FRENCH 17

• See French 17 (1993, 92).

CAMERON, EVAN. The European Reformation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.

Review: P. Blickle in HZ 256 (1993), 485–486: An integral presentation of the Reformation as a European phenomenon, C.'s volume successfully treats presuppositions of the Reformation; its theology, reception, success of its legation and its coalitions.

CARR, JR., THOMAS M. "L'art de penser à la mort: Attention to Death in the Logique de Port Royal," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 287–294.

The dialog between Arnauld and Nicole and Montaigne on the place of death: "all the Port Royalists' appeals to faith and Cartesian reason cannot exorcise Montaigne's refusal to attend 'reasonably' to death, which stands as a permanent challenge to their belief that penitence must be the mode of life on this earth."

CARTMILL, CONSTANCE. "La Rhétorique de Port-Royal: Elaboration d'une théorie de l'implicite, au pied de la lettre." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991), 265–82.

C. examines theories of eloquence in Jansenist critics such as Pascal, Arnauld, Nicole, Lamy and Barcos. She begins her argument by stating the objection advanced by Descartes, and later by some Jansenists, that rhetoric lacks the "justice" and "exactitude" for pure discourse. Yet, C. claims that Nicole and Arnauld believed that eloquence could have merit if "les expressions figurées" were formulated in such a manner as to "signifi[er] outre la chose principale, le mouvement & la passion de ce qui parle." Thus, the Port-Royalistes abandoned conventional greco-latin concepts of rhetoric in favor of what C. calls "une rhétorique de l'affect, autrement dit une rhétorique spontanée." While this notion of rhetoric did pose problems for other Jansenists, C. argues that Lamy's concept of rhetoric follows along similar lines, as L.'s emphasis on passion and the "sensible" prefigured the sensualism of the eighteenth century.

CHEVALIER, FRANÇOISE. Prêcher sous l'édit de Nantes. La prédication en France au XVIIe siècle. Geneva: Labor et Fides, 1994.

COTTRET, BERNARD. The Huguenots in England: Immigration and Settlement, c. 1550–1700. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1991.

Review: C. Hill in RenQ 46 (1993), 831–832: Judged "useful" and "thought-provoking" because of its remarks on immigration and the "new angle of vision . . . it offers on English social development in the 16th and 17th c." Draws parallels between France's "Huguenot problem" and England's "Irish problem." 20-page afterword by Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie.

COUDERT, PIERRE EMMANUEL. "Aspects de la doctrine secrète de Madame Guyon." PFSCL 22 (1995), 119–134.

"En un siècle d'assujettissement abject de la femme, et de l'individu quel qu'il soit d'ailleurs, aux dictats d'une conception pyramidale de l'existence où Dieu n'est trop souvent perçu que comme un autre despote, c'est cette femme qui va faire trembler tout l'édifice sur ses bases, en affirmant hautement la supériorité des voies intérieures et de l'esprit d'enfance."

COURTINE, JEAN JACQUES. "Le corps désenchanté: lectures et langages du corps dans les physiognomonies de l'âge classique," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL / BIBLIO 17 89 (1995), 49–52.

Studies the relationshop between the body and reading: "Mon propos est ainsi de faire apparaître la fonction de ces classifications physiognomoniques, si nombreuses au cours de l'âge classique, en montrant en quoi elles viennent répondre à un ensemble d'exigences de lisibilité du corps, tout à la fois scientifiques et sociales, théoriques et pratiques, savantes et populaires."

CROUZET, DENIS. Les guerriers de Dieu. La violence du temps des troubles de religion. Vers 1525 - vers 1610. 2. vols. Paris: Champ Vallon, 1990.

Review: A. Dufour in BHR 57 (1995), 298–302: Tandis que le premier tome contient des contresens, selon D., le deuxième volume a d'excellents chapitres, surtout sur la Ligue.

• See French 17 (1992, 91).

DANIELOU, CATHERINE F. "'L'amour propre éclairé': Madame de Lambert et Pierre Nicole." PFSCL 22 (1995), 171–183.

Sees Nicole as less pessimistic and more able to live in the world than the first generation of Port Royalists, Madame de Lambert as both endebted to Nicole for her ethical positions and a forerunner of the Enlightenment.

DEBUS, ALLEN G. The French Paracelsians: The Chemical Challenge to Medical and Scientific Tradition in Early Modern France. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1991.

Review: W. Eamon in RenQ 47 (1994), 186–188: Judged successful as a work of intellectual history, D.'s study "extends his research on the Paracelsian tradition to France." Of particular interest for the light it sheds on "the question of chemistry as a rival natural philosophy." E. hopes more will be forthcoming from a cultural and sociological perspective.

DEELY, JOHN. New Beginnings: Early Modern Philosophy and Postmodern Thought. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1994.

Review: R. H. Nash in Choice 32 (1995), 1608: "The author of this highly specialized work is convinced that the beginnings of postmodern philosophy are really to be found in the latter stages of medieval philosophy, especially in the work of the largely forgotten John Poinsot (1589–1644). D. . . . claims that his discovery of P. now means that philosophical archaeologists seeking the foundations of postmodernism should pay more attention to the Latin side of early 17th century philosophy, rather than the national language traditions reflected in the work of Descartes and Locke. . . . Time will tell whether Deely convinces many to follow his trail."

DELEUZE, GILLES. The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque. Trans.Tom Conley. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1993.

Review: Ian Buchanan in SubStance 23.3 (1994), 124–27: "From Leibniz . . . we get the "fold." The significance of this concept is perhaps better rendered in the French title, "Le Pli." "L., as D. renders his thinking, is a theorist concerned with the problem of the multiple versus the one. . . . The fold is a response to the difficulty of creating a non-centered, non-totalized, but at the same time non-chaotic, philosophy." B. identifies "two reasons for reading "The Fold:" first, to see what D. has to say about L. and what he can tell us about the Baroque, and second, for what it can tell us about reading D."

DELEUZE, GILLES, and FELIX GUATTARI. What Is Philosophy? Trans.Hugh Tomlinson andGraham Burchell. New York: Columbia UP, 1994.

Review: R. E. Palmer in Choice 32 (1994), 614: P. finds that ". . . this book is packed with insights into historical periods, art, and philosophy. The mission of philosophy, it argues, is not to "contemplate" ideas, or "reflect" on them, or "communicate" them, but to 'create concepts' . . . . A pleasure to read," in P.'s opinion, "this is a rigorous structural reflection of the philosophical concept and a genuine contribution to philosophy. Highly recommended," adds the reviewer.

DINGLI, LAURENT. "Bonrepaus et la Révocation de l'édit de Nantes." BSHPF 141 (1995), 71–85.

Examines B.'s rise in naval administration after his conversion and his "zele" in the anti-protestant "crusade," which nontheless left him able to maintain friendly relations with Pierre Bayle. Clientage with the Colberts is fully acknowledged.

DRAY, J. P. "L'Abbé Pierre Valentin Faydit: An Oratorian Critic of Fénelon and Malebranche." PFSCL 22 (1995), 185–198.

"Whilst the sharpness of [Faydit's] mind is attractive, it should be conceded that he achieved little of lasting significance . . . ."

DEMERSON, GENEVIEVE et BERNARD DOMPNIER, éds. Les Signes de Dieu au XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Actes du Colloque organisé par le centre de recherches sur la Réforme et la Contre-Réforme. Clermont-Ferrand: Université de Clermont-Ferrand, 1993.

Review: M.-M. Fragonard in BHR 57 (1995), 255–57: "Riche colloque interdisciplinaire, Les Signes de Dieu s'intéressait à un moment important de l'histoire religieuse (toutes les querelles mettent en cause la notion sémiotique) et à un des arguments capitaux de tout le discours religieux, Signes de Dieu: tout peut être signe, effectivement ou virtuellement, puisque tout est dans la main du Créateur."

EAMON, WILLIAM. Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture. Princeton: PUP., 1994.

Review: Adrian Johns in Isis 86 (1995), 107–8: Highly original and unrivaled history of a genre whose printing history as well as contents are expertly analyzed. The problems of attribution and credibility are acutely framed and discussed.

ERDEI, KLÁRA. Auf dem Wege zu sich selbst: Die Meditation im 16. Jahrhundert. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1990.

Review: W. Schleiner in RenQ 46 (1993), 165–166: 17 th c. scholars of devotional poets such as La Ceppède and César de Nostredame will welcome this work which focuses on Calvinist, Catholic and Lutheran forms of meditation. Chapter I traces the development of meditation out of the medieval lectio-meditatio-oratio, chapter 2 differentiates Lutheran, Calvinistic and Ignatian styles, chapter 3 (judged by reviewer the most important) compares principal exponents of 2nd and 3rd post Reformation generations.

ERIKSSON, GUNNAR. The Atlantic Vision: Olaus Rudbeck and Baroque Science. Science History Publications, 1994.

Review: Anthony Grafton in Isis 86 (1995), 328–29: Fascinating monograph on Upsalan polyhistory (1630–1702) concentrating on the methodology of his Atlantica. Research is highly praised. But even more the methodology which is a tolerant opening to the teaming up of science and scholarship in the vein of the new work of T. Kaufmann and Paula Smith on science in the Holy Roman Empire, of Paula Findlen on museums, and of Thomas Leinkampf on Kirchner—"all usefully challenging traditional distinctions between periods and accepted definitions of modernity."

Review: T. P. Gariepy in Choice 32 (1995), 1323: "Scholars now consider Newton's work as the product of a single mind and the biblical musings to be related to the physics. E. has extended this type of analysis to Olaus Rudbeck (1630–1702), who as a 'modern' anatomist is credited with the discovery of the lymphatic system, but as an 'early' scholar in 1675 composed the 'Atlantica,' an enormous work that sought to prove . . . that Sweden was Plato's Atlantis as well as the source of ancient Egyptian wisdom." The author "argues that R. exemplies Baroque science, or that stage of modern science in which its critical methods are still undergoing development. On the whole, E. argues his thesis well," according to G., "but in places it could have been more rigorous. In addition to scholars interested in Sweden or Rudbeck, the book is of value to Cartesian scholars and historians of Dutch science and medicine." The reviewer notes that the study lacks a bibliography.

FERRY, LUC. "Les Animaux ont ils des droits?" Le Point (1er avril 1995), 50–56.

French tradition, "très fortement marquée par la figure historique de Descartes, . . . n'a jamais été très favorable . . . à l'idée d'un droit des animaux. Il faut avouer que le fondateur de la philosophie moderne est aussi l'inventeur de la fameuse théorie des 'animaux machines': les bêtes seraient dénuées de toute intelligence, mais aussi privées d'affectivité, et même de sensibilité. D. ne cessera d'y insister: les animaux, contrairement à l'opinion commune, ne souffrent pas." Anti Cartesian sentiment (represented by Maupertuis, Réaumur, Condillac, and others) is acknowledged. "On notera cependant les limites de cet anticartésianisme. Comme le souligne Larousse . . . , dans l'article pourtant très anticartésien qu'il consacre aux animaux dans son dictionnaire, ces derniers ne sont pas 'objets de justice' . . . : ils ne sauraient posséder une personnalité juridique comparable à celle des êtres humains. . . . [L]es formules de Michelet ('nos frères inférieurs') et de Clemenceau ('nos frères d'en bas') sont significatives de l'exacte portée de cet humanitarisme philanthropique."

FERRY, LUC. Le Nouvel Ordre écologique: L'Arbre, l'animal et l'homme. Paris: Bernard Grasset, 1992.

Review: Robert Harvey in SubStance 23.2 (1994): The author "analyzes the spectrum of environmental concerns extant today, situating them within a half millennium of legal and philosophical history and confronting the challenges erected by animal rights activism and deep ecology against humanism in the modern republican tradition." F., drawing on thought of Descartes, "recontextualizes Cartesianism's apparent disdain for anything non human within the continuum of humanism's elaboration of anti nature as the new criterion for subjectivity."

FIELD, J. V., and FRANK A. J. L. JAMES, eds. Renaissance and Revolution: Humanists, Scholars, Craftsmen and Natural Philosophers in Early Modern Europe. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Review: Margaret J. Osler in Isis 86 (1995), 323–24: Essays on the occasion of the 70th birthday of Rupert Hall (1990) contain important essays by Alan Gaffey on the historiography of early modern mechanics; J.V. Field on the relationship of painting, perspective, and mathematical optics; Richard Westfall on the scientific community; Karen Figala and Ulrich Petzgold documenting Newton's alchemical studies up to 1700. Reviewer discusses and regrets "deep conservatism" (i.e. positivist) of afterward by Hall.

Review: D. L. Patey in Choice 32 (1994), 620: "This volume of 15 talks . . . is the unusually lively and coherent record of a 1990 meeting in Oxford, 'The Scientific Revolution' . . . ." Key issue addressed: "in what sense can we now say that there was a 'revolution' in science in the 16th and 17th centuries? On topics from the privileging of physics over medicine and natural history in recent accounts of the 'revolution' to ballistics, visual imaging, alchemy, and the patronage of scientist-popes such as Benedict XIV," this volume, in P.'s judgment, "provides a fine interim report on how the history of science as a discipline should now proceed, as well as on its gropings toward a new account of the nature and origins of modernity."

• See French 17 (1994).

FINDLEN, PAULA. Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy. Berkeley: U of California P, 1994.

Review: Ken Arnold in Isis 86 (1995), 488–89: Three parts deal with the linguistic, philosophical, and social contexts of the museums, the role of experience and experiments within them, and the sociology of collecting. Treatment "lifts the position of humanist museums from cultural oddities to institutions central to contemporary scientific enterprise." Crammed with factual information and shaped by an extensive range of important, well-made points.

FINK, EUGEN. Sixth Cartesian Meditation: The Idea of Transcendental Theory of Method. Trans. with introd. byRonald Bruzina. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1995.

Review: J. A. Bell in Choice 33 (1995), 138: "F.'s study of Descartes's sixth Meditation is an invaluable addition to the corpus of Husserl scholarship. More than simply a scholarly treatise, however, it is the result of F.'s collaboration with H. during the last years of H.'s life." "This truly essential work in phenomenology should find a prominent place alongside H.'s works."

FREEDMAN, JOSEPH S. "The Diffusion of the Writings of Petrus Ramus in Central Europe, c. 1570–1630." RenQ 46 (1993), 98–152.

Carefully examines the adoption of R.'s writings in the school systems of Central Europe. Extensive study of historical, institutional and curricular factors reveals, for example, that "logic and rhetoric, followed by grammar, arithmetic, and geometry, were the main school subjects . . . taught most frequently with the use of writings by Ramus and his disciples." Opposition to R. at the university level may be explained in large part by subject matter; "R. did not produce textbooks on ethics and physics." Pragmatic reasons appear to be basis for rejection or inclusion of R. Fine tables and bibliography with library and archive locations.

GANDILLAC, MAURICE DE. Genèse de la Modernité. Les douze siècles ou se fit notre Europe (de "La Cité de Dieu" à "La Nouvelle Atlantide"). Paris: Cerf, 1992.

Review: J. M. Besnier in Esprit (février 1995), 191–92: L'auteur "associe la theologie et l'analyse socio économique a la philosophie." Il trouve que "l'Europe d'aujourd'hui n'est ni plus ni moins moderne que celle qui s'entretenait jadis d'une langue et des valeurs communes."

• See French 17 (1992).

GAVROGLU, KOSTAS, et al., eds. Physics, Philosophy, and the Scientific Community: Essays in the Philosophy and History of the Natural Sciences and Mathematics in Honor of Robert S. Cohen. Dordrecht/Boston: Kluwer, 1994.

Review: Anon. in Isis 86 (1995), 531–32: Outstanding collection of essays largely on twentieth-century issues that contains Marjorie Grene's "Animal Mechanism and the Cartesian Vision of Nature."

GOLVERS, NOEL. Ferdinand Verbiest, S.J. The Astronomia europaea. Nettetal: Steyler, 1993.

Review: Steven J. Harris in Isis 85 (1994), 694–95: First annotated English translation of the rich and remarkable memoire makes it available in greater detail than formerly. Much clearer access is possible to the Jesuits' mathematical missions and the complex dynamics of Chinese-Europen cultural exchange from the time of Verbiest's directorship of the Council, 1669–70, and the writings of his history.

GRENE, MARJORIE. A Philosophical Testament. Open Court, 1995.

Review: R. M. Stewart in Choice 33 (1995), 308: "For more than 60 years M. G. has been one of the true characters of contemporary philosophical scholarship and teaching," notes S., "making important contributions to our understanding of such figures as Heidegger, Sartre, Aristotle, and Descartes, and in particular to such fields as philosophy of biology, theory of knowledge, and metaphysics. In this three part, partially autobiographical essay, G. surveys all these themes once again. . . ." S. calls this book "a wonderful tour de force, filled with G.'s charms and provocations."

GRENET, MICHELINE. La Passion des astres au XVIIe siècle: De l'astrologie à l'astronomie. Paris: Hachette, 1994.

Review: Gilbert Walusinski in QL (1er 15 décembre 1994), 34–35: In this book G. "nous fait revivre . . . la passion des astres qui animait, à l'époque, un large public dans lequel il y avait des savants mais aussi quelques charlatans." Period covered: 1620–1738 ("des débuts de la diffusion des idées de Kepler et de Galilée à l'apogée de celles de Newton"). The author divides this era into three periods: "1620–1660, la tradition astrologique est encore pesante alors que le monde savant adopte l'héliocentrisme copernicien . . . ; 1660–1681 . . . , Colbert pense à organiser la recherche scientifique mais il faut en même temps réagir contre un retour à la sorcellerie (l'affaire des poisons); 1681–1738, le succès des conceptions de Newton devrait signifier la faillite définitive de l'astrologisme, Fontenelle inaugure la vraie littérature scientifique." "Au cours de ces trois périodes, en filigrane, la pensée et l'oeuvre de Descartes."

GROVE, RICHARD H. Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens, and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600–1860. New York: Cambridge UP, 1995.

Review: J. S. Schwartz in Choice 33 (1995), 308: The author "explores the origins of environmentalism and assesses its impact in lands colonized by the European maritime powers. He demonstrates that environmental policy was undertaken not just to improve the living conditions of the conquered although many early environmentalists were social reformers. Rather, concern about the effects of deforestation and other forms of environmental degradation made colonial powers and trading companies aware that their long term economic security was endangered by the ecological crisis they had created. They understood that the short term interests of private capital had to be put aside; the absolutist nature of colonial rule allowed the implementation of policies impossible in Europe." The work is described as "[a] valuable reference for scholars studying European colonial history, anthropology, archaeology, and the environmental movement."

HALL, A. RUPERT. Science and Society: Historical Essays on the Relations of Science, Technology and Medicine. Hampshire: Variorum, 1994.

Review: R. Palter in Choice 32 (1995), 1749: Reviewed with Silvio A. Bedini, Science and Instruments in Seventeenth-century Italy (Variorum, 1994). "Since the texts are reproduced photographically, the reader must put up with noncontinuous pagination, uncorrected typographical errors, and jarring shifts in typeface and format; nevertheless, . . . the quality of print and illustrations is high." The book by H. "contains 15 items, dating from 1959 to 1985, dealing with three principal themes: science and technology; science and warfare; and science, medicine, and the Royal Society. Several of the essays have achieved classic status," notes P., "including one on the role of scholar . . . and craftsman . . . in the 17th-century scientific revolution, and one on the role of the science of mechanics . . . in the improvement of artillery during the 17th century." Although the author's "methodology might be considered unduly positivistic and . . . old-fashioned by many younger historians of science, . . . with their wide-ranging erudition and analytic clarity, H.'s results remain indispensable for further research."

HANEY, KATHLEEN M. Intersubjectivity Revisited: Phenomenology and the Other. Athens: Ohio UP, 1994.

Review: R. Puligandla in Choice 32 (1994), 614: "H. believes that postmodern contemporary philosophers . . . choose the easy way of taking for granted the immediacy of intersubjectivity . . . without attempting to develop a systematic account of the possibility of the constitution of otherness. Dismissing epistemological skepticism as untenable and unworthy of genuine philosophical inquiry, H. attempts to provide such an account. Convinced that the fifth of Husserl's Cartesian Meditations supplies the key, H., through a careful reading of the fifth meditation, reconstructs the central arguments with emphasis on the evidence for the constitution of otherness. . . ." H. is praised for "[f]ine writing and clear argumentation . . . ." Her study includes an "excellent bibliography and useful index."

HARTH, ERICA. Cartesian Women: Versions and Subversions of Rational Discourse in the Old Regime. Ithaca/London: Cornell UP, 1992.

Review: J. H. Bloch in MLR 90 (1995), 185–86: "Harth points up the role played by the seventeenth century women commentators of Descartes in the construction of a rationalist discourse which was essentially masculinist, and which by the late eighteenth century became a universalist discourse operating against emergent feminism." Reviewer finds this a "scholarly and original analysis."

• See French 17 (1994, 93, 92).

HEIN, HILDE and CAROLYN KORSMEYER, eds. Aesthetics in Feminist Perspective. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1993.

Review: Julie Van Camp in P&L 19 (1995), 178–79: This volume is a "collection of seventeen essays on feminist aesthetics. The first such collection in English, it includes eleven essays previously published in Hypatia (1990)." "This well organized volume offers both broad theoretical considerations and applications to specific art forms, diverse methodological perspectives, and healthy debate among the contributors." Includes "feminist readings of . . . Cartesian metaphysics" among other topics.

HOFF, TOBY E. The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West. Cambridge: CUP, 1993.

Review: John S. Major in Isis 85 (1995), 675–76: "Stresses the social, legal, and institutional factors that encouraged early modern science, wide-ranging and intellectually daring." Also "seriously flawed," in its response to the "Needham question": Chinese and Arabic cultures are too monolithically presented and without true relativism that could offset a Western teleology as the model; Western impediments are too benignly presented or sometimes just ignored.

• See French 17 (1994).

HOFFMAN, JOSHUA, and GARY S. ROSENKRANTZ. Substance among Other Categories. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Review: M. A. Michael in Choice 32 (1995), 1742: "The concept of substance has a venerable history in philosophy; it played a central role in Aristotle's system of metaphysics, was discussed at length by both Descartes and Locke, and was a target of Hume's skeptical attack." The authors of this study "analyze the concept of substance and offer a theory about what distinguishes it from other ontological categories." "Chapter 2 argues that the accounts of substance advanced by Aristotle, Locke, and Descartes are all inadequate, and chapter 3 argues the same thing about contemporary, 'collectionist' theories of substance." M. praises the "very clear and readable" style of this "analytic" work. "Given its clarity, scope, and subject, this volume is a valuable and important addition to any academic library," according to M.

HOUSE, D. VADEN. Without God or His Doubles: Realism, Relativism and Rorty. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1994.

Review: R. M. Stewart in Choice 32 (1995), 1134–35: This book is called "an insightful study of Richard Rorty . . . ." Among other topics, H. "presents R.'s deconstructive critique of epistemological foundationalism from Descartes through Kant . . . ." H.'s book "provides an easily readable and accessible overview of R.'s work to this point. However," S. adds, "even more detailed criticisms can be found in Reading Rorty, ed. by Alan R. Malachowski (1990)."

HUTCHISON, ROSS. Locke in France 1688–1734. Oxford: The Voltaire Foundation, 1991.

Review: J. Renwick in MLR 90 (1995), 192: "Solidly argued work of considerable erudition" provides synthesis of Locke's reception among French Enlightenment intellectuals.

JULLIEN, VINCENT. "Le corps, matière première de la philosophie naturelle au XVIIe siècle," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL / Biblio 17 89 (1995), 53–66.

Attempts to dissolve and reconstitude the body: Descartes: Gassendi, Roberval, and Pascal.

KENNY, ANTHONY, ed. The Oxford History of Western Philosophy. New York: Oxford UP, 1994.

Review: B. C. Forrest in Choice 32 (1995), 1135: Included in this volume are "six essays on the history of Western philosophy beginning with the ancient Greeks and extending to modern political thought. Together these essays provide a comprehensive overview of the content and development of Western philosophy," according to F., "except for the notable omission of pragmatism, America's unique contribution to Western philosophy." In F.'s opinion, "The book's strength is its breadth . . . . Although recommended as a useful addition to Oxford collections in academic and public libraries, this book should not supplant more in depth histories of philosophy such as Frederick Copleston's multivolume A History of Philosophy," states the reviewer, who recommends K.'s history "for upper division undergraduates and general readers."

KLEIN, URSULA. Verbindung and Affinitat: Die Grundlegung der neuzeitlichen Chemie an der Wende vom 17. zum 18. Jahrhundert. Basel/Boston: Birkhauser Verlag, 1994.

Review: Maurice Crosland in Isis 86 (1995), 112–13: "The history of chemistry from a novel perspective." In distinguishing the nature of 17th-century chemisty, Parts 4 and 5 are particularly useful in emphasizing the empirical knowledge and ideas built up over generations from Paracelsus and Agricola to Jean Beguin and Boyle. Particularly strong in discussion of pharmacy and metallurgy. Bonus of 12-page glossary of chemical terms. No index.

KOCH, PHILIP. Solitude: A Philosophical Encounter. La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1994.

Review: Robert D. Cottrell in P&L 19 (1995), 155–56: K. raises two questions in this work, "asking in Part I: what is solitude? and in Part II: what role does solitude play in our lives?" The author "identifies two primary modes of human experience: solitude, the core definition of which is social disengagement, and encounter, that is to say, interaction with others. Both are essential for human completion . . . ." "Calling himself a partisan of solitude, K. sets out to correct the imbalance he discerns between solitude and encounter . . . ." According to the reviewer, "K.'s . . . thinking is pellucidly clear. The major part of his book is a discussion of the value of solitude." K. explores the thought of many writers, including Descartes.

KOZHAMTHADAM, JOB. The Discovery of Kepler's Laws: The Interaction of Science, Philosopy, and Religion. Notre Dame/London: Notre Dame UP, 1994.

Review: Joseph C. Pitt in Isis 86 (1995), 485–86: In the end the logic of discovery outlined here is not clearly Kepler's but is rather the ways in which a contemporary positivist would reconstruct Kepler's reasoning.

LAPLANCHE, FRANCOIS. La Bible en France entre mythe et critique. Paris: Albin Michel, 1995.

Review: B. Bazil in RDM (mars 1995), 139–40: ". . . l'ouvrage retrace la genèse d'une science 'indépendante' de la Bible et des religions, institutionalisée en 1880, avec la création d'une chaire des religions au Collège de France et l'attribution aux sciences religieuses de la cinquième section de l'Ecole des hautes études. La période couverte s'étend du XVIe au XIXe siècle.

LAUDE, PATRICK. "De la mort comme 'grâce naturelle' chez Pierre Nicole," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 295–306.

"Pour rester à la fois 'efficace' et 'cachée' la grâce doit emprunter en quelque façon les voies de la nature: la mort participe à cette manière de 'ruse' de la grâce en nous invitant, quasi contre notre gré, à transcender l'ordre de la finitude terrestre."

LENNON, THOMAS M. The Battle of the Gods and Giants: The Legacies of Descartes and Gassendi, 1655–1715. Princeton: PUP., 1992.

Review: Steven Nadler in Isis 85 (1994), 695–96: "One of the most important books on early modern philosophy to appear in decades...its subject nothing less than the intellectual heart and soul of the 17th century": the nature of space, the objects in it, and our knowledge of it. In addition to the two major figures, and Malebranche and Locke, and a "clear and accurate breakdown of their differences on major issues," there are significant treatments of Bernier, Launay, Stillingfleet, Cureau de la Chambre, Desgabets. "Most fascinating" is claim that Locke's Essay is a defense of Gassendist materialism and that Cartesian ontology is fundamentally an idealist one.

• See French 17 (1994).

LENZ, RUDOLF. De mortuis nil nisi bene? Leichenpredigten als multidisziplinäre Quelle unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Historischen Familienforschung, der Bildungsgeschichte und der Literaturgeschichte. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1990.

Review: L. Schorn-Schütte in HZ 256 (1993), 486–487: Reviewer finds a number of questions unanswered but generally appreciates this helpful investigation into a rich but often neglected multidisciplinary source, funeral orations.

LESAULNIER, JEAN. Port-Royal insolite. Edition critique du Recueil de choses diverses. Paris: Klincksieck, 1992. Preface byJean Mesnard.

Review: Susan Read Baker in FR 68 (1995), 1089–90: An elegantly edited and learned treatment of a miscellany probably the work of Jean Deslyons, Dean of Senlis (1615–1700) that records conversations—topics, religious and secular of the Liancourts' drawing-room (ca. 1670). Many writers appear as subjects, notably the historian Varillas. Copious appendices, indices.

LLOYD, GENEVIEVE. Part of Nature: Self Knowledge in Spinoza's Ethics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1994.

Review: H. Pospesel in Choice 32 (1995), 1135: "L.'s primary aim is to explain S.'s concept of self and to relate it to contemporary assumptions about selfhood . . . . She gives a penetrating explanation of how S. avoids the skeptical difficulties that plague Descartes . . . . A short but interesting section aims to show that minds like Spinoza's (unlike Cartesian minds) may exhibit gender differences. Throughout the book L.'s strategy is to illuminate S.'s thought by comparing and contrasting it with Descartes's theories. The book is written clearly," according to P.; "its emphasis is on explanation and commentary rather than critical evaluation." The reviewer adds that this volume "should be in the libraries of institutions where philosophy is studied on any level."

MCMANNERS, JOHN, ed. The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity. Oxford/New York: Oxford UP, 1990.

Review: G. Koch in HZ 257 (1993), 145–147: Excellent volume by a well known church historian with a team of 18 researchers. This fine study spans time from beginning of Christianity to today, with a look toward the future. Three major divisions treat: "From the Origins to 1800," "Christianity since 1800,"and "Christianity Today and Tomorrow." Reviewer hopes for a German translation.

MATTHEWS, GARETH B. Thought's Ego in Augustine and Descartes. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1992.

Review: Christopher Martin in PhQ 45 (1995), 265–66: "This book is a profound and stimulating comparison between the central uses made by D. and A. of the first person in philosophy." The reviewer considers M. to be "a careful and thoughtful writer: he makes no presumption that A. and D. must be approaching in some sense 'the same problem' in similar terms, but carefully analyses the subtle but important differences between them in order to bring out what are in his view the more important similarities. This careful approach pays off," says C. M., "in allowing him then to discuss more widely the nature of this kind of first person philosophizing in general." What he describes as "possible defects" aside, the reviewer calls this work "an example of how to study philosophy through its history . . . ."

MILLIKAN, RUTH GARRETT. White Queen Psychology and Other Essays for Alice. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books/MIT Press, 1993.

Review: Julia Tanney in PhQ 45 (1995), 137–39: The essays in this book "are intended to expand and clarify, but not replace, the naturalist view of intentionality, language and meaning set out [by M.] in her Language, Thought, and Other Biological Categories (MIT, 1984). Alice's main role is to play the foil to the White Queen in the final, lengthy, title essay of the volume. The White Queen spends half an hour a day exercising her mind by believing impossible things; Alice declares this to be impossible. This stages the debate between M. (in the White Queen's corner) and much of the tradition of analytic philosophy (siding with Alice), which goes wrong, according to M., in assuming a cluster of myths (largely deriving from Descartes) about what is given to consciousness. M. calls this cluster of myths of the given 'meaning rationalism.'" According to T., "The writing is lively, forceful, and witty . . . ." "Some of [M.'s] discussions . . . presuppose an extensive familiarity with the contemporary literature in philosophy of mind and language."

MOORE, PATRICK. The Great Astronomical Revolution: 1543–1687 and the Space Age Epilogue. Albion, 1995.

Review: H. Albers in Choice 33 (1995), 152: "The story of that great scientific upheaval—the overthrow of Ptolemy's geocentric theory by the heliocentrism of Copernicus—has been told many times. . . . In this book, the best-known amateur astronomer in Britain tells this story once again. . . . The introductory student should find the book interesting, and the faculty member may find some stories to round out his lectures. One caveat: M. has a tendency to state personal opinions as if they were generally accepted ideas. Otherwise, interesting reading," says A.

MORAN, BRUCE T., ed. Patronage and Institutions. Science, Technology and Medicine at the European Court, 1500–1750. Rochester, N.Y.: The Boydell Press, 1991.

Review: M. Völkel in HZ 257 (1993), 493–495: Twelve scholars contribute to these Acts of the 8th International Congress for the History of Science (Hamburg, 1989). Studies examine forms of scholarship of early absolutism, patronage, methods of research, and so forth.

MUSGRAVE, ALAN. Common Sense, Science and Scepticism: A Historical Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge. New York: Cambridge UP, 1993.

Review: Douglas M Jesseph in Isis 86 (1995), 147: "Shows how a historically oriented approach to epistemology can be developed." Its history, particularly from Descartes to Kant, is used as a way of introducing concepts and distinctions needed to build a case for "fallibilist realism."

Review: Peter Milne in PhQ 45 (1995), 379–84: Reviewed with two books on the philosophy of science (one by Donald Gillies, the other by Peter Kosso). According to the reviewer, A. M.'s book "ranges far more widely [than the others], being . . . an introduction to the theory of knowledge (although . . . science . . . figures prominently)." This volume is judged to be "a very fine introductory book, to be commended to philosophical neophytes in the strongest terms." In his book M. portrays "Descartes and Kant as representative Rationalists . . . . M. gives us K.'s familiar distinctions and the implausibility of empiricist accounts of mathematics before describing D.'s attempts to provide a foundation for rationalism in the Discourse and the Meditations." This "excellent introductory text" is described as "an ideal starter-pack for budding epistemologists."

NADLER, STEVEN. "Choosing a Theodicy: The Leibniz Malebranche Arnauld Connection." JHI 55 (1994), 573–589.

Leibniz's relationship to Malebranche with Arnauld as a critical intermediary: "The overriding issue for Arnauld is safeguarding God's omnipotence, which to his mind, both Leibniz and Malebranche fail to do in similar ways."

NADLER, STEVEN, ed. Causation in Early Modern Philosophy: Cartesianism, Occasionalism, and Preestablished Harmony. University Park: Pennsylvania State U P, 1993.

Review: Stephen Graukroger in Isis 85 (1994), 514–15: Welcome collection of essays advancing resurgent interest in philosophy of the second half of the 17th century, especially the search for general principles of causation left open by Descartes. The alternative contexts cited in the title are viewed against five interactional problems of God, mind, and matter, are especially successful: S. Nadler on La Forge; M. Kulstad on Leibniz; Thomas Lennon on Francois Bayle, as is discussion of the oversimplified predominance of body/mind over other relations. Includes essay on Malebranche by Richard Watson and Catherine Wilson.

NEVEU, BRUNO. L'Erreur et son juge: Remarques sur les censures doctrinales à l'époque moderne. Paris: Bibliopolis, 1993.

Review: Jacques Le Brun in RHR 211 (1994), 335–43: Reviewer's essay in dialogue with Neveu is an intriguing acknowledgement of this vast syntheses qualified as "magisterial."

Review: Roger Zuber in BSHPF 141 (1995), 279–81: Draws attention in this "ambitieux travail de synthèse" to the masterful treatment of the debate on the Augustinus. Highest praise for the dialectic—indeed long term—of Pope, Tradition, and "Eglise Primitive."

NEVEU, BRUNO. Erudition at religion aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Paris: Albin Michel, 1994.

Review: Roger Zuber in BSHPF 141 (1995), 279: Collection of essays, eleven published 1966 to 1991, with a brilliant 50-page introductory piece and a comprehensive index. "Les chercheurs qui veulent comprendre Port-Royal en profondeur, et dans sa relation complexe avec les multiples courants religieux du temps, y compris ceux du Refuge protestant, doivent pénétrer cette somme magistrale."

ORSINI, LILIA CAPOCACCIA, GIORGIO DORIA and GIULIANO DORIA, eds. 1492–1992, Animali e piante dalle Americhe all'Europa. Genova: Sagep Editrice, 1991.

Review: M. Pfister in ZRP 110 (1994), 686–88: Published on the occasion of the anniversary of the discovery of America, this wide-ranging study is considered valuable to students of Romance languages. Includes sections on animals, plants, illnesses, medicines, products, and gastronomic innovations. Colorful illustrations.

PAGELS, ELAINE. The Origin of Satan. New York: Random House, 1994.

Review: Anon. in VQR 71 (1995), 124: "Tracing the evolution of Satan from a diffuse evil force to the specific, personified enemy of God and humanity, P. concerns herself primarily with the social meaning of the devil." The author "presents her multifaceted, complex investigation of the conception and perception of evil throughout Western history in a way that speaks to both . . . the specialist and the common reader."

PARKINSON, G. H. R., ed. The Renaissance and Seventeenth-Century Rationalism. London/New York: Routledge, 1993.

Review: M.-C. Pitassi in BHR 57 (1995), 307–08: De solides contributions à cette histoire de la philosophie dont le quatrième volume se limite à la Renaissance et au rationalisme de l'âge classique. Pitassi regrette "une approche peu attentive à reconstituer le tissu social, religieux et culturel au sens large du terme dans lequel doivent être lus les ouvrages d'un Descartes ou d'un Hobbes . . . ."

PARISI, LUCIANO. "La ricezione dell'Exposition de la doctrine catholique di Bossuet in Degola e Manzoni." MLN 110 (1995), 32–48.

Analyse des rapports généalogiques et filiations entre l'Exposition de la doctrine catholique (1671) de Bossuet, l'Exhortation à une nouvelle catholique le jour de son abjuration du calvinisme de Eustache Degola (1810), et l'Osservazioni sulla morale cattolica (1819) de Alessandro Manzoni (1819).

PATAI, RAPHAEL. The Jewish Alchemists: A History and Source Book. Princeton: PUP, 1994.

Review: Gad Freudenthal in Isis 86 (1995), 318–19: Flawed by historical laxity and indifference to secondary sources, nevertheless a welcome contribution for its examination of the general subject of "alchemy and Judaism" (and the marginal place of the former in the latter). Argues that by the 16th century, alchemy acquired legitimacy with European Jews because science did. Most impressive is a listing of 450 alchemical terms.

PETTEGREE, ANDREW, ALASTAIR DUKE and GILLIAN LEWIS, eds. Calvinism in Europe, 1540–1620. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Review: C. Lindberg in Choice 32 (1995), 1137–38: "This collection of original essays by an international group of the leading scholars in Calvin studies is a coherent and comprehensive analysis and exposition of the Calvinist movement throughout Europe." "The 13 contributions begin with an overview of European Calvinism and conclude with an analysis of the major role played by merchants in its spread. The intervening chapters cover development in Geneva, Switzerland, France, the Netherlands, Germany, Hungary, and Scotland, and the transmission of C.'s thought in translation. The chapters provide not only coverage of little known aspects of Calvinism's impact but also important corrections to traditional caricatures of Calvinism."

PETTIT, PHILIP. The Common Mind: An Essay on Psychology, Society, and Politics. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.

Review: Alan Thomas in PhQ 45 (1995), 237–40: "This is an ambitious book, spanning the philosophy of mind, the philosophy of the social sciences, and political theory. The author's aim is to trace the implications of an anti Cartesian account of the psychological subject for the methodology of social explanation, and for the implicit ontology of political theory. P. works outwards from the philosophical anthropology at the core of his system, ultimately to argue that our options in political theory are constrained by our core conception of the thinking subject." The reviewer's "reservations concerning this book are minor compared to [his] admiration for its breadth of reference, rigour and exemplary clarity."

POMMIER, RENE. "Jansénisme et noblesse de robe?" PFSCL 22 (1995), 571–581.

A critical assessment of Lucien Goldmann's socio historical analysis of Jansenism: Goldmann's thesis contradicts the history and logic of both religious and philosophical ideas.

POPKIN, RICHARD H. Histoire du scepticisme d'Erasme à Spinoza. Trad. de l'anglais parChristine Hivet.Prés. parCatherine Larrère. Paris: PUF, 1994.

Review: Gérard Bensussan in QL (1er–15 juillet 1995), 15, 20: "Avec une érudition aussi sûre que foisonnante, l'ouvrage de R. H. P. entreprend non seulement de démontrer l'inconsistance philosophique et historique de cette filiation paresseusement reçue [Introduction: "Qu'est ce qu'un sceptique? Quelqu'un qui met en doute la croyance religieuse, dit le dictionnaire, corroborant confusément de lointains souvenirs scolaires"] mais, plus paradoxalement, d'établir que les sceptiques français, loin d'être d'immoraux débauchés, furent fidéistes, ou tout au moins les alliés du fidéisme catholique de la Contre Réforme. Un moment clé de la généalogie de la modernité se trouve ici radicalement révalué, appelant à une nécessaire repensée philosophique de la question même du doute sceptique." "P. nous offre une histoire des idées, exceptionnellement riche, qui va . . . de 1500 à 1675. Sa lecture permet de découvrir bien des noms oubliés ou inconnus . . . ."

POPKIN, RICHARD H. and JAMES B. FORCE, eds. The Books of Nature and Scripture: Recent Essays on Natural Philosophy, Theology, and Biblical Criticism in the Netherlands of Spinoza's Time and the British Isles of Newton's Time. Dordrecht/Boston: Kluwer, 1994.

Review: Anon. in Isis 86 (1995), 531: Ten papers, predominantly on Newton, contains R.H. Popkin, "Spinoza and Biblical Scholarship" and a response by A. Fubkenstein.

PORTER, ROY, ed. The Popularization of Medicine. New York/London: Routledge, 1992.

Review: Ann La Berge in Isis 85 (1994), 698–99: Collection of essays providing a starting point of the best recent scholarship for anyone interested in exploring medical popularization and the concepts it involves. Important emphasis on the book, especially by Andre Wear, and the necessity of its being studied within the broader context of the history of print culture, as well as the politics of knowledge.

PORTER, ROY and MIKULAS TEICH, eds. The Scientific Revolution in National Context. Cambridge: CUP, 1992.

Review: Margaret C. Jacob in Isis 85 (1994), 511–12: Includes essay by L.W.B. Brokliss, which summarized his work on universities and offers a "lucid and broadly comparative" discussion of absolutism, the role of the Church, and the contribution of the French Academy of Sciences. Reservations on the deformation by historiographical traditions in the essays on England, Italy, and Germany; Scotland and Sweden are seen as methodological models.

POTON, DIDIER and PATRICK CABANEL. Les Protestants français du XVIe au XXe siècles. Paris: Nathan Université, 1994.

Review: Patrick Harismendy in BSHPF 141 (1995), 456–57: Despite the long sweep and the traditional chronology, the precision and the acknowledgement of the "qualites intellectuelles du protestantisme" makes the volume an admirable "manuel de synthèse des connaissances."

RICCI, SAVERIO. La fortuna del pensiero di Giordano Bruno. Florence: Le Lettere, 1990.

Review: Edward A. Gosselin in Isis 85 (1994), 154–55: Shows that Bruno's works were surprisingly well known after the ban of 1603: as a follower of Lull in the mnemonic arts and in debates on the infinity of possible worlds. Two lengthy concluding chapters present Bruno's influence as a pantheist and his place in the development of free-thought. In sum, "a masterful work...for intellectual historians."

ROGER, JACQUES. Pour une histoire des sciences à part entière. Texte établi et prés. parClaude Blanckaert.Postface deJean Gayon. Paris: Albin Michel Idées, 1994.

Review: Gilbert Walusinski in QL (1er–15 juillet 1995), 25–26: "Cinq ans après la disparition de [J. R.], ses études sur des thèmes variés illustrent l'étendue de ses dons et viennent admirablement à l'appui de sa plaidoirie pour une histoire historienne des sciences qui est tout à fait d'actualité." ". . . [L]es études réunies dans le volume actuel . . . couvrent un large champ, des prémices de la science moderne . . . aux débats actuels entre philosophie et sciences sociales en passant par la passionnante histoire de l'émergence du concept de vie." "Pour J. R., le projet d'histoire historienne des sciences consiste _ comprendre le passé dans ses propres termes. Ce qui est évidemment le moyen d'éviter cette faute si flagrante et pourtant si commune qu'est l'anachronisme."

ROGERS, G. A. J. Locke's Philosophy: Content and Context. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1994.

Review: Wayne Waxman in PhQ 45 (1995), 523–29: Reviewed with The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge UP, 1993). "One of the finest and most ambitious pieces in either of the collections under review," says W., "is 'The Foundations of Knowledge and the Logic of Substance: the Structure of Locke's General Philosophy,' by Michael Ayers. His concern is with the grounds of L.'s belief that physical inquiry can never attain the status of scientific knowledge." This essay and Martha Brandt Bolton's "The Real Molyneux Question and the Basis of Locke's Answer" (W. expresses reservations about B.'s article) both contain references to Cartesian thought.

ROSS, ANDREW C. A Vision Betrayed: The Jesuits in Japan and China, 1542–1742. New York: Orbis Books, 1994.

Review: C. MacCormick in Choice 32 (1995), 1614: "This compact, detailed study examines the course of the Jesuit mission to the Far East from mid-16th century to the formal cancellation of that mission by the Papacy two centuries later. Principally at issue then (as now?) was whether and how much expanding Christianity could accommodate to the various host cultures it encountered." According to M., the author's "scholarship is well grounded and elaborated." The reviewer adds: "There is much here for both secular and church historians, as well as for nonhistorians who nevertheless think deeply about Christianity's proper relation to other traditions."

ROWAN, MARY. "The Song of Songs in Conventual Discourse." PFSCL 22 (1995), 109–117.

Studies spousal or marital imagery in the works of three Benedictines, La Mère Marguerite d'Arbouze, Jacqueline Bouëtte de Blémur, and Marie Eléanore de Rohan: "The indubitable charge of erotic longing and desire whether of woman for man, or of the soul for God becomes apparent from perusal of the nun's texts, all of which describe the gulf between Eros or human love and Agape or divine grace."

SALAZAR, PHILIPPE JOSEPH. "Physique de la mystique au XVIIe siècle: François de Sales, Rigoleuc et Corneille," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 109–116.

Studies the "discours classique sur le corps mystique": "Polyeucte est une tragédie chrétienne dans la mesure, en effet, où elle met en scène la physique de la foi. Corneille a relevé, en littérature, la leçon dévote de saint François de Sales et de la mystique jésuite. Il a compris tout le sens des exercices d'oraison qui sont, par la nécessité des choses, un triomphal abaissement du corps."

SCHIFFMAN, ZACHARY SAYRE. On the Threshold of Modernity: Relativism in the French Renaissance. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP, 1991.

Review: J.D. Lyons in RenQ 46 (1993), 384–385: L.judges S.'s aim "both ambitious and subtle" and appreciates the careful documentation, chronology and biography of this volume which deserves a wide audience." Relativism is seen as a result of the recovery of antiquity. Two 17th c. figures, Charron and Descartes, each receive a chapter long treatment. L. views the analysis of Descartes "one of the best parts of S.'s work."

SCHNEDIER, MARK A. Culture and Enchantment. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1993.

Review: Paula Findlen in Isis 86 (1995), 146–47: "By bringing together a discussion of 17th-century science with an analysis of 20th-centruy cultural commentary, Schneider offers a parallel view of the shared processes at work": documents the migration of enchantment from an elite group of interpreters involved in the study of nature to modern social anthropology. "Ambitious and through-provoking."

SHEETS-JOHNSTONE, MAXINE, ed. Giving the Body Its Due. Albany: SUNY P, 1992.

Review: Philip Auslander in TDR 39.3 (1995), 169–80: Reviewed with six other books. "According to editor M. S.-J., the thrust of [this book] . . . , a collection of New Age-ish essays largely by psychologists and therapists, is epistemological: its purpose is to redress the imbalance created by 'the legacy of Descartes's metaphysics,' the privileging of mind over body inaugurated by the cogito."

SORABJI, RICHARD. Animal Minds and Human Morals: The Origins of the Western Debate. London: Duckworth, 1993.

Review: Timothy O'Hagan in PhQ 45 (1995), 256–58: O. finds this book "a pleasure to read and to review. With the authority of one of our greatest classical scholars, [S.] brings us an array of Greek and Latin texts in translation . . . , bearing on the relations between human beings and animals. His readings of those texts are precise, detailed and always illuminating," according to the reviewer. Descartes is among the writers discussed. S. "writes with an engaging clarity, freshness and humour . . . ," says O. "The strength of the book," he adds, "lies in the richness of its detail, . . . reflect[ing] scholarship in its deepest sense, the opposite of mere scholastic pedantry."

STEPHENSON, BRUCE. The Music of the Heavens: Kepler's Harmonic Astronomy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1994.

Review: T. Barker in Choice 32 (1995), 1144: "S.'s thorough, scholarly study of K. focuses on Harmonices mundi . . . . Published in 1619, this work is now best known for its statement of K.'s 'Third Law' of planetary motion . . . ." In B.'s opinion, the author "argues persuasively that, although K.'s outlook on nature was foreign to modern science, his analysis was nevertheless very advanced in its extreme care and precision." While calling the study "somewhat pedantic and dry," a work "not intended for the beginning student," B. also describes the book as "detailed, authoritative, and original . . . ."

Review: William H. Donahue in Isis 86 (1995), 484–85: Argues that the Kepler of the Harmonice is the same penetrating and subtle reasoner whose deductive brilliance discovered the orbit of Mars. Chs. 1–7 cover earlier theories of celestial harmony. An interpretative essay as well as a close reading of the text that ably leads through the thicket of argument and corrects a number of common misconceptions. "Should lay to rest the hoard caracture of Kepler."

STERN GILLET, SUZANNE. Aristotle's Philosophy of Friendship. Albany: SUNY P, 1995.

Review: M. Andic in Choice 33 (1995), 479: The author "explores the place of friendship in A.'s conception of the best life for human beings." S. G. "compares A. with Homer and Plato, Spinoza and Descartes . . . ," among others. "This close textual study is strongly recommended . . . ."

STRAWSON, GALEN. Mental Reality. Cambridge, MA: MIT P, 1994.

Review: H. Storl in Choice 32 (1995), 1610: "Two intuitions are operative in S.'s defense of 'naturalized Cartesianism'—one philosophical, the other a matter of common sense. The philosophical premise asserts that cons[c]ious experience is central to mental life." This notion is compared with an idea expressed by John Searle in The Rediscovery of Mind (1992). "On the side of common sense, S. advocates experiential realism coupled with the idea that 'there is a crucial respect in which there is no sort of error or inadequacy in the ordinary person's view of what experience or consciousness is or is like.' S.'s argumentative style and familiarity with the literature firmly place this book alongside three other recent works [the authors and titles are given] that have revitalized serious philosophical interest in the nature of consciousness . . . ."

STROUP, ALICE. A Company of Scientists. Botany, Patronage and Community at the Seventeenth-Century Parisian Royal Academy of Scientists. Berkeley/Los Angeles/Oxford: U of California P, 1990.

Review: M. Völkel in HZ 257 (1993), 202–204: Examination of Academy from its founding in 1666 until its first statutory revival in 1699 and during the period of three patrons (ministers of Louis XIV): Colbert, Louvois and Pontchartrain. Thematic presentation investigates the institution and its patronage, its botanical research, the relation between the academy and the scientific community, and, in detailed analysis, its finances.

TUANA, NANCY. The Less Noble Sex: Scientific, Religious, and Philosophical Concepts of Women's Nature. Bloomington: Indiana U P, 1993.

Review: Londa Schiebinger in Isis 85 (1994), 676–77: Carefully argumented presentation of a continuous tradition, from Hesiod to Darwin, under five themes resonating throughout Western intellectual culture: woman as a less perfect man, deficient in reason, defective in morals, secondary in reproduction, and woefully unruly. Very useful consolidation of previously scattered information, moving a bit quickly over the 17th and 18th centuries.

VAN DER SCHOOR, R.J.M. The Irenical Theology of Théophile Brachet de La Milletière. Leiden: Brill, 1995.

Review: Elisabeth Labrousse in BSHPF 141 (1995), 450–51: Revised dissertation (Nimegue) that shows a large command of sure theology and is a careful guide to a number of prolix works. Impressive biblio. including much in MSS. Concentrates on the early period of production by the Calvinist extremist, then more fully on the 1634–45 period of eclectic religious syntheses. Labrousse regrets that the final period as catholic apologist is not included.

WALMSLEY, PETER. The Rhetoric of Berkeley's Philosophy. New York: Cambridge UP, 1990.

Review: Kevin L. Cope in PQ 73 (1994), 369–72: "Quadratically Cartesian, W.'s four-part survey of B.'s major works . . . opens with an attempt to reclaim ad hominem associations between ethical speakers and philosophical statements." The author "explains how B., a moralist and a rhetorician, fused ethos with semiosis and gnosis. B.'s non-doctrinaire rhetoric lifts him into the high-flying tradition of Descartes and Newton . . . while ditching implied endorsements of materialism or dualism . . . ." According to C., this book "is destined to find its place in the small but brilliant constellation of innovative works on the discourse of philosophical celebration."

WELCH, MARCELLE MAISTRE. "Le corps féminin dans la pensée de Poullain de la Barre," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL/Biblio 17 89 (1995), 67–75.

". . . une fois dégagé des multiples contingences culturelles qui faussent le jugement sur la notion de l'égalité des sexes, le principe de l'asexuation de la raison telle que le conçoit Poullain finit par co exister avec une forte valorisation de la sensualité féminine qui célèbre le corps de la femme."

WOOLHOUSE, R.S. Descartes, Spinoza, Liebniz: The Concept of Substance in Seventeenth-Century Metaphysics. London/New York: Routledge, 1993.

Review: Stephen Graukroger in Isis 86 (1995), 488: Successive chapters on Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz deal with the "mechanics of extended substance," the quantative conceptions sought as replacements for Aristotle's. Stronger on "coming to terms with the physical issues" than on sensitivity to the metaphysical problems posed "when formulating a metaphysics different from Aristotle's involved the standard discussion in Aristotelian terms."