doing violence to that precious deposit of Revelation inherited from Scripture, the Primitive Church and the Fathers. In stubbornly adhering to this traditional position, Pascal resists the radical change in worldview from a mental universe reflecting the finite world to one grounded in the idea of an infinite universe that came to dominate the Classical period in France."

WETSEL, DAVID, ed. Meaning, Structure and History in the Pensées of Pascal. PFSCL/Biblio 17 56 (1994).

Review: Van Kelly in FR 68 (1995), 731–32: Series of papers offered at Portland State University; Wetsel on exegesis in the service of apology emphasizes the "reconstructive," and in "Pascal on Disbelief," poses the paradigm of conversion; P. Sellier gives a thematic analysis of flow and process; Sara Metzer, an aporetic reading of the Fall; Pierre Force, "Ordre et signification chez Pascal" focuses on hidden meanings and P.'s determination to show the Bible as cryptogram: Charles Natroli examines the difference between logical demonstration and "subject-oriented" rhetoric of persuasion. The collection is recommended for "allowing interpretation to circulate."

• See French 17 (1994).

• See also Part III:  Cartmill, Constance
• Part IV:  Rubin, David
• Woshinsky, Barbara

PASCAL, FRANÇOIS

• See Part IV:  Gethner, Perry

PERRAULT

CHAUVEAU, JEAN PIERRE. "La fin d'un rêve: Les ambitions épiques de Charles Perrault," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 109–122.

Views the failure of the Adam as an indication of P.'s personal troubles and of those of an entire generation forced to confront a new world no longer regulated by an immutable Christian dogma.

DELAVAULT, CAROLE NATHALIE. "Généalogie et subversion dans les `Contes' de Charles Perrault. (Tulane University, 1994) DAI 55:9 2854-A.

D. "situates Perrault's Contes within their historical and literary context." She contends that "geneaology is used in the Contes to represent (desired) shifts in the nature of the familial, political and social structures." Giving a breakdown of her five chapters, D. mentions that with the theme of geneaology, the thesis explores the notions of genre, paternity and the law. The concluding chapter provides a detailed analysis of Barbe bleue.

PICON, ANTOINE, ed. Charles Perrault, Mémoires de ma vie. Paris: Editions Macula, 1993.

Review: J. Barchilon in PFSCL 22 (1995), 672–673: Reviewer deems this a "travail en tous points excellent." Illustrations.

• See also Part I:  Parussa, Gabriella
• Part IV:  France, Peter
• Muratore, Mary Jo
• Verdier, Gabrielle

PICHOU

LEROY, JEAN-PIERRE, éd. Pichou: L'Infidèle confidente, tragi-comédie (1631). Geneva: Droz, 1991.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 30 (1994), 383: This careful edition of a text which "ably symbolises the nature of French tragi-comedy in the 1620's and 1630's" and reminds us of the "action, dynamism and surprise" which characterized the genre.

POUSSIN

FRAISSE, BERNARD. "Splendeurs et faiblesses de Poussin." RDM (décembre 1994), 165–70.

Revue de l'exposition des tableaux de Poussin au Grand Palais à l'occasion du quatre centième anniversaire de la naissance de l'artiste.

LE PICHON, YANN. "Une vendange de livres d'anges, gardiens des arts." RDM (janvier 1995), 142–48.

L'auteur passe en revue une série d'ouvrages récemment parus sur Poussin, y compris ceux de J. Thuillier, A. Chastel, G. Bazin, A. Schnapper, O. Bätschmann, et A. Mérot.

• See also Part II:  Alpers, Svetlana
• Kitson, Michael
• Mahon, Denis
• Sollers, Philippe
• Part IV:  Moles, Elizabeth

PRADON

• See Part IV:  Truchet, Jacques

PRECHAC

• See Part IV:  Serroy, Jean

QUINAULT

BROOKS, WILLIAM, BUFORD NORMAN, and JEANNE MORGAN ZARUCCHI, eds. Philippe Quinault, Alceste, suivi de La Querelle d'Alceste: Anciens et Modernes avant 1680. Genève: Droz, 1994.

Review: P. Gethner in PFSCL 22 (1995), 636–637: An edition of the opera libretti and the texts representing the earliest French theoretical reflection on opera and the first significant preliminary skirmish of the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns. Of interest also to students of the development of French classical drama.

• See also Part IV:  Truchet, Jacques
• Winn, James

RACINE

ALBANESE, RALPH, JR. "La poétique de l'espace dans Andromaque." AJFS 32.1 (1995), 6–16.

A. montre que la multiplicité des références au port, à la mer et au palais de Pyrrhus ... témoignent d'une volonté de conférer une valeur poétique au décor verbal de la pièce. Racine convie le lecteur/spectateur à méditer sur la mer en tant qu'espace libérateur, offrant une sorte de salut géographique imaginaire.

BARNWELL, H.T. "Variants and Variations in Racinian Tragedy." SCFS 17 (1995), 181–97.

Valuable focusing on the significance of the revisions of 1669–73 of the plays before Britannicus and of their orientation in terms of future developments of the specifically Racinian tragic vision experienced by Racine in the writing of Britannicus.

COLLINET, JEAN PIERRE, ed. Jean Racine, Andromaque. Paris: Gallimard, 1994.

Review: R. Tobin in PFSCL 22 (1995), 680–683: This "Folio" edition reprints the Picard preface to the Pléiade edition of the play and contains a "dossier" that updates that of C's 1982 edition of the complete works. An excellent edition.

DANDREY, PATRICK. "Le dénouement d'Andromaque ou l'éloge de la régence," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 135–145.

"Tragédie de la chaîne des amours impossibles, Andromaque est aussi l'évocation des malheurs qu'enfante une solution de continuité dynastique due à un désastre militaire, . . . . La tragédie de R. offrait ainsi aux batailles de la Fronde les lettres de noblesse que ce surnom puéril ne leur avait guère permis d'acquérir."

DUBU, JEAN. Racine aux miroirs. Paris: SEDES, 1992.

Review: A. Soare in PFSCL 22 (1995), 259–260: Studies published separately during a 30 year period. Reviewer calls this "une fête pour les raciniens."

FORESTIER, GEORGES, éd. Jean Racine. Bajazet. Paris: Librarie générale française, 1992.

Review: P. Dostie in LR 48 (1994), 147–149: Considered in a joint review with F.'s edition of Suréna, both volumes are appreciated for their critical apparatus which D. finds "concis, néanmoins riche et stimulant." In his introduction, F. mesures the complexity of a tragedy such as R.'s Bajazet as he demonstrates "comment Racine a réussi à concilier . . . l'esthétique galante en vogue avec le drame tragique."

FRANKE, WILLIAM. "Hermeneutic Catastrophe in Racine: The Epistemological Predicament of 17th Century Tragedy." RF 105 (1993), 315–331.

Compellingly considers Racine against the background of the beginnings of modern philosophy. F. treats passages from R. representing logic, subjective isolation, the "regard," love, the distrust of discourse as he "delineate[s] R.'s rendition of the tragedy of loss of hermeneutic access to the meaning of things." Argues that "R.'s work will stand primarily for its exposition of the epistemological tragedy of the 17th c."

GUENOUN, SOLANGE. Archaïque Racine. New York: Peter Lang, 1993.

Review: C. Venesoen in PFSCL 22 (1995), 273–275: A Jungian et al. psychoanalytical approach to the author. Reviewer brands this "une étude 'clanique'"; those who belong to the clan will approve, those who don't may not be able to follow.

GUENOUN, SOLANGE. "Mélancolie, hystérie ou le refus classique de la division dans Phèdre de Racine." FLS (Vol. 21, 1994) 55–66.

For G., the idea of "fragmentation" is framed "dans le contexte général d'une interrogation sur la subjectivité classique, dans sa dimension psycho-sexuelle et politique." She views Hippolyte's "melancholy" and Phèdre's "hysteria" as resulting not only from the accursed births of both characters, but from Thésée's "crimes" of neglect, poor judgment and absence. In Hippolyte's love for Aricie and Phèdre's passion for Hippolyte, G. sees "la naissance de ce qu'on pourrait appeler le sujet moderne défini ici comme sujet séparé, qui refuse...de renoncer à un idéal imaginaire." It is this "sujet séparé" that leads to the emergence in the seventeenth century of "la culture de la séparation...[et] celle de la division."

HAWCROFT, MICHAEL. Word as Action: Racine, Rhetoric, and Theatrical Language. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 29 (1993), 180–181: Judged "fresh and powerful" in its approach, reviewer finds this demonstration of R.'s art of persuasion as a complement to David Maskell's Racine: a Theatrical Reading (1991) which focuses on non-verbal aspects.

Review: Marc Escola in RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994), 1082: E. signals the similarity between H.'s critical perspective, and that of scholarship in French, i.e., the work of A. Kibédi-Varga, G. Declercq, and G. Forestier. H.'s objective is to "aborder la dramaturgie racinienne en acte, [on the stage], dans les termes d'une théorie des `actes verbaux.' Taking as his point of departure d'Aubignac's dictum of "Parler, c'est agir," H., in his opening chapter, provides a two-tiered theoretical perspective in which rhetoric is examined first in terms of communication between characters, and secondly as a function of audience. Succeeding chapters explore the notions of inventio and dispositio in plays such as Les Plaideurs, Esther, Britannicus and Mithridate. Favorably reviewing W.'s monograph, E. concludes, "l'étude de M. Howcraft permet de souligner à la fois l'unité structurelle du corpus racinien et son originialité en regard de la production tragique contemporaine."

JAMES, EDWARD and GILLIAN JONDORF. Racine: Phèdre. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Review: Christopher Smith in JES 25 (1995), 321–22: The authors' "starting point is a consideration of the Euripidean and Senecan inheritance, and this is followed by sketches of the historical background and the conventions of regular drama. The pace has to be fast." (The book is 113 pages long.) "The aspects singled out for special discussion are . . . diction, irony, rhythm, rhyme, imagery, mythology and characterization, which leads . . . to presentations of the major roles in the play." "A final chapter looks at the influence of Phèdre on later generations."

LEWIS, PHILIP. "La mort de Phèdre," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 181–196.

"Thanks to Hippolyte's death that offers a living representative to his father, Thésée can draw back from this imagined proximity to death that Phèdre's obscurely liberating demise seems to have made possible for him; he can revert, in the world of human relations, to the consecretation of his son's death as sacrifice, which he does by declaring his adoption of Aricie. Thésée's final move away from Hippolyte toward Aricie is his own enactment of Phèdre's lesson on the necessity of respecting her death."

MASKELL, DAVID. Racine: A Theatrical Reading. Oxford: Clarendon P., 1991.

Review: J.H. Périvier in FrF 18 (1993), 96–97: Reviewer finds it "utile et bon" that Maskell reminds us, convincingly, that R. wrote for the stage. As M. examines, by category, questions such as "le jeu dramatique," decor, costume, lighting, he illuminates the dynamic between the word and the visual in R.'s text. Well-rounded study incorporates esthetic and historical considerations as well as theatrical practice of R.'s time.

MONSON, DON A. "Aricie." MP 93 (1995), 54–72.

"L'utilisation que fait Racine d'A. montre une certaine symétrie par rapport à son traitement d'Oenone. . . . Pour important qu'il soit, le rôle d'Oenone reste limité essentiellement à une seule fonction bien précise par rapport à Phèdre, alors qu'A., une fois inventée, assume plusieurs fonctions importantes qui touchent tous les personnages principaux de la pièce. Il n'est sans doute pas exagéré de dire que, de toutes les contributions de R. à la légende de P., aucune n'est plus intimement liée à sa conception tragique du sujet que l'emploi qu'il fait du personnage d'A."

MONTBERTRAND, GERARD. "La mort dans les gènes, une biocritique du théâtre de Racine: La Thébaïde et Phèdre," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 233–249.

Looking at the biological and physical aspects of death, the study "consiste à remonter inductivement de l'infrastructure biologique d'une oeuvre à sa superstructure sociale, idéologique et esthétique, afin d'examiner les rapports entre ces niveaux."

NASSICHUK, JOHN. "Hantise d'Oedipe dans la Thébaïde: quelques réflexions sur la modernité de Racine." PFSCL 22 (1995), 539–554.

N. tries to qualify T. Reiss' claim that R. is a "penseur de la modernité': ". . . la négativité politico ontologique qu'explore la première pièce de Racine n'exclut pas un élément de présence positive fondamental."

NEPOTE DESMARRES, FANNY. "Esther et Athalie au terme de la vision racinienne du pouvoir," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 361–373.

The two plays derive their significance from the very fact that they belong to a minor theatrical genre: ". . . étant des oeuvres articulatoires entre représentation scénique et 'liturgie,' elles formulent une des facettes du diagnostic ultime de ce XVIIe siècle français sur l'essence du pouvoir, et constituent une esquisse de synthèse de l'esprit classique."

NIDERST, ALAIN. "Le corps tragique chez Racine et ses rivaux," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 265–270.

"Entre l'approche intellectualiste ou précieuse de Corneille et de Le Clerc et l'expressionisme presque mélodramatique, en tout cas presque crébillonien, de Pradon, R. parvient a marier le sens et le concret. Son corps incarne des passions et donc exprime une philosophie, tout en chariant la corporéité réelle."

PARISH, RICHARD, ed. Jean Racine, Bérénice. Paris: Gallimard, 1994.

Review: R. Tobin in PFSCL 22 (1995), 680–683: P's preface compares the play to Corneille's Tite et Bérénice and concludes that R's play is an "anti tragédie." Contains a notice (reviews the reception of the play), historique et poétique de la mise en scène, chronologie, bibliographie, and notes. An excellent edition.

PARISH, RICHARD. Racine: The Limits of Tragedy. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 74 (1993).

Review: J. Campbell in MLR 90 (1995), 440–41: "This painstaking commentary has as its main perspective Racine's handling of some of the conventions of French classical tragedy." Topics covered include conformity with tragic genre, themes of absence presence and order/disorder, and language.

Review: Quentin Hope in FR 68 (1995), 733–34: "Often subtle, and always detailed and thoughtful," beginning with the "limits of the genre" (refs. to Bérénice and Athalie), then "the duality of focus" (Iphigénie and Britannicus), finally impact of space and place—the "limits of the stage" (Andromague, Mithridate). Ch. 3 on the limits of order sets a paradox extended to examination of the language of characters ("limits of the word"). Thorough knowledge of scholarship but "most impressive in his complete and intimate knowledge of Racine's plays."

• See French 17 (1994).

POT, OLIVIER. "Phèdre ou le suicide de la tragédie." Trav de Lit 6 (1993), 159–172.

Richly evocative study is a "lecture métathéâtrale," which posits the suicide of the heroine as "l'acte de décès d'un genre." Inspired by Marc Fumaroli's suggestion that Phèdre's voice is the voice of the tragic muse, Pot investigates aspects of scene, language and the "monstre" of Phèdre, asking if the latter does not represent "la limite impossible de la tragédie tentée par l'opéra?"

ROHOU, JEAN. Jean Racine: bilan critique. Paris: Nathan, 1994.

Review: R. Tobin in PFSCL 22 (1995), 680–683: Four sections: réception de l'oeuvre de R.; vision, structures, thèmes, et style; cinq chefs d'oeuvre parmi d'autres; and guide bibliographique. Rohou considers Mauron's interpretation of R. to be fundamental and the reviewer finds that "Rohou's recourse to Mauron is a reasoned and reasonable one . . . ."

ROHOU, JEAN. L'évolution du tragique racinien. Paris: SEDES, 1991.

Review: Stella Cohen-Scali in FR 68 (1995), 1092–93: Examines the 11 plays in successive chs. first from the actantial/dramatic structuration that yields a progression of subjects and especially of "psychology" of the human condition, wherein the dramaturgy (or exchanges of dialogue and events) signifies through presentation of "vision"—suffocation, fragmentation, effacement of individual—passion gives way to conscience. The triangular mechanism "objet-désir-interdiction" provides for an "analyse objective" of dramatic functioning.

• See French 17 (1993, 1992).

SURBER, CHRISTIAN. Parole, personnage et référence dans le théâtre de Jean Racine. Geneva: Droz, 1992.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 30 (1994), 382: Based on modern linguistic and intertexual theory, S.'s challenging study asks surprising questions which lead the reader to possible fresh interpretations. The "remarkable" and "closely argued" work "does not seek to impose readings of Racine but to "délimite[r] le champ de la question."

Review: Philip Koch in FR 68 (1994), 339–40: Modest results of "structuralo-saussurienne" analysis regarding "la parole racinienne" and characters' language but extensive "au sens de sources, d'intertextualité avouées et inavouées de la part de R." Chapter 3 is rich in allegorical and typological treatment of characters through intertextual references. Inclusion of Les Plaideurs is welcome. "Riche d'apercus nouveaux... "perspectives inattendue."

VERNIER-DANEHY, CECILE ROSE MARIE. "Pour une lecture à rebours: La rime chez Racine." (University of Virginia, 1994) DAI 55:10 3208-A.

D. summarizes her work as "semantic and poetic analysis of end-rhymes and internal rhymes in Racine's tragedies." The power of the rhyme-word lies in its remanence, "which enables it to persist in the reader's mind, long after it has been uttered." Of special significance to D. are "nominal rhymes," or "rhymes that include a proper name." She contends that such rhymes are important to characterization, designating, among other things, a particular character's function. D. also examines "internal rhymes," stating how "they become a powerful rhetorical device through their ability to upset the structure of the alexandine... and therefore, create new rhythms that underline and express emotions and passions more forcefully."

WOSHINSKY, BARBARA R. "Words and Music in Esther." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991) 81–89.

W. discusses the score Jean-Baptiste Moreau wrote for Esther. She examines the conflicting aesthetic debate over the role of music in poetry and drama, citing first Mme. de Sévigné, who believed in the synthesis of the arts. W. also states the opposing view held by Boileau and Raymond Picard, for whom "the presence of music only devalues and distracts attention from words, or, in the worst case, makes them incomprehensible." Taking these contrasting notions into consideration, W. suggests that music enhanced the performance of Esther, helping Racine achieve his goal to "lier, comme dans les anciennes tragédies grecques, le choeur et le chant avec l'action..." The article concludes with photographic reproductions of Moreau's score as they appeared in the "entr'acte" and the finale, III.9.

• See also Part IV:  Berchtold, Jacques
• Dotoli, G.
• France, Peter
• Gerard, Albert
• Greenberg, Mitchell
• La Gorce, Jerome
• Moles, Elizabeth
• Motte, Warren
• Muratore, Mary Jo
• Rohou, Jean
• Woshinsky, Barbara

RASMUS, PETRUS

• See Part III:  Freedman, Joseph

REGNARD

MAZOUER, CHARLES, ed. Jean François Regnard, Le légataire universel suivi de La critique du légataire. Genéve: Droz, 1994.

Review: W. Brooks in PFSCL 22 (1995), 657–659: A worthy edition of a play which more than any other by the author is filled by joyous humour: the unprepossessing immorality of the end of Louis XIV's reign. Introduction, notes, and index.

• See also Part IV:  Truchet, Jacques

RICCOBONI, MARIE-JEANNE

• See Part IV:  Jensen, Katharine

RICHELIEU

• See Part II:  Bergin, Joseph
• Buck, August

ROSSET

• See Part IV:  Serroy, Jean

ROTROU

KITE, BARRY, ed. Jean Rotrou, La soeur. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1994.

Review: P. Gethner in PFSCL 22 (1995), 655–656: According to reviewer, a "servicable, if not always sufficiently careful, edition" of R.s last and greatest comedy and which had gone out of print.

VUILLEMIN, JEAN CLAUDE. Baroquisme et théâtralité: le théâtre de Jean Rotrou. PFSCL/Biblio 17 81 (1994).

Review: A. Howe in PFSCL 22 (1995), 687–689: Argues effectively for a baroque rather than a classical staging of R.'s plays. According to reviewer, an "absorbing, challenging, and illuminating study."

Review: Bénédicte Louvat in RHL 95:2 (Mars-avril), 312–13: According to L., V.'s work is centered on the theme of love, and the study of "la dramaturgie rotrouesque." Much of this dramatic focus is on the dynamic between the "représentation de l'amour" and "l'amour de la représentation." In turn, this duality is grounded in the baroque concept of theatrum mundi. While L. finds value in V.'s analysis, the reviewer states "il nous semble que l'auteur ne propose une lecture véritablement nouvelle et cohérente de l'oeuvre." L. remarks that the premises of chapters 1 and 2, founded upon baroque, and sociological viewpoints, respectively, are lost by the author as the study unfolds.

WATTS, DEREK A., ed. Jean Rotrou: Venceslas. Exeter: U of Exeter, 1990.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 30 (1994), 383: Judged excellent, this edition treats, in its introduction, R.'s asthetic, his adaptation of Rojas Zorilla, and genre definitions.

• See also Part IV:  Safty, Effem

SAINT-AMANT

• See Part IV:  Fenoaltea, Doranne
• Toumayan, Alain

SAINT-REAL

• See Part IV:  Boursier, Nicole

SAINT-SIMON

ACKERMAN, SIMONE. "Saint Simon et Louis XIV: la cérémonie des adieux," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 127–134.

The author's grief over the death of the king: S. S. "reste perdant à son rendez vous avec l'Histoire mais gagne sur le tableau de la littérature, où parfois les pires intentions remportent leur meilleure récompense."

ASSAF, FRANCIS. "Du dehors et du dedans: la mort de Louis XIV vue par Saint Simon et par les frères Anthoine," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 135–144.

Contrasts the two versions of the king's death, the one "magnifique" and the other "roturier." The brothers' version, however, is interesting in that it is not entirely external nor objective.

GUTWIRTH, MARCEL. "Saint Simon nécrologue: la notice Fénelon," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 159–164.

". . . S. S., témoin impartial à force de partialités contradictoires, est en mesure de tracer ce portrait de la fin où rien ne manque. Pas plus que dans la physionomie si parlante de Fénelon les contraires ne s'y combattent."

SANKO, HELENE N. "La mort des grands et des particuliers dans les Mémoires (volume V) de Saint Simon," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 145–157.

A study of the accounts of some 140 different deaths: "L'atmosphère qui règne auprès des mourants dans les Mémoires de S. S. est le plus souvent celle de l'impatience d'en avoir fini."

STEFANOVSKA, MALINA. "Un 'solipse' absolu: le portrait de Louis XIV par Saint Simon," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 119–125.

"Le motif du retranchement égoïste dans le portrait du roi traduit une non coïncidence entre l'objet (la personne royale) et son cadre (la figure théorique du monarque), et révèle un 'jeu' que j'attribue à la tension entre l'idéologie de S. S. et le genre littéraire qu'il pratique."

• See also Part IV:  Bertaud, M.
• Pleynet, Marcelin
• Stefanovska, Malina

SCARRON

GIRAUD, YVES, ed. Roman comique. Paris: Librairie Générale Française, 1994.

Review: Alain Génetiot in RHL 95:2 (mars-avril 1995) 313: Reviewer observes that this edition is more complete than its predecessor (GF 1981). Appearing in this new edition is the "texte intégral de la Troisième partie" which is believed to have been contributed by d'Offray after Scarron's death. Reviewer continues his description of this edition's enhanced scholarship, saying that Giraud has added "une annotation plus importante [ainsi qu'] un dossier augmenté comportant chronologie, bibliographie littéraire et iconographique..." He concludes with the remark that Giraud's introduction gives "une excellente mise au point d'histoire littéraire ainsi qu'une étude narratologique."

SCHOELL, KONRAD. "Die Autorität des Erzählers und die Authentizität des Erzählten Erzählstrategien in Scarrons Novellen," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 461–472.

• See also Part IV:  Boursier, Nicole
• Carson, Joe
• Muratore, Mary Jo
• Rodriguez, Pierre
• Stackelberg, Jurgen

SCUDERY, GEORGES DE

BINET, CHRISTIAN and DOMINIQUE MONCOND'HUY, eds. Le Cabinet de Monsieur de Scudery. Paris: Klincksieck, 1991.

Review: Michael G. Paulson in FR 67 (1993), 353–54: Clear text, helpful notes on painters and paintings (with tables), pertinent biographical account and history of the genre. Prose works related to the collection are incoluded although the relationship is not always clear. "A solid work of scholarship, useful to all dix-septiemistes."

• See French 17 (1994, 1993).

DUTERTRE, EVELINE and DOMINIQUE MONCOND'HUY, eds. Le Prince déguisé; La Mort de César. Paris: STFM, 1992.

Review: Donna Kuizenga in FR 68 (1995), 732–33: These two carefully annotated critical eds. contribute significantly to the histories of the theatre, of aesthetics, and S.'s development as an "adapteur de talent." The first (1635), presented by Dutertre, is "le type même" of the baroque tragedy and S.'s most successful play in the vein; the second (also, 1635), presented by Moncond'huy is "regular" and ideologically dedicated to Richelieu.

• See French 17 (1994).

PELLEGRINI, ROSA GALLI. "Animaux mythiques...animaux comiques dans la poésie de Georges de Scudéry: L'évolution d'une mentalité." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991), 125–33.

P. traces the movement of S.'s animal imagery which, in early poems such as Le Printemps à Philis and L'Hermitage, represents "une parfaite symbiose...entre animal et nature." However, P. suggests that when S. personally moved away from rural life to integrate himself into Parisian society, his depiction of animals changed, with relatively dignified animals of the wood such as the buck giving way to "comic" and "vulgar" animals like the ass, the ewe and the pig. In her conclusion, P. contends that S.'s shift mirrors an aesthetic movement from the baroque to the rococo. The baroque, "porteuse de significations," yields to the rococo, defined by "imagerie decorative" and "la préciosité."

• See also Part IV:  Bannister, Mark
• Delmas, Christian
• Dotoli, G.

SCUDERY, MADELEINE DE

BIANCARDI, ELISA. "Madeleine de Scudéry et son cercle: spécificité socioculturelle et créativité littéraire." PFSCL 22 (1995), 415–429.

Studies the relationship between the art of conversation and literary production.

LEINER, WOLFGANG. "Bemerkungen zu einem Vorwort: Madeleine de Scudérys '"Les jeux" servant de préface à Mathilde," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 301–314.

• See also Part IV:  DeJean, Joan
• Klein, Nancy
• Plantie, Jacqueline
• Rodriguez, Pierre
• Sartori, Eva
• Waterson, Karolyn

SEVIGNE

DESPRECHINS, ANNE. "Madame de Sévigné sourde au langage des formes," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 147–155.

What Mme de Sévigné did not appreciate in the plastic or visual arts: . . . elle nous a paru illustrer de façon remarquable la contradiction entre l'art et l'artisanat de son époque, . . . ."

DOSTIE, PIERRE. "Fouquet sur la sellette: le procès d'un héros cornélien dans la Correspondance de Mme de Sévigné." PFSCL 22 (1995), 583–595.

Studies the Fouquet financial scandal, concluding that Fouquet undergoes a change in Mme de Sévigné's letters: "Le surhomme se dissout; . . . . Un nouveau modèle l'homme naturel suppléra le demi dieu."

DUCHENE, ROGER. Madame de Sévigné et la lettre d'amour. Nouvelle édition augmentée. Bibliographie revue parGeneviève Haroche-Bouzinac. Paris: Klincksieck, 1992.

Review: Marie-Odile Sweetser in FR 67 (1994), 867–68: Welcomes the republication of this basic book in Sévigné research, which is augmented by an introduction by Duchêne (recounting critical debate since first publication), a final chapter "La lettre et l'information," republished from Ouaderni dei seicento (1983), as well as the biblio. of Duchêne's writings.

• See French 17 (1994).

LADENSON, ELIZABETH AKHIMOFF. "The Law of the Letter: Proust and Madame de Sévigné." (Columbia University, 1994) DAI 55:6, 1577-A.

"Using psychoanalytic theory and arguing that an examination of the role of Sévigné in Proust's novel reveals configurations of sexuality and gender that are not otherwise apparent, the dissertation proposes a reading of the Recherche centered on the status of Sévigné's letters as exemplary of a female economy of epistolary and erotic exchange from which the male observer/narrator is by definition excluded." The succeeding chapters examine Sévingé's correspondance in terms of 1) publication history and the metaphor of maternal power 2) the "establish[ment] of female epistolary commerce" 3) "Proust's depiction of lesbianism" 4) esthetics and the idea of artistic antecedents and 5) "Sévigné's letters as an "impossible utopian model of perfect communication."

THOMMERET, LOIC Y. "Du greffe à la mise en scène: Mme de Sévigné et le procès de Fouquet." PFSCL 22 (1995), 597–610.

Studies the effects of the Fouquet financial scandal on Mme de Sévigné.

• See also Part IV:  Sartori, Eva

SILESIUS, ANGELUS (JOHANNES SCHEFFLER)

JORDENS, CAMILLE,trans. Le pèlerin chérubinique. Paris: Albin Michel 1994.

Review: Bernard Chédozeau in IL 47:1 (jan-fév 1994) 40–41. C. recommends this work, une des grandes oeuvres du baroque allemand," because it constitutes one of the principal sources for literary, theological and philosphical works in the centuries that followed. This account of a lutheran convert to tridentine capitalism carries theological importance beause it describes "la montée de l'âme vers le désert mystique où réside dans le silence la nue Déité, le Dieu auquel les religions institutionelles ne semblent pas conduire." Despite the new translation's merit, C. regrets J.'s neglect of the old H. Plard translation (1946) as well as the appearance of a few stylistic shortcomings.

SOREL

DE VOS, WIM. "Corps constitués et corps monstrueux allégoriques de la rhétorique de Charles Sorel," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). Paris Seattle Tübingen: PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 361–374.

Studies the metaphorical role played by the body in Francion: ". . . le songe apparaît comme une clef de lecture pour le récit. En même temps qu'il met en scène des choses invraisemblables, le songe concrétise deux termes entre lesquels se situe notre interprétation rhétorique . . .: le corps/Corps et le monstre."

FROIDEFOND, DOMINIQUE. "La fonction de Raymond dans les sept premiers livres du Francion." PFSCL 22 (1995), 479–490.

The character's role in teaching Francion lessons in prudence, thus helping him avoid censorship.

FROIDEFOND, DOMINIQUE. "Etude de trois personnages carnavalesques dans le Francion de Sorel: Valentin, Collinet et Hortensius." SYM 48 (1994), 184–202.

La présence de Valentin, Collinet et Hortensius "se regroupant tout au long du roman dans l'edition de 1623 et de 1626, on peut dire que ce thème du carnaval constitue par conséquent un des fils conducteurs. . . . Toutefois, la perte de ces trois personnages carnavalesques dans la troisieme edition de 1663 . . . indique qu'avec le temps et une idéologie de plus en plus restrictive, Sorel s'éloigne de l'héritage carnavalesque qui se définit par sa liberté."

• See also Part IV:  Rodriguez, Pierre
• Serroy, Jean
• Teuber, Bernhard

SPINOZA

• See Part III:  Popkin, Richard
• Woolhouse, R. S.

TALLEMENT DES REAUX

MAIGNE, VINCENETTE. Le Manuscrit 673. Paris: Klincksieck, 1994.

Review: Roger Zuber in BSHPF 141 (1995), 276–77: Critical ed. of Monmergue MS. with 16 unpublished anecdotes, a lengthy introduction on the linguistic, stylistic, and prosodic forms contained in this "vaste anthologie." A "savante publication" in the best tradition of scholarship.

TRISTAN L'HERMITE

ABRAHAM, CLAUDE. "Tristan et la geste de Gaston," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 9–15.

T.'s falling out with his prince-protector.

ASSAF, FRANCIS, ed. Actes d'Athens. Tristan L'Hermite. Tallemant des Réaux. Actes du XXIVe Collogue de la NASSCFL. Athens, GA, 1993. PFSCL/Biblio 17 77 (1993).

Review: Jean-Pierre Chauveau in CTH 16 (1994), 64: Includes Richard Goodkin, "La Mort d'Hypolite," which in relation with Racine's "récit," sees a drift from the baroque to classicism; Gloria Onyeoziri, "Les terreurs nocturnes," a semiotic examination of T.'s lyrics; Nina Eckstein, "Language, Power, and Gender in T.'s La Mariane and La Mort de Sénèque"; Helen L. Harrison, "T., Exchange, and the Undermining the Tyrant"; Antoine Soare, "Les inquietudes cornéliennes de T." examining T.'s anxiety to escape humanist tragedy and "la belle mort" traditions.

CAHIERS TRISTAN L'HERMITE 16 (1994).

Bibliography and chronicle of the Societe d'Amis for 1993. Articles are entered separately in this edition of French 17.

CHAUVEAU, JEAN-PIERRE and BENOIT DE CORNULIER, "Sur la métrique de Tristan." CTH 16 (1994), 48–60.

Valuable comprehensive study of the different stanzaic structures of 434 poems. Final section outlines the legacies of Malherbe and of Théophile.

GUICHEMERRE, ROGER. "Deux conseillers perfides dans le théâtre de Tristan." CTH 16 (1994), 21–27:

Outlines the roles as "mauvaises conseillères" of Salomé (Mariane) and Sabine Poppe (La Mort de Sénèque) and their allegorical political significance, then contrasts their use unfavorably with the Corneille of Cinna.

MALLET, NICOLE. "Osman et les politiques." CTH 16 (1994), 39–47.

Presents Osman, IV, i, 920–1020 as the basis for a political commentary on the play published posthumously (written ca. 1647) resulting from an ideology "monarchiste, entre idéalisme et opportunisme."

MERLIN, HELENE. "La Marianne ou l'obscurcissement du politique." CTH 16 (1994), 13–19.

Traces the orienting power, for political allegory, of Caussin's La Cour sainte. A subtle and important political analysis that offers an interesting application of Merlin's recent large study (see above, Part IV).

MONCOND'HUY, DOMINIQUE. "Eblouissement et désillusion; représentations du politique dans le théâtre de Tristan l'Hermite." CTH 16 (1994), 5–10.

The apparent absence of theoretical political discussion in T.'s plays is shown through solar metaphors to be a political act. The Sun is darkened, by his melancholy, to "sujets aveugles où le souverain tombe dans l'illusion de sa propre représentation."

PREVOT, JACQUES, ed. Tristan l'Hermite, Le page disgracié. Paris: Gallimard, 1994.

Review: F. Assaf in PFSCL 22 (1995), 678–679: The "Folio" edition with introduction, chronology, notes, and bibliography. According to reviewer, it is a "well-presented, inexpensive edition."

Review: Alain Génetiot in RHL 95:2 (Mars-avril 1995) 312. G. calls P.'s edition "la première édition de poche du roman autobiographique de Tristan d'après le texte de 1643." The edition distinguishes itself because "on trouvera les clefs données par Jean-Baptiste L'Hermite à l'occasion de la rédition posthume du roman de son frère en 1667." G. states that the preface "souligne la modernité de ce `roman de l'échec' à la première personne, autobiographie en partie fictive qui doit beaucoup à la réfléxion `libertine' sur l'instabilité du monde."

• See also Part IV:  Assaf, François
• Coats, Catherine
• Parent, James
• Serroy, Jean
• Stackelberg, Jurgen

TYSSOT DE PATTOT

• See Part IV:  Liebacher-Ouvrard, Lise

VALINCOUR

WILLIAMS, CHARLES G.S. Valincour: The Limits of honnêteté. Washington D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 1991.

Review: Faith Beasley in CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991), 285–87: B. praises W.'s study of V.'s life and works, calling the text "a meticulous and comprehensive piecing together of a variety of sources that provides a general context for this figure and a detailed portrait of his works." Of special note is W.'s discussion of the later years of Louis XIV's reign, V.'s objection to the Princesse de Clèves, and V.'s "activities in the French Academy." Other parts of the work examine V.'s poetry, literary criticism, and his work as a historian. B. concludes that "Valincour is an extremely erudite, rich, provocative and comprehensive work that is also very enjoyable reading."

Review: Jacques Chupeau in RHL 95:1 (Janvier-février 1995), 88–89: In a review quite favorable to W's study, C. mentions the general desire on the part of scholars for additional research on Valincour. C. welcomes W.'s book with the remark, "grâce au travail exhaustif et miniutieux du professeur Williams, ce voeu est aujourd'hui satisfait, et le fort bel ouvrage de notre collègue américain restera...un livre de référence." C. agrees with W. that among the traits which comprised honnêteté for a man like Valincour are "[l'] engagement au service de la religion et du roi, [le] sens de la mesure, [la] rigoureuse probité, la fermeté [du] jugement et l'étendue [des] connaissances." Despite minor typographical and stylistic oversights, and the absence of a conclusion, C. finds the work to be "skillfully" and "carefully" done, rendering its merit unquestioned.

VANINI

• See Part IV:  Dotoli, G.

VAUGELAS

• See Part I:  Biedermann-Pasques, Liselotte
• Part IV:  Beugnot, Bernard

VEIRAS

• See Part IV:  Liebacher-Ouvrard, Lise

VIAU, THEOPHILE DE

GREWE, ANDREA. "La poésie de Théophile de Viau. Une poésie subjective," in "Diversité, c'est ma devise." Studien zur französischen Literatur des 17. Jahrhunderts. PFSCL/Biblio 17 86 (1994), 215–227.

Two factors that explain T.'s subjectivity: ". . . la conviction que la règle générale doit être vérifiée et authentifiée par le cas individuel et l'expérience personnelle . . . [et] un procédé littéraire pour augmenter la crédibilité et la vraisemblance de la poésie grâce à la fiction qu'elle serait le témoignage authentique de la vie de son auteur."

SABA, GUIDO. "Les 'épîtres en vers' de Théophile de Viau." Tra Lit 7 (1994), 103–118.

Although Théophile does not define his compositions as "épître," S. convincingly demonstrates that this genre, as the elegy, is "l'instrument le plus favorable pour exprimer son monde intérieur dans sa riche complexité." In the line of Horace, and less often Ovid, Théophile's "épîtres constituent curieusement l'antécédent véritable aux Epîtres de Boileau." Close analyses demonstrate that the four compositions which follow "L'Elégie à une dame" in the 1622 edition "correspondent pleinement, dans leur diversité de tons et de contenus, aux caractères essentiels requis par Sébillet."

• See also Part IV:  Harry, Patricia

VILLEDIEU, MME DE

BOURSIER, NICOLE. "Le corps de Henriette Sylvie," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 271–280.

"Dans ce roman mémoires par lettres, alors, au delà des rivalités sexuelles et d'une certaine coloration féminisante que prend le texte dans les moments les plus sombres, apparaîtrait un désir pur, neutre, de libération, que symboliserait le corps de Sylvie: . . . ."

KLEIN, NANCY DEIGHTON. The Female Protagonist in the Nouvelles of Mme de Villedieu. New York: Peter Lang, 1992.

Review: Elizabeth Woodrough in JES 97 (1995), 73–74: "The chief difficulty with Mme de V. is simply getting access to the texts. . . . Critical guides are therefore invaluable," says W., "particularly where, as here, they reproduce paratextual information and extracts." K.'s study "is . . . the first [book] to turn the spotlight on the articulation of gender and genre in [V.'s] work . . . . By setting a selection of her nouvelles in the historical perspective of the evolution of the genre in the earlier part of the century . . . , K. intends to show . . . that the special role of Mme de V.'s heroines is 'to inflect the narrative with a coded discourse that might be termed "feminine".'" "Although it may be neat to compare five of her tales with five earlier examples by other authors, the exclusion of her most important works like Les Désordres de l'amour is difficult to justify," in the reviewer's opinion. "The most interesting aspects of this book, such as the sections on the embryonic epistolary novel, are not necessarily confined within the main theme."

• See also Part IV:  DeJean, Joan
• Gethner, Perry
• Sartori, Eva

VIVRE, GERARD DE

• See Part IV:  Perret, Donald