FRENCH 17

• See French 17 (1994, 93).

CANOVA-GREEN, MARIE-CLAUDE. "History and Myth at the Court of the Bourbon Kings (1610–1643)." SCFS 17 (1995), 53–67.

Focus on several telling examples of the creation of "myth-history" in the royal ballets of the 1620s, then the 1660s, as royal propaganda. The course of historiography in the later century "was to prove impervious to the workings of mythhistory." Illustrated. Nothing new here; but the presentation is pointed and well developed.

CARRE, MARIE-ROSE. Le Bourgeois parisien de 1640 peint par lui-même. Paris; Nizet, 1994. Preface byRobert Aulotte.

Uses the conferences of Renaudot (1633–43) and achieves a "peinture sous le regard clairvoyant et compréhensif de Marie-Rose Carré, du Bourgeois parisien des bousculantes annees 1640: en train de se décourvrir, de se connaître et de se faire connaître dans la révélatrice pratique des conférences." (Aulotte)

CASTAGNO, PAUL C. The Early Commedia dell'arte (1550–1621): The Mannerist Context. New York: P. Lang, 1994.

Review: P. Koch in Choice 32 (1995), 1740: The author "believes this art form was, at least in its beginnings, a product of mannerism. Proof of this involves the author in a wide-ranging exploration of the post-Renaissance movement and requires extensive forays into the history, music and, above all, the fine arts of the period (roughly 1575–1625) in Italy and the rest of Europe." K. identifies numerous "tangible shortcomings" of the book. "On a purely mechanical level, the index is incomplete, titles mentioned in the notes do not always recur in the bibliography, and the frequency of typos is inordinately high, especially in the spellings of French and Italian quotations. Although . . . [C.'s] command of these two languages is generally sound," says K., "some of his mistranslations are astonishing enough to cast doubt on the overall reliability of the arguments. And the abundance of vexing neologisms does nothing to strengthen the reader's conviction."

CESSAC, CATHERINE. Marc Antoine Charpentier. Trans.E. Thomas Glasow. Ed. Reinhard G. Pauly. New York: Amadeus, 1995.

Review: K. Thomerson in Choice 33 (1995), 474: "C.'s music was neglected for nearly two centuries after his death in 1704. A few of his pieces are heard today, but more than 500 works exist in diverse sacred and secular forms, the majority in autograph manuscripts at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. . . . C. first produced this comprehensive volume in French (1988), and this English translation is excellent," says T. The author "describes the clash of French and Italian musical styles in late 17th century France, the monopoly of Lully, Lully and Charpentier's work with Molière and the Comédie Française, court life under Louis XIV, musical patronage of the Duchesse de Guise and the Jesuits, and specific works. The author also provides a chronological table, a catalog of works, and two appendixes of texts. Highly recommended for all academic collections."

CHALIAND, GERARD, ed. The Art of War in World History: From Antiquity to the Nuclear Age. Berkeley: U of California P, 1994.

Review: Jeremy Black in JES 98 (1995), 199–200: "This is essentially an anthology of strategy." "The distinctive features of C.'s selection," according to B., "are global range, a major role for what Lucien Poirier in his foreword terms irregulars, and a focus on the struggle between sedentary areas and nomad invasions." B. describes the book as "a 'Eurasian' volume with all too little attention devoted to the Pacific world. . . . As far as Europe is concerned, there is too little on northern and eastern and too much on western Europe," in the reviewer's opinion. "Logistics receives insufficient attention," says B., who adds, however, that ". . . this is an interesting collection, a better anthology than any other of its type . . . ."

CHARNLEY, JOY. "Morocco/France: A Non-Meeting of Minds." SCFS 17 (1995), 125–33.

Analysis of the tragicomic delegation of Saint-Olon, Louis XIV's emissary, to Mouley-Ismael (1693), and his narrative, which is "extremely critical and unwilling to recognize any good in the Moroccans."

CHARTIER, ROGER, ed. The Culture of Print. Trans.Lydia Cochrane. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1989.

Review: P.S. Graham in RenQ 46 (1993), 562–565: Although quibbling about details (a slight mistitle, less than idiomatic English translation, problems with certain of the essays), G. does find that the book "contains useful studies to support his [Chartier's] effective syntheses elsewhere." Range of study includes manuscripts, methodology is that of specific case study. Print culture is both culture of the image and culture of speech. 17 th c. scholars will benefit from C.'s essay on marriage charters, Alain Boureau's on a 17th c. Bibliothèque bleue, and Catherine Velay Vallantin's on Perrault.

CUENIN, MICHELINE. "Mademoiselle, une amazone impure?" PFSCL 22 (1995), 25–36.

Measures the princess' character her strengths and her shortcomings against her designation as a national heroine.

CULTURE ET PRATIQUES POLITIQUES EN FRANCE ET EN IRLANDE, XVIE–XVIIIE SIECLE. Actes du Colloque de Marseille 28 sept.-2 oct 1988. Paris: C.N.R.S., 1991.

Review: G. Livet in RBPH 72 (1994), 986–88: Quatres thèmes: 1) Pouvoir et révoltés; 2) La Politique et le peuple; 3) La Politique et ses présentations; 4) Les Formes de mobilisation politique. Voir l'article de C. Jouhaud sur "L'énergie du pouvoir: le cas de Richelieu."

CUSSANS, THOMAS et al., eds. The Times Atlas of European History. New York: Harper Collins, 1994.

Review: T. M. Izbicki in Choice 32 (1995), 1282: "This volume might more accurately be called an atlas of European political history," says I., "since the introduction makes no pretense of its having any other focus. What the contributors do provide, however, is useful within the defined scope. The maps, moreover, are clearly produced in color." Minor reservations aside, ". . . this tool is recommended for all libraries for what it does well: it treats the mapping of history as the mapping of past politics."

DEFFAIN, DOMINIQUE. Un voyageur français en Nouvelle France au XVIIe siècle. Etude littéraire des Relations du Pere Paul Le Jeune (1632–1641). Túbingen: Niemeyer, 1995.

DELUMEAU, JEAN. Mille ans de bonheur. Tome 2 d'une "Histoire du Paradis." Paris: Fayard, 1994.

Review: Gilbert Durand in QL (16–31 october 1995), 25–26: The book being reviewed is the second volume of the author's "'Histoire du Paradis' ouverte par le Jardin des Délices (1992) . . . ." These two volumes are "le versant 'paradisiaque' de cette 'comédie' humaine revisitée par l'historien, ou mieux cette véritable Divine Comédie dont le croyant avait déjà dépeint 'Purgatoire' et 'Enfer'" in works published from 1978 to 1991. "Le Paradis ayant été 'perdu' dans le 1er volume de cette 'histoire,' le rôle du second volume est de lui trouver des substituts en ce monde ci . . . ." The 32 page 4th Part of this study goes from end of 17th century to end of 18th century.

DEOTTE, JEAN LOUIS. Oubliez! Les Ruines, l'Europe, le Musée. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1994.

Review: Christian Descamps in QL (1er 15 mars 1995), 19: "Très proche de la pensée de Lyotard, J. L. D. avance une question décisive: Voulons nous des musées? Et si nous en voulons . . . que montrer, qu'exposer? Partout, la boulimie des patrimoines, des commémorations, de l'exotisme mondial, du recyclage écologique ou historique fait florès."

DITTMANN, LAURENT. "Image cadavér(id)ique: vers une lecture thanato politique des Grandes misères de la guerre de Jacques Callot," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 87 (1995), 259–266.

Studies images of death in the work of the Lorraine engraver who was "un vecteur pictural de la consommation généralisée, et ce aussi bien dans les couches aisées de la société que parmi les éléments plus populaires." A work which proclaims the "contemporanéité de l'Image, de la Mort et du Pouvoir . . . ."

DITTMAN, LAURENT. "L'animal, ce héraut: Les armes parlantes au XVIIème siècle." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991) 147–56.

D. studies the markedly increased use of animal imagery in the blasons of newly acquired titles of nobility. For the bourgeois-turned-noble, a coat-of-arms sporting an animal signalled a certain subversiveness with respect to the noblesse de sang, whose use of animal figures was less frequent, and whose blasons depicted more traditional images such as those of the warrior and the hunter. According to D., this reconfigured symbolism on the part of the new nobility amounted to a kind of semiological destabilization. D. points to the subtlety of these new signs, which, despite their pretention to the aristocratic echelons of society, discreetly preserved some of their bearer's common origins through word-play. He suggests that the quiet preservation of non-noble origins in some blasons was done with "la bénédiction de l'autorité royale," as a "strategic" and "tacit" acknowledgement of the new power of the bourgeoisie.

DUCHHARDT, HEINZ, RICHARD A. JACKSON and DAVID STURDY, eds. European Monarchy. Its Evolution and Practice from Roman Antiquity to Modern Times. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1992.

Review: K. Härter in HZ 258 (1994), 734–36: Selection of communications at the 1990 MAJESTAS International Conference in Paris on the thematic of "Rulership from above and below." Perspectives include those of the governed in addition to that of rulers. Informative volume treats: constitutional issues, practical problems of government and religion, and personal character of the ruler. 17th c. scholars will appreciate esays on Henri IV, Louis XIII and the "symbiotic relationship between church and court."

DUCHHARDT, HEINZ. "Neue Historische Literatur: Absolutismus Abschied von elnem Epochenbegriff." HZ 258 (1994), 113–122.

Examines the concept of absolutism in the light of Nicholas Henshall's The Myth of Absolutism (London: Longman, 1992). The relatively small book will elicit controversial discussion as its author shows the signs of absolutism to be greatly exaggerated (what history calls absolutism is mere adherence to the old European tradition). D. refers to several other works on this era as he considers discussion of Richelieu's contributions and Louis XIV's determination and consolidation of old ruling techniques and structures. Notes errors and glaring omissions such as Klaus Malettke's important book on Louis XIV's opposition.

DUNN, LESLIE C. and NANCY A. JONES, eds. Embodied Voices: Representing Female Vocality in Western Culture. New York: Cambridge UP, 1995.

Review: R. Lorraine in Choice 33 (1995), 474: "This valuable contribution to music and literary studies is part of the 'New Perspectives in Music History and Criticism' series, which seeks to publish music criticism that uses cross disciplinary methods to provide a basis for judgments about value and explore the relation of music to culture. These goals are met in E. V., which considers the expressions of female vocality in light of theories of subjectivity, the body, and sexual difference." "Virtually all of the [14] essays are engaging and beautifully written and edited," according to L., "and all represent scholarship of the highest order." The reviewer "[h]ighly recommend[s]" this work "to any educated reader interested in music, literature, or gender scholarship."

DUPAQUIER, JACQUES. Histoire de la population française. De la Renaissance à 1789. Paris: PUF, 1994.

ELKINS, JAMES. The Poetics of Perspective. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1994.

Review: Anon. in VQR 71 (1995), 124: "This magisterial study of the problem of perspective for art historians, literary critics, psychologists, mathematicians will unquestionably and indelibly mark the ways that we talk about pictorial representation," in the reviewer's judgment. "E. carefully traces the history of both the theory and the practice of perspective from the Renaissance to modernity. He examines such important figures as Alberti, Vasari, Dürer, Panofsky, Merleau Ponty, and Lacan in order to show how perspective itself was transformed from an idea for the construction of pictures to an idea for the construction of the self, a metaphor, whether linguistic or epistemological, for subjectivity. Using the tools of interdisciplinary inquiry, E.'s book adroitly surveys a vast terrain of historical ideas."

EVA/AVE: WOMEN IN RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PRINTS. New York: Feminist Press, 1991.

Review: L.R.N. Ashley in BHR 56 (1994), 790: ". . . art book showing how prints depicted women from the middle of the Fifteenth Century to about the middle of the Seventeenth Century."

FARGE, ARLETTE. Subversive Words: Public Opinion in Eighteenth-century France. Trans.Rosemary Morris. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1995.

Review: J. E. Parker Jr. in Choice 32 (1995), 1652: "This study . . . concentrates on the opinions of the commoners during the reigns of Louis XIV, XV, and XVI. Focusing on the opinions of Parisians, F. undertook extensive examination of newspapers, memoirs, police reports, and news sheets. The monarchy and the police apparently assumed that commoners were incapable of, and unentitled to, opinions, yet these authorities maintained an extensive network of spies, police, and propagandists to report every rumor and to sow the seeds of rumors they wished circulated. This very readable and fluently translated account contains a wealth of material not available elsewhere."

FARR, JAMES R. Authority and Sexuality in Early Modern Burgundy (1550–1730). New York: Oxford UP, 1995.

Review: D. C. Baxter in Choice 33 (1995), 193: "In a rich, detailed, and synthetic treatment, [F.] examines the attempts of the largely Catholic French elite to impose morality after the 16th-century civil wars. . . . F.'s account is a depressing tale of women's vulnerability told through judicial processes against infanticide, concubinage, and prostitution. Although F.'s meticulous accounting of judicial cases is sometimes numbing," in B.'s opinion, the reviewer adds that "this is a valuable work with its theoretical framework, exhaustive detail, careful documentation, and extensive 42-page bibliography."

FISCHER-LICHTE, ERIKA. The Semiotics of Theater. Trans.Jeremy GainesandDoris L. Jones. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1992.

Review article: Freddie Rokem in Semiotica 106 (1995), 187–96: This is "an abridged version" of a three-volume study in German (published in 1983). "The three volumes of the original have now become the three main sections of a single volume where 'the three different areas of theater science: the theory of theater, theater history, and the analysis of performance' . . . are presented and analyzed." The volume is described as "a book full of insights into the large and complex areas of theater and performance . . . ." Among many other topics, the author "analyzes the changes of the gestural codes from the Baroque theater during the period of the early Enlightenment and their gradual development into a gestural code which was used in the bourgeois illusionist theater."

FORMAN, EDWARD. "Musical Aliens and Alien Music: Preceptions of Italian and French Music in Seventeenth-centry Paris." SCFS 17 (1995), 211–221.

Nicely argued setting of opposition, starting from the prosopopeia of the Comparison by Le Cerf de la Vieville (1704) and including staged/and sung instances as well as theoretical positions (to 1625). Accompanied by a tape, available at L7.50 from the author, Department of French, University of Bristol.

FRANKO, MARK. "Double Bodies: Androgyny and Power in the Performances of Louis XIV." TDR 38.4 (1994), 71–82.

Two epigraphs (statements by Carl von Clausewitz and by Louis Marin) open the article. These two authors "are juxtaposed above," says F., "to note the insertion of performance in a field divided by politics and war. Against this theoretical backdrop I want to project the royal project of court ballet in 17th century France, and the relationship of period performance to representation and force. The facts of the case entail a tension between pastoral and bellicose images of the king, but underlying it is an examination of models for performance studies in the field of period performance." F. treats "war . . . as a hypothetical model for royal cross dressing."

FRANKO, MARK. Dance as Text: Ideologies of the Baroque Body. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Review: Stephen Orgel in TLS 4740 (4 Feb. 1994), 24: "A remarkable overview of the ideology of perod dance," from the "Ballet comique de la Reine" (1581) through Molière's comedy-ballets, which "rewrites the history of dance." Focuses "constructively" rather than "reconstructively" on relation of text and dance in the creation of choreographic meaning, giving new interpretation to a notion like the burlesque and a revaluation of the ballet of the 1620s.

FUMAROLI, MARC. L'Ecole du silence. Paris: Flammarion, 1994.

Review: A. Zavriew in RDM (octobre 1994), 190–94: Fumaroli, spécialiste de la tradition littéraire européenne, sort un livre consacré aux arts visuels. "L'originalité de ce remarquable travail réside précisément en ceci: la parenté mille fois soulignée et prouvée entre peinture et éloquence sacrée, au XVIIe siècle.

• See French 17 (1994).

FUMAROLI, MARC. "The State, Culture, and 'L'Esprit': A Dialogue with Marc Fumaroli." Trans.Roxanne Lapidus. SubStance 24.1&2 (1995), 126–36.

"The journal Le Débat asked . . . five questions of literary historian M. F., whose book L'Etat culturel: Une religion moderne caused a stir when it was published in France in 1991." Questions and replies appeared in Le Débat, no. 70 (1992): 76–83. Includes references to 17th-century France. F. argues against the idea of a "cultural politics" in the Ancien Régime. ". . . [A] king, even the king of France, in the Ancien Régime had neither the technical means nor the bureaucratic apparatus nor the system of thought that would allow him to have a 'cultural politics.'" F. criticizes the "cliché of the absolute patron-state."

GARAPON, JEAN. "Mademoiselle à Saint Fargeau: la découverte de l'écriture." PFSCL 22 (1995), 37–47.

The literary birth of the personage caused by socializing between the high nobility and writerly classes, exile, and her upbringing of "civilité mondaine pratiquée dans un décor de magnificence, essentiel pour une conscience." The work of this "écrivain de grand talent" consists essentially of a "texte de fierté féminine renvoyant à une culture de la parole."

GIANNINI, TULA. Great Flute Makers of France: The Lot and Godfroy Families, 1650–1900. Tony Bingham, 11 Pond St., London NW3 2PN, UK, 1994 (c1993).

Review: J. P. Ambrose in Choice 32 (1995), 1130–31: "G.'s splendid archival research provides a history of French flute playing and a comprehensive study of the dynasty that began with the first French makers in the 17th century and lasted until the 20th century. Genealogies and civil documents are the spine of this research. Dozens of excellent photographs provide a visual chronicle of the history of the modern flute from the one keyed early baroque model to the present Boehm system instrument . . . . Since most French makers were related to the Lot and/or Godfroy families, the record is more complete than the title would indicate." A., whose assessment is very favorable, finds "a rich mine of new information in this volume. Graduate students will find an exemplary model for archival work in any field," according to the reviewer.

GLASGOW, R. D. V. Madness, Masks, and Laughter: An Essay on Comedy. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson UP, 1995.

Review: A. Hirsch in Choice 32 (1995), 1736: The author's "thesis . . . states that laughter results from defying 'rigid systems of signification.' Laughter is the result of zaniness, lunacy, and verbal aggression. . . . The treatise further argues that understanding our laughter denies emotional and academic distance; it anticipates the break with rationality and requires displacing 'the sobriety of normality.' Abnormality, therefore, is more the basis for comedy than tasteful, theoretical interpretations of the term because comedy displaces the 'cognitive mask.'" G. makes "an attempt to bridge the gap between theory and spontaneity, often with apt references to Aristophanes, Rabelais, Shaw, Freud, early Foucault, John Barth, Monty Python, and Antonin Artaud at the extreme." The volume includes "[a]n extensive bibliography of primary and critical sources . . . ."

GORDON, DANIEL. Citizens without Sovereignty: Equality and Sociability in French Thought, 1670–1789. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1994.

Review: Christopher Todd in JES 98 (1995), 205–06: Reviewed with another book (Arlette Farge, Subversive Words: Public Opinion in Eighteenth Century France, trans. Rosemary Morris (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994). "Seeing the Enlightenment as part of a well policed absolutist system and not plotting to overthrow it, G. nevertheless shows in the social intercourse between nobility and bourgeoisie and the love of reasoned discussion a move away from hierarchical society based on corporate privilege. After presenting different types of sociability as well as the semantic development of certain key words, G. follows the rise of other models for civility to rival that of the court, from the salon of Mlle de Scudéry to Suard's defence of the Scottish Enlightenment with its flattering picture of French sociability as the culmination of humanity's progress away from barbarity." "Providing valuable insights into life under the Old Regime, both books also suggest modern parallels."

Review: V. G. Wexler in Choice 32 (1995), 1360: The reviewer describes this work as "a sophisticated and original interpretation of how the idea of sociability evolved in French culture from the reign of Louis XIV to the French Revolution. Aristocratic values, the repressive lifestyle at Versailles, and to a greater extent, the centralized administrative bureaucracy, dominated notions of sociability in the 17th century. The 18th century Enlightenment provided a moderate alternative to court culture by creating a new language of sociability, which gave citizens the tools, such as civilized discourse as well as the notion of politeness, to form a society that might function without the absolutist model on the one hand, and strict democracy on the other . . . . G. concludes this well researched study with references to the French Revolution's demolition of all civilized notions. Conservative in its implications, the book is nonetheless a work of impressive erudition," according to W.

GRAFTON, ANTHONY and ANN BLAIR, eds. The Transmission of Culture in Early Modern Europe. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1990.

Review: N. Hammerstein in HZ 257 (1993), 749–750: Distinguished scholars treat a broad variety of aspects of this phenomenon. 17thc. specialists will appreciate the discussion of the relationship of theology and atheism in early modern France.

GREENGRASS, MARK, ed. Conquest and Coalescence. The Shaping of the State in Early Modern Europe. London/New York: Arnold, 1991.

Review: D. Willoweit in HZ 258 (1994), 789–90: An excellent example of comparative research, the volume examines the increasing organizational compression of early modern government and its expansion. Complements the work of the European Science Foundation as it contributes to the investigation of the 15th through early 19th centuries. French specialists will appreciate particularly the treatment of the expansion of the French monarchy.

GREENSHIELDS, MALCOLM. An Economy of Violence in Early Modern France: Crime and Justice in the Haute Auvergne, 1587–1664. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1995.

Review: F. K. Metzger in Choice 33 (1995), 194: "In this absorbing study, G. . . . has detailed the beginnings of the shift from private to public justice in the Haute Auvergne. He contends that physical violence, especially directed socially downward, in defense of 'honor, dignity, space, possessions, and the physical person,' and of 'psychic property,' represents an 'economy of violence.'" "In addition to its admirable organization and analysis, this is a thoroughly interesting, often entertaining book," says M. "A model study, highly recommended."

GREENSPAN, KAREN. The Timetables of Women's History: A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Women's History. Old Tappan, NJ: Simon & Schuster, 1995.

Review: M. J. Finnegan in Choice 32 (1995), 1708: "Similar in format to Bernard Grun's Timetables of History . . . , this volume highlights the major events and chief participants in women's history. Covering a broad time period, 4000 BC to 1992, and with no geographical limits, this chronology cannot be comprehensive, but it offers an array of quick facts that demonstrate the magnitude of women's historical influence and achievement through the ages." "There are some problems with indexing and format," states F., "but overall the volume is easy to read and use. A subject index lists items by year and category. More than 60 brief essays focus on key individuals and events . . . or give an overview of issues and trends . . . . Some 100 photographs and line drawings help make the book attractive."

GREGOIRE, VINCENT. "L'éducation des filles au couvent des Ursulines de Quebec à l'époque de Marie de l'Incarnation." SCFS 17 (1995), 87–98.

Outlines the programs of père Le Jeune (1635) and Colbert for a programatic instructional "métissage," whereby "les jeunes Amerindiennes acculturées au baptëme et à la communion doit finalement faire d'elles de bonnes epouses, mères de famille, et maîtresses de maison à la manière de la métropole." Destined for failure, the program was nonetheless adopted by the Ursulines who bowed to ministerial power.

GRUBER, ALAIN, ed. L'Art décoratif en Europe du néoclassicisme à l'Art Déco. Paris: Citadelles & Mazenod, 1994.

Review: Georges Raillard in QL (1er 15 decembre 1994), 20: Reviewed with two other books. "La période couverte par le volume sur L'Art décoratif, 1760–1930, est riche en transformations de toute sorte. Elles rendent difficile la mise en valeur de quelques repères définissant le style d'une époque si hétérogène. Pour les volumes antérieurs [this is the 3rd and final one] avaient été retenus, chaque fois, cinq signes distinctifs. Pour 1480–1630, les entrelacs, les rinceaux, les grotesques, les mauresques et les cuirs. Pour 1630–1760, l'auriculaire, l'acanthe, les arabesques, les chinoiseries, la rocaille. Tout cela recouvrant les divers mouvements stylistiques. Ce schéma a dû ici être abandonné. Les chapitres cinq tout de même sont le néoclassicisme, le néogothique, le japonisme, l'Art nouveau, Art déco et fonctionnalisme."

GRUBER, ALAIN, ed., with MARGHERITA AZZI VISENTINI et al. Trans.John Goodman. The History of Decorative Arts: The Renaissance and Mannerism in Europe. Abbeville, 1994.

Review: J. Howett in Choice 32 (1995), 1288: "There is no precedent in English for this history of European decorative arts in the late Renaissance from 1480 to 1630. The first in a projected series of three volumes that will survey the decorative arts from the Middle Ages to the 20th century, this study fills a great need for placing these neglected aspects of visual culture into the wider framework of art history. The format consists of separate essays on five decorative elements interlace, rinceaux, grotesques, Moorish tracery, and strapwork and cartouches by a team of scholars . . . . Although the format creates a lack of cohesive chronology," according to H., "the essays supply detailed studies and illustrations of decoration found in architecture, painting, and sculpture as well as objects usually associated with decorative arts, such as costumes, furniture, textiles, and vessels, all in almost any imaginable medium."

GUENON, SOLANGE. "Métaphores politiques, loi salique et nouvelle philosophie." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991) 63–79.

Following Ernst Kantorwicz's theory of the royal body in Les Deux Corps du Roi, G. proposes that Louis XIV's relationship to his subjects can be explained in terms of 1) "son corps naturel, and more importantly 2) "la notion de corps mystique ou politique." This second notion of the body is explained in terms of the metaphor of the marriage between the King and his subjects, as well as by the "loi salique" which prevented female succession to the throne. G. argues that through the marriage metaphor and the "loi salique," Louis XIV managed to "féminis[er] les sujets," through oppression while demanding absolute loyalty. Furthermore, Louis succeeded in breaking the bond created by his "corps mystique" as Sovereign by indulging the fancies of his "corps naturel." G. contends that in the absence of a Parliament on the English model to safeguard against the excesses of an absolute ruler, the French monarchy destroys itself in part because of the contradictions in a metaphor which requires fidelity from one body, but allows indiscretion from another.

HATTENHAUER, HANS. Europäische Rechtsgeschichte. Heidelberg: Müller, 1992.

Review: H. Coing in HZ 258 (1994), 728–29: Overwhelmingly enthusiastic review for what C. calls "the first European history of law." H. contrasts the archaic laws of the Celts, Teutons and Slavs with scientific, rational laws as he considers intellectual culture and the political situation. A unique and excellent book, it is as authoritative as it is vast (825 pages). Chap. III deals with the philosophy of Descartes, natural law, and the development of absolutism.

HERMAN, ARTHUR. "Print, Power and Desire. `La presse périodique': Commentary." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991) 229–39.

H.responds to the previous papers of Smither, Letts and Stern Brennan by arguing that their examination of the late-sixteenth and early-seventeenth century periodical press charts the "birth, growth and decline of the 17th century system." H. implies that political absolutism is based on an "economy of desire" defined by the relationship between political power and the public. This relationship moved toward a "stabilization of desire" in response to the Wars of Religion. "Stabilization" came about in the building of the state and the cult of personality surrounding Louis XIV. H. praises the articles in question, claiming that their emphasis on class, partisan expression, and the interpretation of historical events demonstrates the new forms "political desire" adopted as society sought to heal itself. Later, however, H. notes that the artifice inherent in the "focus of all public loyalties and private individuals" in one figure led to the collapse of such a system and encouraged the "desire" for iconoclasm.

HILGAR, MARIE FRANCE. "Mehemet Riza Beg, ambassadeur persan à la cour du roi soleil," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 165–171.

Sizes up the 1715 visitor admired only by Louis XIV and criticized by Saint Simon and others: more than one strange event characterized the foreigner's long mission.

HILGAR, MARIE-FRANCE . "Les sorcières devant la loi." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991) 29–39.

H. catalogues the persecution and abuse of women accused of witchcraft during the late-sixteenth and early-seventeenth centuries. Claiming that the prosecution of witches reached its height between 1560 and 1630, H. discusses both legal and religious definitions of witchcraft, such as those found in Le Marteau des sorcières (1582–87). H. views the harassement of those denounced as symptomatic of a general prejudice against women, particularly of the peasant class. Persecution occured on both a judicial and physical level, as impeached witches not only endured torture and execution, but were often denied representation and appeal. H. sees provincial magistrates as the main perpetrators of this abuse, with the situation improved only by the increased power of the Parisian Parlement, (c.1620–1640) and Louis XIV's edict of July 1682.

HOLT, MACK P. ed. Society and Institutions in Early Modern France. Athens, GA./London: The U of Georgia P, 1991.

Review: J.H.M. Salmon in RenQ 46 (1993), 366–388: A fitting tribute to J. Russell Major, this volume extends one of Major's great preoccupations, the "growth of centralized institutions in the early 17th c." Of particular interest are: Orest Ranum's essay on clientage ties between judges and princes, Krailsheimer's illustration from Molière's plays of the noble search for a new ethic, Donald Bailey's study of family and early career of Marillac, Albert Hamscher's treatment of absolutism as dependent on consent and accommodation, and James Wood's skillful statistical analysis of royal armies.

HUNT, LYNN, ed. The Invention of Pornography: Obscenity and the Origins of Modernity, 1500–1800. New York: Zone Books, 1993.

Review: Christopher Rivers in SubStance 23.3 (1994), 129–33: This book is called "a signal achievement in the growing field of scholarship on the European erotic literary tradition. It is also an exemplary work of cultural studies," in R.'s opinion. This volume, which "establish[es] itself as a standard reference on the topic . . . ," includes material on France during the time of the Fronde. One essay is ". . . Joan DeJean's compelling and significant discussion of the putative origin of pornography, L'Ecole des filles, in which she explains why . . . this . . . text came to be consecrated by literary historians as the origin of a genre. In so doing, she also comments in a more general way on literary history's inescapable insistence on the construction of origins." This book "maps the route of modern pornography from its birth in Renaissance Italy to its ultimate reconfiguration as a genre unto itself. That pornography was, for the first three hundred years of its existence in the modern period, indistinguishable as a separate genre is the fundamental thesis of this collection . . . . The essays show us how and why this was the case, and H.'s conclusion demonstrates how and why it was changed. This charting of the evolution of a discursive genre, when effected with as much erudition, critical sophistication, interdisciplinary range, and good writing as one finds here, is a rare achievement. [This volume] will not only become a requisite reference; it is sure," according to R., "to change the way scholars talk about representations of sexuality in early modern Europe."

INGRAO, CHARLES W. The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Review: P. P. Bernard in Choice 32 (1994), 659: B. judges I.'s book to be "well balanced between political, social, economic, and cultural history; it presents sharply drawn and often original conclusions on the major issues without being in the least cranky; it is based on a vast reading of the literature without being ponderous . . . . Another highly welcome element," in B.'s opinion, "is that I. manages to do justice to the diverse histories and multiple problems of the various nationalities that made up the Hapsburg realm without leaving readers wondering about the relevance of what they are reading to the main story." What B. calls "minor criticisms" aside, ". . . this is a splendid text," according to the reviewer, "literate, thorough, and highly accurate."

JAM, JEAN-LOUIS, ed. Eclectisme et cohérences des lumières: mélanges offerts à Jean Ehrard. Paris: Nizet, 1992.

Review: Theodore E.D. Braun in FR 68 (1994), 149–50: Reviewer gives useful categorization of contents (30 articles) that includes Jacques Wagner's "La Lecture dans la peinture ou le récit d'une nostalgie (1660–1775)."

JAOUEN, FRANÇOISE and BENJAMIN SEMPLE, eds. Corps Mystique, Corps Sacré: Textual Transfigurations of the Body from the Middle Ages to the Seventeenth Century. New Haven: Yale UP, 1994.

Volume "explores the manifold aspects of the invocation, creation, and transformation of the mystical or sacred body in texts from the medieval and early modern periods. See articles below by A. Cantillon (V: Pascal); H. Merlin (II); T. Murray (IV); and A. Zanger (II).

JEANNERET, MICHEL. A Feast of Words: Banquets and Table Talk in the Renaissance. Trans.Jeremy Whiteley andEmma Hughes. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1991.

Review: G. McClure in RenQ 46 (1993), 409–412: Literary works whose setting is the table or the feast as well as didactic works on correct dining and conversation are the sources of this "creative and intriguing study . . . [which] explores this theme [the banquet], charting the nexus between eating and literature in Renaissance culture." Although the reviewer quibbles with the book's organization and lack of chronological structure, he appreciates J.'s corrective to contemporary criticism's overemphasis of the autonomy of texts. J. contends that "the symposiac setting encouraged sixteenth-century writers to unite oral, popular culture to high literary culture."

JENKINS, RON. Subversive Laughter: The Liberating Power of Comedy. New York: Free Press, 1994.

Review: M. Yacowar in Choice 32 (1995), 1127–28: "Unlike most comedy theoreticians, J. . . . is an academic/clown, as distinct from . . . an academic clown. His thesis is that comedy draws its global society of oppressed aliens into a community. Comedy empowers the disadvantaged and helps the helpless survive. J. proves his thesis," according to Y., "with first hand descriptive and analytic accounts of some fascinating and offbeat kinds of comedy." "J. has been a clown and has performed in many of the alien comic forms he describes here. This firsthand experience, coupled with his analytic sensitivity, makes this a unique addition to comic theory."

JONES, ARCHER. The Art of War in the Western World. New York/Oxford: Oxford UP, 1987.

Review: J. Dülffer in HZ 257 (1993), 144–145: Covering over 2500 years of the history of war, but focusing only on "selected operational variables [military factors], omitting all noncognitive aspects of such history and leaving virtually all the affective domain of warfare [to others]."

JONES, COLIN. The Cambridge Illustrated History of France. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Review: F. Burkhard in Choice 32 (1995), 991: "Lavishly illustrated, . . . this volume is an important work of synthesis as well as a handsome introduction to France and the French for the general reader. J. surveys the human and natural forces behind the forging of a nation and its culture from the Neolithic era through the present. Both the text and the picture commentaries indicate a considerable effort to incorporate recent scholarship, with particular emphasis on the social and political roles of women." According to B., scholars as well as general readers will find this work useful.

JUTTE, ROBERT. Poverty and Deviance in Early Modern Europe. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Review: D. C. Baxter in Choice 32 (1995), 1188–89: "Cambridge's new series of undergraduate textbooks ('New Approaches to European History') seeks to provide 'concise but authoritative surveys' of major themes. This addition . . . ably succeeds," according to B., "in synthesizing current research in French, English, and German. J. . . . presents a topical treatment of the subject: images of the poor, causes of poverty, living conditions, relations of the poor to the community, public order, development of institutional relief, as well as the 'culture of poverty.' In the process, he informs readers of important recent work such as that which stresses the commonality of Protestant and Catholic experience rather than exaggerating the impact of the Reformation." B. finds that this "admirable scholarly synthesis . . . is less successful as a text for American students." In B.'s opinion, the study "is marred by a flat style that affects readability."

KAHN, VICTORIA. Machiavellian Rhetoric: From the Counter Reformation to Milton. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1994.

Review: C. Fantazzi in Choice 32 (1995), 773: This volume concerns "how M. was read in the Renaissance, how he offered Renaissance writers a rhetoric for thinking about politics." K. finds that "recent interpretations of M. have created an artificial bifurcation between his political thought and rhetorical practice. In proof of her thesis she provides a rhetorical analysis first of works of M. and then of representative readers of him on the continent and in England up to the time of Milton." F. observes that ". . . the thesis does not seem to be as new as it is made out to be, and the style can be rather tortuous," in the reviewer's opinion. "The author displays a thorough familiarity with relevant work on the subject," states F., "but unfortunately does not provide a bibliography."

KARPIK, LUCIEN. Les avocats. Entre l'Etat, le public et le marché, XIIIe–XXe siècle. Paris: Gallimard, 1995.

Review: D. Salas in Esprit (octobre 1995), 194–96: ". . . un livre qui nous offre avant tout la généalogie d'une identité professionnelle."

KENDALL, ALAN. The Chronicle of Classical Music: An Intimate Diary of the Lives and Music of the Great Composers. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1994.

Review: B. A. Thompson in Choice 32 (1995), 1709: "Following a 13-page narrative introductory chapter summarizing the origins of Western music up to 1600, the principal format of this book is a chronological diary of Western classical music from 1600 to the present. Important nonmusical events are placed in a companion chronology that helps provide a wider context." "Important and useful inclusions . . . are a biographical index of composers, a timeline of musical events, and a glossary of musical terms." T. also found the "visual impact" of this volume impressive. "This would be an attractive addition to general and undergraduate music reference collections," according to the reviewer.

KITSON, MICHAEL. "The Poussin Exhibitions in France." Burlington Magazine 137 (1995), 28–34.

Reviews the 1994 exhibits.

KOHLER, ALFRED. Das Reich im Kampf um die Hegemonie in Europa, 1521–1648. München: Oldenbourg, 1990.

Review: H. Neuhaus in HZ 257 (1993), 485–487: Impressively documented, with focus on Germany but of interest to French scholars for its broader European ramifications such as the discussions of French-Hapsburg conflict.

LABAUDE, PIERRE-ANDRE. The Gardens of Versailles. London: Zwemmer, 1995.

Review: David Coward in TLS 4833 (17 Nov. 1995), 9: Follows the fortunes of the gardens from their completion to Louis Philippe. "Elegant and unpretentious book that makes the best possible case for an evolving Versailles."

LABISCH, ALFONS. Homo Hygienicus. Gesundheit und Medizin in der Neuzeit. Frankfurt am Main/New York: Campus, 1992.

Review: F. J. Kos in HZ 258 (1994), 134–35: Judged worthwhile despite a heavily theoretical presentation, the volume offers a valuable contribution on health and demonstrates changing perspectives from the Middle Ages to our day (although the period 1945–80' s is neglected). Three major divisons treat: the concept of health as God given, health conditions and the role of the doctor.

LAGARDE, FRANÇOIS. "L'allégorie des corps de pierre: la Grande Commande de 1674," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL / Biblio 17 89 (1995), 177–189.

Studies the twenty four statues ordered for the Versailles gardens: "Le statuaire classique est dans son essence un chant à la gloire du corps humain, mais la fable monarchique fait porter à ce corps absolu les signes de son ravissement. L'académisme capte la beauté physique idéale à l'avantage des seuls grands. L'allégorie met ces corps de pierre au service d'Apollon en imposant aux figures des rôles figés ou en esthétisant le rapt dans les enlèvements. L'allégorie cependant ne réussit plus à cacher que les corps sont alors captifs."

LASCAULT, GILBERT. "Lisez l'histoire et le tableau." QL (16–31 octobre 1994), 8–9.

L. discusses the following works (see separate entries): Bellori, Félibien, Passeri, Sandrart, Vie de Poussin (Macula); Jacques Thuillier, Poussin (Flammarion); Pierre Rosenberg and Véronique Damian, Poussin (Somogy); Alain Mérot, La Peinture française au XVIIe siècle (Gallimard Electra); Pierre Schneider, Le Voir et le savoir (Essai sur Nicolas Poussin) (Mercure de France). Also Nicolas Poussin: Catalogue de l'exposition des Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais (R.M.M.)

LAW, ROBIN. The Slave Coast of West Africa, 1550–1750. The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on an African Society. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.

Review: A. Jones in HZ 257 (1993), 194–195: Successful study is based on numerous previously unknown sources in British, French, Netherland, Spanish and Nigerian archives. First section deals with historical anthropology—land and people, economy and society, public affairs and ideology. Two chapters treat slave trade and its consequences. Narrative chapters on particular cases follow. Impressive understanding of the historical correlation of politics, economy and ideology.

LE MOEL, MICHEL. "Mademoiselle et Paris." PFSCL 22 (1995), 15–24.

Reviews the princess' life in the city.

LE ROY LADURIE, EMMANUEL. The Royal French State, 1460–1610. Trans.Juliet Vale. London: Blackwell, 1994.

Review: P. G. Wallace in Choice 32 (1995), 1361: Although this work "reflects profound erudition," in the reviewer's opinion it "is written in a frustratingly elliptical style. The author assumes readers possess a knowledge of French history and historiography. He supports his arguments with obscure allusions, statistical fragments, or anachronistic historical comparisons," according to W. The author "defines classic monarchy as the entire ancien régime from its demographic make up to factional cliques, and all are fused into an unchanging ahistorical structure. Royal reigns receive neither systematic nor chronological discussion. The work is inaccessible to students," declares W., who adds that "scholars will also be disappointed, for the essay never analyzes the rich scholarship on which it rests."

LE ROY LADURIE, EMMANUEL. Le Siècle des Platter, 1499–1628, t. I: Le Mendiant et le professeur. Paris: Fayard, 1994.

Review: Jean Nicolas in QL (1er 15 février 1995), 5–6: "Quiconque a parcouru à grandes guides les chemins de la Renaissance et de la Réforme n'a pas manqué d'y croiser les Platter, figures emblématiques du vagabondage érudit. Voilà trois bourgeois de Bâle, Thomas le père, premier à s'arracher au statut paysan, puis deux de ses fils déjà nés en bourgeoisie, Félix et Thomas II. L'âge venu, ils ont raconté leur itinéraire et leur quête. Projet déjà classique en leur temps, mais rajeuni chez eux par un élan vital, une curiosité formidables." The author of this study, described by N. as "grand amateur de ces témoignages 'à cru,' aux sources même de l'Histoire," was attracted by the experience of these three members of the P. family, "[t]rois voyageurs qui ont vécu, senti, pensé aux dimensions de l'Europe et qui ont su le dire avec ingénuité . . . ."

LESTRINGANT, FRANK. Le Cannibale: Grandeur et décadence. Paris: Perrin, 1994.

Review: Denise-Marie Lécuyer in RSH 235 (1994), 151–53: "L'auteur, à partir du corpus déjà par lui étudié des textes de la Découverte et récits de voyages du seizième siècle, dépasse l'impression donnée par les images sanglantes et les évocations horribles des corps dépecés. Il utilise pour cela deux armes: l'analyse savante et l'humour noir." "Le propos de son travail," according to the reviewer, "n'est pas le cannibalisme en lui-même, mais son interprétation forgée par l'imaginaire européen tout au long de la période qui s'étend des Découvertes au XIXe siècle." The 13 chapters of this book "proposent un examen diachronique des différentes lectures du cannibalisme, des différentes utilisations de ce phénomène dans l'art européen." "Il ne s'agit pas . . . de l'analyse ethnographique du phénomène, mais de son invention et de sa transmission par les Européens."

LETTS, JANET T. "Responsive Readers of the Mercure Galant 1680–1710." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991) 211–228.

L. gives a demographic breakdown of the Mercure Galant's readership primarily by examining those groups who answered the journal's énigmes. Providing statistical data on the riddle-solvers for the period in question, L. describes the Mercure's public in terms of gender, city, social class and profession. She notes that a large percentage of the respondants were women, since the journal's editors, Donneau de Visé and Thomas Corneille, recognized that "Women had been at the center of galant literary activity since early in the century." L. concludes by studying the "types of identifications" the riddle-solvers used to designate themselves. Three types were used most frequently: sociable, familial and amourous. After cataloguing and describing these identifications, L. surmises that the Mercure's readership was "increasingly feminine, Parisian and socially transitional."

LEUPIN, ALEXANDRE, ed. Lacan and the Human Sciences. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1991.

Review: G.L. Ulmer in ECr 33 (1993), 103–104: Reviewer does not indicate 17th c. ramifications of this collection of essays, but judging from his high opinion of the volume and the fruitful Lacanian programs of research of a number of 17th c. scholars, the book will undoubtedly be of considerable interest. U. also points to its possible use as a textbook for courses which deal with the impact of French theory on the humanities and social sciences. Literature scholars will not be disappointed in the examination of "the special place of 'letters' in Lacanian psychoanalysis." Contributors are judged among "the most original thinkers in the academy today."

LEWITA, BEATRIX. French Bourgeois Culture. Trans.J. A. Underwood. Cambridge: Cambridge UP/Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1994.

Review: B. Kilborne in Choice 32 (1995), 1506: "In this well-illustrated study, L. has attempted to define the French bourgeoisie, their standards, and their values. In so doing she relies on the methodologies developed in France in the disciplines of social history and sociology. She makes use of personal diaries, concise interviews, statistics, and linguistic materials—the full panoply of source materials, enriched by well-chosen photographs. L.'s attempts at definition are sophisticated and instructive, although her quarry constantly eludes her." "In conclusion L. notes that the values of the bourgeoisie are profoundly influenced by Catholic notions of family and social responsibility, and as such, directly linked to Port Royal and centuries of French history."

LIVET, GEORGES. La Guerre de Trente Ans. Paris: PUF, 1991.

Review: M. Morineau in RBPH 72 (1994), 1027: Cinquième édition d'un ouvrage publié en 1968, avec une bibliographie amendée.

LIVET, GEORGES et FRANCIS RAPP, éds. Histoire de Strasbourg. Toulouse: Privat, 1987.

Review: C. Dury in RBPH 72 (1994), 552–53: ". . . le présent volume éclaire le lecteur sur les projets urbains . . . et les volontés d'aménagement de la ville . . . ." Voir aussi Histoire de Strasbourg des origines à nos jours, 4 t., de Livet et Rapp, 1980–83.

LOSSKY, ANDREW. Louis XIV and the French Monarchy. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 1994.

Review: F. K. Metzger in Choice 32 (1995), 1190: This "'political biography' . . . purports to show through a close examination of French foreign and religious policy how Louis XIV's political ideas did in fact change during the 72 years of his long reign. The first three chapters are a lucid and helpful overview of the French monarchy in general, the government of France, and the European state 'system' in the 17th century. Though there is nothing new here," according to M., "the clarity of these chapters is outstanding. The rest of this study covers in some detail the complexities of French policies and the royal role in their development. . . . There is little here—purposely—on Louis XIV the man, or on social, intellectual, or economic developments during the period. For those interested in a fuller account of the entire reign," says M., "John B. Wolf's Louis XIV (1968) remains the standard English language study of the king and his reign."

MAJOR, J. RUSSELL. From Renaissance Monarchy to Absolute Monarchy: French Kings, Nobles & Estates. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1994.

Review: Anon. in VQR 71 (1995), 82: "Crowning 45 years of research, M.'s encyclopedic overview of the evolution of the French state argues that the 'absolute monarchy' was not produced by an alliance of the crown and towns against a rebellious landed aristocracy. Rather, the kings, starting with Henry IV, bound the aristocracy ever closer to the throne by ensuring their benefits from the royal bureaucracy, while royal ministers from Sully to Colbert toiled assiduously to increase the authority of royal officials at the expense of sovereign courts, provincial estates, and municipal councils. This densely packed and closely argued work will prove to be a valuable research and reference tool to teachers and scholars interested in the rise of the modern state."

MAHON, DENIS. "The Written Sources for Poussin's Landscapes, with Special Reference to his Two Landscapes with Diogenes." Burlington Magazine 137 (1995), 176–182.

Answers affirmatively the question whether "Poussin's range in 1648–49 could have been so wide as to permit the production of a couple of major pictorial achievements simultaneously with many others which cohere and differ radically from them in artistic style."

MALKIN, IRAD, éd. La France et la Méditerrannée. Vingt siècles d'interdépendance. E. J. Brill: Leiden, 1990.

Review: C. Verlinden in RBPH 72 (1994), 565–66: "Ce volume regroupe les communications présentées en mai 1986 par un groupe d'historiens français et israéliens à un congrès sur la France et la Méditerrannée aux Universités de Haïfa et de Tel-Aviv." Voir les articles de J. Montemayor, "Les Migrations françaises en Espagne au XVIIe siècle. Démographie, économie et société" (241–58); et Y.-M. Bercé, "La Guerre dans l'Italie au XVIIe siecle: Enjeux et styles" (335–362).

MARBY, JEAN-PIERRE. Orgues, organistes et facteurs d'orgues ardennais des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Revue historique ardennaise XXVI (1991) 57–81.

MARIN, LOUIS. Philippe de Champaigne ou la présence cachée. Paris: Hazan, 1995.

Review: Christian Descamps in QL (16–30 juin 1995), 20: This work is described as "un magnifique livre illustré. Plongée érudite et sacrée, cette somme brasse l'histoire, la philosophie, les événements politiques." "Dans des rapprochements saisissants, M. nous fait sentir la profondeur métaphysique, théologique et politique" of portraits such as those of Louis XIII, Richelieu, and Robert Arnauld d'Andilly. The author "suit pas à pas l'énigme d'une peinture, jamais épuisée dans l'image. Il sait comme le Nietzsche du Gai savoir que 'la moindre parcelle du monde est infinie.'" says D.

MAROUBY, CHRISTIAN. Utopie et primitivisme: Essai sur l'imaginaire anthropologique à l'Âge classique. Paris: Eds. du Seuil, 1990.

Review: Bruno Lagniez in RSH 235 (1994), 153–54: "Dans cet ouvrage d'anthropologie culturelle, C. M. étudie un corpus de récits de voyage réels ou imaginaires écrits à l'âge classique . . . . En dépit des inévitables interférences, les auteurs de ces textes, en s'interrogeant sur le bonheur, laissent percevoir deux modèles opposés pour penser notre rapport à la nature: l'un est utopique, l'autre primitiviste. Cette opposition préside au plan du livre, conçu comme un diptyque." The author uses Marxist and ("surtout") psychoanalytic notions. "En révélant la richesse de textes souvent méconnus, [ce livre] nous donne envie d'explorer de nouvelles contrées."

MARSHAIL, SHERRIN, ed. Women in Reformation and Counter-Reformation Europe: Public and Private Worlds. Bloomington/Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 1989.

Review: P. P. Mack in RenQ 46 (1993), 176–177: Found "immensely useful" and recommended for " all students of women's history and of early modern Europe" , M.'s edition is at once detailed and broad, covering Britain as well as Eastern and Western Europe. It paints a picture of decline of opportunities for women yet relates their creativity and even rebellion.

MASSIP, CATHERINE. "Le mécénat musical de Mademoiselle." PFSCL 22 (1995), 79–90.

Concludes that M. was more an "amateur éclairé" than a "mécène."

MCCONACHIE, BRUCE. "Theatre History and the Nation-State." ThR 20 (1995), 141–48.

M. draws on work of Stephen Toulmin, author of Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1990). ". . . T. overturns the conventional treatment of the rise of nation-state power and Cartesian and Newtonian rationalism in the seventeenth century." "Descartes and his modernist descendants rigorously separated the mental from the material, discarded rhetoric for axioms and logic, and ruled out the possibility of contextual knowledge." "When theatre history emerged as an academic discipline in German universities in the late nineteenth century, the mind/material dualism of Descartes . . . helped to define the parameters of the new scholarship. The protocols of the new discipline directed theatre historians to look primarily at what was believed to be the material side of the theatrical past—theatrical ruins, costume sketches, descriptions of movement on stage—in an effort to reconstruct the material realities of historical productions. Theatre historians left the so-called mental activities of the theatrical past to philologists. This division of labour was partly based on the Cartesian assumption that processes involving matter, as distinct from the activities of the human mind, were predictable effects of determinate causes, and hence could have a history which might be discovered and written down." In M.'s view, although "[m]ost of us have long since abandoned this narrow understanding of theatre history, . . . the after-effects of its Cartesian-based positivism linger on."

MEMOIRES DE LA SOCIETE POUR L'HISTOIRE DU DROIT ET DES INSTITUTIONS DES ANCIENS PAYS BOURGUIGNONS, COMTOIS ET ROMANDS. 47e fascicule (1990). Dijon: Editions universitaires, 1991.

Review: J.-M. Cauchies in RBPH 72 (1994), 918–19: "Aucune thématique pour ce volume mais plutôt un aperçu des recherches diversifiées que mènent en particulier les membres du Centre Georges Chenier pour l'histoire du droit de l'université de Bourgogne à Dijon, auxquels se sont joints quelques autres spécialistes . . . ."

MERLIN, HELENE. "Fables of the 'Mystical Body' in Seventeenth Century France." YFS 86 (1994), 126–142.

Author explores in what sense and under what circumstances we can speak of the "mystical body" in 17th century France. She discusses in particular the writings of Guy Coquille ("Discours des Etats de France" 1588), Nicolas Caussin (La Cour sainte 1631), and Guez de Balzac ("Le Romain", "La Conversation des Romains", and "Mécénas").

MEROT, ALAIN. La Peinture française au XVIIe siècle. Paris: Gallimard Electra, 1994.

Review: Gilbert Lascault in QL (16–31 octobre 1994), 8–9: "Prenant acte des recherches sur le XVIIe siècle, du 'réveil' d'artistes méconnus, proposant de nouveaux regroupements de peintres, A. M. nous aide à mieux situer Poussin parmi ses rivaux du moment, parmi ses amis, à mieux lier à des problèmes du temps certaines décisions picturales, en particulier son choix fréquent de petits formats."

MIGNON, PAUL-LOUIS. Jacques Copeau ou le mythe du Vieux-Colombier: Biographie. Paris: Julliard, 1993.

Review: Maria Shevtsova in ThR 20 (1995), 59–60: "Written in the style of belles lettres, [M.'s book] seeks a general rather than erudite reader. The style has its drawbacks," according to S.: "sources are not documented, for example, and quotations left hanging in the air as if it suffices merely to utter them. Still," S. continues, "the book serves as an introduction to C.'s life and work. It is organized according to periods . . . ." "Most unfortunately, the women who were so important in [C.'s] working life . . . are mentioned but kept out of sight, as is the sociopolitical world (despite passing references, say, to Mussolini) in which he worked. It might all have happened in a vacuum."

MIGNOT, CLAUDE. "Mademoiselle et son château de Saint Fargeau." PFSCL 22 (1995), 91–101.

The renovation and running of the château seen as a source of civility in the princess' life. Illustrations.

MITCHELL, W. J. T. Picture Theory: Essays on Verbal and Visual Representation. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1994.

Review: Karl Kroeber in Criticism 37 (1995), 337–40: Largely negative evaluation, based on detailed commentary. "M., like most literary critics, is fundamentally insensitive to what goes into the making of pictorial artistry." "Even more debilitating, but more surprising," asserts K., 'is M.'s omission of any reference to orality." The author "sees his own principal contribution as an emphasis on what he calls "imagetext," recognition that all pictorializations are infected with verbal meanings, and that all writing must be perceived as containing a pictorial element. True enough," says the reviewer, "yet this hardly launches us into intellectual deep water, especially when unsupported by eager breadth of scholarly awareness . . . ."

MONTAGU, JENNIFER. The Expression of the Passions: The Origin and Influence of Charles Le Brun's "Conférence sur l'expression générale et particulière." New Haven: Yale UP, 1995.

Review: Charles Dempsey in TLS 4801 (7 Apr. 1995), 11–12.: A badly needed new edition and translation based on comparison on manuscripts. French texts are also given of Henri Testelin's lecture on general expression and Claude Nivellon's account of the "Ouvrages sur la physiognomie." Appendices on dating, drawings illustrating the text, close reading of Descartes. Widely ranging introduction sets the lecture within the broader context of the general theory of expression. "Impeccable and of great scholarly use."

Review: E. K. Menon in Choice 32 (1995), 1586: This work focuses on "L.B.'s frequently cited and often misinterpreted illustrated lecture on the importance of facial expressions. . . . [A]n overview of gesture and expression in the visual arts is given, relating them theoretically to music, theater, and dance." The author "traces the theoretical development and artistic application of theories of expression in a direct and succinct fashion," according to the reviewer, who adds: "This book will be of greatest interest to L.B. scholars, but those involved in the study of the French Academy, religious or history painting, or caricature should also take note of M.'s forthright analysis."

MONTANDON, ALAIN, ed. Etiquette et politesse. Clermont-Ferrand: Association des Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Clermont Ferrand, 1992.

Review: P. France in MLR 90 (1995), 174–75: "This is one volume in a series devoted to communication, conviviality, politeness, and related topics." A. Pons provides "useful overview of the history of civility." E. Bury also focuses on the seventeenth century in France.

MURRAY, WILLIAMSON, MACGREGOR KNOX AND ALVIN BERNSTEIN, eds. The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Review: R. Higham in Choice 32 (1995), 1181–82: "The authors, whose pieces on strategy range from classical Athens to the future, provide a range of historical examples covering the world. Essays explain the dilemmas in which governments found themselves, how they resolved them, and the forces they had available; contributors also assess how well the governments managed. One of the advantages of the book is its essays on lesser known periods for some powers, . . . as well as more traditional pieces on Britain, France, Germany, Spain, and Israel."

NEAD, LYNDA. Female Nude: Art, Obsenity and Sexuality. London: Routledge, 1992.

Review: Philip Auslander in TDR 39.3 (1995), 169–80: Reviewed with six other books. "N.'s scholarly approach is unusual for an art historian in that she is not primarily concerned with analyzing particular works of art. She focuses, rather, on the discourses that surround the production and reception of representations of the female body. . . . Like so many of the authors under review here," says A., "N. touches on Cartesian dualism in her discussion of the tradition of the nude. N. argues that Descartes defines rationality and mental processes as male, complementing the Greek identification of matter as female . . . . Thus are set the basic terms of the tradition: the nude signifies the containment and disciplining of unruly female matter (and sexuality) by male-identified form. N. shows how this tradition has been constructed and reasserted in the visual arts themselves . . . ."

O'DAY, ROSEMARY. The Family and Family Relationships, 1500–1900: England, France and the United States of America. New York: St. Martin's, 1994.

Review: D. C. Baxter in Choice 32 (1995), 1649: "There is much to praise in this work . . . ," according to B. The author "presents a fresh evaluation of a well-worked field, family history. Based largely on extensive examination of secondary sources, [O.] argues against a complacent acceptance of historical demography and prescriptive literature in understanding the family." "Her focus is the interaction of family members themselves, the 'lived family,' rather than the institutional framework. She explores personal relationships in the complex households of the early modern period . . . . Recommended for all interested in family history."

OLMI, GIUSEPPE. L'inventario del monda: Catalogazione della natura e luoghi del sapere nella prima età moderna. Bologna: Il Mulino, 1992.

Review: Jay Tribby in Isis 85 (1994), 795–96: Collects 6 essays (1977–92): two essays are important reexaminations of new techniques of illustration, engraving, and pringing; another pair traces changes in collecting practices, from the 16th to the 17th centuries and their relation to the new availability of ancient natural history texts; one other explores interest in objects from the Americas; the last, Cesi's Accademia dei Lincei. "Much of the best recent scholarship of the collection, illustration, and display of natural objects in early modern Italy owes a debt to one or more of these essays."

OLSON, RICHARD. The Emergence of the Social Sicences, 1642–1792. New York: Twayne/Macmillan, 1993.

Review: Jorge Canizares in Isis 85 (1994), 518–19: "A superbly crafted historical synthesis" with a very useful bibliographical essay. Taxonomy, "an important contribution within itself": psychology, sociology, political economy, and cameralism. Distinguishes two generations in the early histories principally on the criterion of knowledge claims in scientific theory (certainty or not) and also of the heuristic role of hypothesis and anology.

OSIANDER, ANDREAS. The States System of Europe, 1640–1990: Peacemaking and the Conditions of International Stability. New York: Oxford UP, 1994.

Review: S. Bailey in Choice 32 (1995), 1191: "If the great attraction of therealist school of international relations is its apparent universality it argues that immutable principles govern the use of power its great failing is that it is not historical. This is the major thesis of O. . . .in his superb study of peacemaking at Westphalia, Utrecht, Vienna, and Versailles. In each instance what mattered most was not what the international order was . . . but what statesmen thought it should be. In 1648, in 1713, and in 1815 they came to agreement, and their agreement meant stability for Europe. . . . All this ended at Versailles, where there was no consensus and where a defeated power was treated as an international outcast. The statesmen of 1919 made the mistake their predecessors had avoided, and with baleful results."

PELZER, ERICH. Der elsässische Adel im Spätfeudalismus. Tradition und Wandel einer regionalen Elite zwischen dem Westfälischen Frieden und der Revolution (1648–1790). (Ancien Régime, Aufklärung und Revolution, vol. 21) München: Oldenbourg, 1990.

Review: P. Fuchs in HZ 258 (1994), 498–99: Reviewer finds significant omissions in this broader treatment stemming from a 1985 Frieburg dissertation. Investigates the Elsass nobility, their relation to French rule, the extravagant French lifestyle and the French bourgeoisie.

PERKINS, WENDY. "Perceptions of Women Criminals: The Case of Mme de Brinvilliers." SCFS 17 (1995), 99–110.

Thought provoking analysis of the conditions under which crime becomes a mode of self-expression and of the public politicization of the trial. Estimates that about 20% of criminality was female.

PETERSON, T. SARAH. Acquired Taste. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1994.

Review: Anon. in VQR 71 (1995), 68: This volume is described as a "fascinating, abundantly illustrated book, which professes to be about 'the French origins of modern cooking' but is about much, much more. We learn about ancient Roman cooking, Arabic confections, and Renaissance delights of the table, . . ." among other topics. "Eventually," says the reviewer, "we learn about the great 'French synthesis,' the 'French style,' which emerges in the 17th century [sic]. A book to be nibbled, chewed on, or swallowed whole!"

PERROT, JEAN CLAUDE. Une histoire intellectuelle de l'économie politique, XVIIe–XVIIIe siècle. Paris: Editions de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, 1992.

Review: B. Schefold in HZ 258 (1994), 799–800: Very informative for students of pre revolutionary economic theory. Part I treats political economy, the beginnings of statistics and population science. Part II treats agriculture and part III sociophilosophical issues in economy. No bibliography but extensive index of names.

PLANHOL, XAVIER DE. Géographie historique de la France. Avec la collaboration dePaul Claval. Paris: Fayard, 1988.

Review: I. Mieck in HZ 256 (1993), 403–405: Seventeenth c. scholars will particularly appreciate the second part of this volume which treats under the rubric of traditional organization of "l'espace français," items such as language, literacy, production, economy and politics. M. notes other areas which could have been examined more systematically such as modification of the coast and shifting of rivers but has words of praise for the detailed general index.

POHL, HANS, ed. The European Discovery of the World and Its Economic Effects on Pre-Industrial Society 1500–1800. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1990.

Review: R. Wendt in HZ 256 (1993), 481–483: This edition of the papers of the Tenth International Economic History Congress is multifaceted, treating political and economic themes as divergent as they are crucial: slavetrade, banking and the East, imports such as coffee, etc.

POPKIN, RICHARD H. and DONALD R. KELLY, eds. The Shapes of Knowledge from Renaissance to Enlightenment. Dordrecht/Boston: Kluwer, 1991.

Review: Rivka Feldhay in Isis 85 (1994), 793–95: Problematizes the boundaries between fields of knowledge, avoiding anachronisms. Three sections imply three mediums through which the cultural field was historically structured: a genre of classificatory books, which includes use of Claire Farago's essay on Renaissance perspective; by prominent individuals, with a paper on arguments in Galileo's Dialogue by Nicolas Jardine, and on Gassendi; the impact of institutions.

PRICE, J. L. Holland and the Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century: The Politics of Particularism. New York: Oxford UP, 1994.

Review: J. J. Butt in Choice 32 (1995), 992–93: This book is described as "a superb political analysis of one region in early modern Europe." According to B., "[t]his detailed study, well grounded in the literature, is a model revision, examining the practice rather than merely the theory of the interactions of politics, religion, and economics in Holland; it should be used," in B.'s opinion, "to compare the Dutch Republic with England and France in the 17th century. The sections on religion are especially good," states B., who considers the study to be "an exemplar of scholarly originality."

PRICE, ROGER. A Concise History of France. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 30 (1994), 187–188: A safe recommendation for undergraduates, this volume balances successfully facts and figures with themes of "social, political and economic power." Useful bibliography of specialized books.

RAILLARD, GEORGES. "Poussin dans la clarté." QL (16–31 octobre 1994), 6–7.

On exhibition of P.'s works: "La Collection du Musée Condé à Chantilly (open until 6 Jan. 1995). Also discusses another exhibition held in late 1994: "Le Dessin en France au XVIe siècle" (Ecole nationale supérieure des Beaux Arts, Quai Malaquais).

RAILLARD, GEORGES. "Dessins français de la collection Prat XVIIe–XVIIIe XIXe siècles." QL (16–30 juin 1995), 20:

Concerns an exhibition at the Louvre (Hall Napoléon, continuing to 24 July 1995). Louis Antoine and Véronique Prat (described as "amateurs érudits") have been collecting drawings for 20 years; the Louvre will inherit some of the pieces in their collection. "C'est ce don qui, pour une part, justifie l'exposition en tels lieux de cent feuilles d'une collection privée." The catalogue, with a preface by Pierre Rosenberg, "reproduit toutes ces images, accompagnées de notices précises, sans emphase."

RALSTON, DAVID B. Importing the European Army. The Introduction of European Military Techniques and Institutions into the Extra European World, 1600–1914. Chicago/London: U of Chicago P, 1990.

Review: Volker Reinhardt in HZ 258 (1994), 431–32: Promises more than it delivers. Neglects French sources and summarily presents findings.

RANUM, OREST. La Fronde, trans.Paul Chemia. Paris: Seuil, 1995.

Review: Christian Jouaud in Le Monde des Livres (17 Mar. 1995), ix: Questions interpretation of Parlement's actions in 1648 as a revolution: "La Révolution n'est probablement pas là où Orest Ranum souhaiterait nous la faire découvrir." Corrects provenances of some key propaganda of the Ormée and cautions on need to identify "Médiations et médiateurs" for this Paris-produced Condé writtng as well as the kind of action represented by printing ("La Fronde avait une conception tout-à-fait instrumental des écrits qu'ils [leaders of factions] faisaient publier et ne cherchaient pas à convaincre l'opinion"). Regrets the hastiness of the French translation and publication and its impression of Ranum's scholarship.

RASLER, KAREN A., and WILLIAM R. THOMPSON. The Great Powers and Global Struggle, 1490–1990. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1995.

Review: C. A. Hody in Choice 33 (1995), 213: "In the tradition of long cycle theory, R. and T. examine the dynamics of the rise and fall of great powers. Specifically, they focus on the pattern of conflict between declining global leaders in the international system and ascending regional leaders. According to the authors, this pattern of conflict has triggered a sequence of global or transitional wars over the past 500 years, the outcomes of which have greatly shaped the modern world." The authors' "analysis is unique among long cycle theorists because of their concentration on the role of rising regional leaders . . . ."

RAYMOND, JEAN-FRANCOIS de, ed. Christine, Reine de Suède, Apologies. Paris: Editions du Cerf, 1994.

Review: Alain Génetiot in RHL 95:2 (Mars-avril 1995), 313: G. remarks that this is the first French edition of Christine's three works 1) La Vie de la Reine Christine faite par elle-même 2) L'Ouvrage du loisir and 3) Les Sentiments. In general, the work deals with C.'s "conscience religieuse" which prompted her to abdicate and subsequently dedicate herself to the Counter-Reformation. G. summarizes his comments by noting that "ces trois ouvrages manifestent à la fois l'essence royale de la reine, son éthique héroique...et l'histoire de son âme dans sa vocation spirituelle."

Review: J. Lafond in PFSCL 22 (1995), 292–295: A well documented edition containing a lengthy preface and different works written in French by the enigmatic queen. Annotations and indexes.

RAYMOND, JEAN-FRANÇOIS de. La reine et le philosophe. Descartes et Christine de Suède. Paris: Lettres Modernes, 1993.

Review: Marc Escola in RHL 94:6 (novembre-décembre 1994), 1072–1073: In the main, the work studies the influence (albeit posthumus) Descartes may have had on Christine's abdication and her disavowal of Lutheranism. However, after a description of the Queen's schooling, de Raymond discusses the "intrigue (au sens aristotélicien) de la correspondance philosophique prolongée en un vrai dialogue intellectuel" between the two parties. This dialogue prompted,"de façon décisive... l'élaboration du Traité des passions." While the Queen may have influenced Descartes, the book asks whether "la relation de la Reine et du philosophe s'arrête-t-elle avec la disparition du philosophe?" The reviewer gives no direct answer, but implies that D.'s intellectual and theological sway with Christine was considerable. In a final remark. E. observes that de Raymond's text is worth reading simply for the correspondance of Descartes, Chanut and Christine.

Review: J. Lafond in PFSCL 22 (1995), 292–295: The relationship between the queen and the philosopher "consiste en un échange beaucoup plus étendu que l'Histoire ne l'a retenu." Reviewer finds that all is well in this study except for the conclusion that the relationshop between the queen and the philosopher had transformed their beings.

ROCHE, DANIEL. The Culture of Clothing: Dress and Fashion in the "Ancien Régime." Trans.Jean Birrell. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Review: D. G. Troyansky in Choice 32 (1995), 1192: "The French title of this great book, La Culture des apparences (Paris, 1989), reveals that it is about more than clothing, for R. uses the history of dress to investigate systems of appearance. Virtually all major themes of early modern historiography, from court to commerce . . . play a role. R. . . . combines a sensitive reading of cultural sources . . . with a rigorous analysis of material culture, particularly the place of clothing in inventories after death." According to T., this study "demonstrates brilliantly how to write social and cultural history."

ROOT, HILTON L. The Fountain of Privilege: Political Foundations of Markets in Old Regime France and England. Berkeley: U of California P, 1994.

Review: J. E. Brink in Choice 32 (1995), 1507–08: "The author contrasts political arrangements in determining economic outcomes in Whig England, with its strong Parliament and firm reliance on law, with France from Louis XIV to the Revolution, where royal absolutism and personal rule dominated. Although corruption was rife in the distribution of economic favors in England, French cronyism, through which privileges emanated from royal whim, was ultimately more stultifying. . . . R. takes on the likes of Georges Lefebvre, George Rudé, and Charles Tilly while following the bold theories of Douglass North. The result," says B., "is a fascinating hypothesis—couched in often turgid prose—that needs more detailed study."

ROSENBERG, MARTIN. Raphael and France: The Artist as Paradigm and Symbol. University Park: Penn State UP, 1994.

Review: Anon. in VQR 71 (1995), 139: "From the 17th to the 19th centuries, the Italian Renaissance painter Raphael . . . was the 'bedrock of French classicism.' Always a favorite of the French Academy . . . R. was consistently praised as the very model of 'invention, expression, propriety,' and was rated the greatest artist after the ancients . . . . [A]s tastes, priorities, and politics changed, painters and critics viewed R. in ways convenient for their own aspirations. This study buttresses its argument," the reviewer notes, "with more than 60 black and white plates, reproducing R.'s paintings, cartoons, and frescoes, as well as the works by French painters he influenced." The reviewer finds "the prose accompaniment" to be "fairly flat," but states as well that the author "delivers a thorough survey of French notions of artistic merit."

Review: N. M. Lambert in Choice 33 (1995), 282: "This book asserts that R.'s impact on the French classical tradition was greater than that of any other foreign artist." According to L., the author "has carefully concluded that no comprehensive study of R.'s role in French art theory, criticism, and practice has been done. Since his original doctoral work was written [this book is an "outgrowth" of his dissertation], a major exhibition . . . (Grand Palais, 1983–84) did show R.'s direct impact on France, and yet [M.] R., in his words, used the wealth of information in the exhibit to enrich his study." The author's "knowledge of art critics and art theory, as well as careful readings of primary sources (some unpublished) of correspondence and lectures of the French Academy, makes his study of a mythical R. convincing," in L.'s opinion.

ROSENBERG, PIERRE and VERONIQUE DAMIAN. Poussin. Paris: Somogy, 1994.

Review: Gilbert Lascault in QL (16–31 octobre 1994), 8–9: The authors "nous aident à mieux percevoir les rapports entre chaque tableau dans sa totalité et ses détails."

ROSENER, WERNER. The Peasantry of Europe. Trans.Thomas M. Barker. London: Blackwell, 1994.

Review: R. F. G. Spier in Choice 32 (1995), 1362: "R. traces the history of peasant farming from the early Middle Ages to the collapse of eastern European collectives, with emphasis on the social order. Densely written, with lots of esoteric terms, the book could profit from more figures, maps, and tables, and from closer integration of illustrations. General readers will learn a great deal from this work," according to S., "but might profit from a greater explanation of events and whereabouts. Readers are expected to be familiar with details of European history and places."

ROYER, JEAN-PIERRE. Histoire de la justice en France de la monarchie absolue à la Republique. Paris: Droit politique et théorique, 1995.

RUBIN, DAVID LEE, JR., ed. Sun King: The Ascendancy of French Culture during the Reign of Louis XIV. Washington/London/ Toronto: Folger Books, 1992.

Review: E. Woodrough in MLR 90 (1995), 190–92: Illustrated collection of twelve essays by French and American scholars "seeks to explore . . . the moment when with the intervention of Molière and others, court ceremonial turned to fete, and Culture with a capital C first reached the top of the political agenda in France."

• See French 17 (1992).

RUDLIN, JOHN. Commedia dell'Arte: An Actor's Handbook. London: Routledge, 1994.

Review: Gerard Flanagan in ThR 20 (1995), 165: In what is called a "long overdue practical guide," the author "provides us with information on the origins of this vibrant, half-mask theatre, plus an overview of the twentieth century's rediscovery of the form and the attempts to put it back on the boards." The book includes "considerable useful detail about each mask, its walk, movements, speech, gestures, and so on. This approach tends," according to F., "to reduce the form to its constituent parts and to define narrowly a mask's repertoire . . . ."

SAAGE, RICHARD. Politische Utopien der Neuzeit. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1991.

Review: L. Hölscher in HZ 257 (1993), 147–148: Eminently readable survey examines classical utopias according to 5 criteria: political and social conditions; normative foundations; socio-economic provisions; realization of Utopian projects.

SARRAZAC, JEAN PIERRE, ed. Les Pouvoirs du théâtre: Essais pour Bernard Dort. Paris: Editions Théâtrales, 1994.

Review: Monique Le Roux in QL (16–31 janvier 1995), 29: A number of prominent people associated with theater died in the past year. "Et peut être l'absence de [B. D.] . . . s'est elle le plus fait sentir à la mesure de sa présence au quotidien soir après soir dans les salles de Paris et de Gennevilliers, de Lyon et de Strasbourg, de Milan et de Berlin." "La collaboration personnelle à un ouvrage interdit d'en donner un compte rendu critique," states M. L. R., "du moins la dette envers un maître autorise t elle à recommander la lecture de cet ouvrage. On y verra interrogées une singulière activité, la pratique théâtrale, et une activité plus singulière encore, l'écriture sur cette pratique."

SAUNDERS, ALISON. "What Happened to the Native French Tradition? The Decline of the Vernacular Emblem in the Seventeenth Century." SCFS 17 (1995), 69–86.

Tracing the movement from the glory days of 16th-century imitation of Acciati, it seems that Jesuit pedagogy, royal propaganda, and emphases on the "devise," all pegged to Latin, play their parts in the decline. The most popular of the 17th-century books also tend to be translations rather than national in their narrative sources.

SAVINSKAYA, LUBOW. "A 'Rivaldo and Armida' from Poussin's Circle." Burlington Magazine 137 (1995), 16–18.

Attributes painting to Dufresnoy in the 1640s.

SCHINDLER, NORBERT. Widerspenstige Leute. Studien zur Volkskultur in der frühen Neuzeit. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch, 1992.

Review: W. Kaschuba in HZ 258 (1994), 790–91: Outstanding volume on the history of popular culture in early modern times. An exacting empirical and methodological/theoretical foundation complements important discussions of social and cultural history as well as of historical/social anthropology. Eight case studies provide excellent accounts of diverse popular culture practices along with a precise analysis and decoding of historical sources.

SCHNAPPER, BERNARD. Voies nouvelles en histoire du droit. La justice, la famille, la répression pénale (XVIème–XXème siècles). Paris: PUF, 1991.

Review: P. Godding in RBPH 72 (1994), 915–17: Recueil "rassemblant un choix d'études qu'il avait publiées entre 1965 et 1988." Intérêt pour l'histoire des mentalités.

Review: G. Staechelin in HZ 258 (1994), 133–34: This exemplary volume gathers under one cover S.'s wide ranging and important contributions to the field. A tribute by S 's colleagues and students, this collection examines historic events, legal rights, interdependence and questions of power. Demonstrates changing view of social groups (gypsies, vagabonds and beggars) from a benign tolerance to a consideration of them as criminals.

SCHNEIDER, PIERRE. Le Voir et le savoir (Essai sur Nicolas Poussin). Paris: Mercure de France, 1994.

Review: Gilbert Lascault in QL (16–31 octobre 1994), 8–9: "Dans une suite de chapitres brefs et subtils, P. S. montre, en particulier, comment P. dépasse l'opposition dangereuse de 'l'arbre de science' et de 'l'arbre de vie.'"

SCHNEIDER, ROBERT A. Public Life in Toulouse, 1463–1789: From Municipal Republic to Cosmopolitan City. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1989.

Review: Marie-Luce Parker in FR 67 (1994), 986–87: Growing out of the Porchnev/Mousnier debate, the principal focus is on the public behavior of the city's ruling elite and how they defend themselves in regard to the lower orders, the city, and the crown. Careful explication of social hierarchies and institutions of the municipal republic like the learned academies, religious riots and lay brotherhoods, lay activism, civic humanism, the histoyr of the 60 medieval corporations and guilds.

SEGUIN, LOUIS. "Les Yeux noirs de Nicolas Poussin." QL (16–31 octobre 1994), 7–8.

On Poussin exhibition at Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, Paris (Sept. 1994 Jan. 1995). S. notes that P. is the subject of many commentaries. "Dans cette enquête minutieuse, la peinture est coincée entre l'attribution et l'exégèse." Sources of P.'s paintings have been precisely identified, enabling us to "'lire' . . . le tableau." According to S., ". . . pour ce qui se refuse à la lecture, les notices qui sont affichées au Grand Palais ne relèvent . . . que d'un sottisier dont il serait un peu cruel ou plutôt inutile de donner le détail . . . ." S. adds a footnote: "Les notices, réduites à quelques feuilles maladroitement collées, ne sont pas la moindre faiblesse d'une exposition qui se veut aussi prestigieuse. Que dire d'une 'scénographie' qui enferme les tableaux dans la pénombre ou les expose sans scrupules aux dangers de l'éblouissement?"

SIGURET, FRANÇOISE. L'Oeil surpris. Perception et représentation dans la première moitié du XVIIe siècle. Nouvelle édition. Paris: Klincksieck, 1993.

Review: Alain Génetiot in RHL 95:1 (Janvier-février 1995), 83–84: G. responds favorably to this updated version of the 1985 original published by PFSCL/Biblio 17. The current edition, "continue d'offrir une passionnante investigation de la notion de perception visuelle au XVIIe siècle, de la peinture au spectacle théâtral...définissant une métaphysique du regard selon une approche plurielle qui associe histoire, philosophie, lettres, arts et sciences." G. mentions in particular the revised chapter on Poussin, and other studies dealing with Corneille, Tristan and Scudéry. The greatest contribution, however, of the new edition, is its "qualité d'impression" which permits the enhanced reproduction of many of the work's key images.

Review: Helen Bates McDermott in FR 68 (1995), 1091–92: "A rich and illuminating work...on what is truly a vast subject," from physics (and Descartes's optics in particular) to metaphysics, perspective in theatre (and the theory of "vraisemblance"), painting, city planning. 29 high-quality reproductions, copious biblio., index. Revised version of 1984 publication in PFSCL/Biblio 17 series.

SMITHER, JAMES R. "Propaganda and Theater: Authorial Intent and Audience Response to Political Pamphlets, 1550–1650." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991) 179–94.

The purpose of S.'s article is to explore the role of the popular press in French history by studying political pamphlets of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. S. examines three periods 1) the conspiracy of Amboise in 1560–2) the Condé crisis of 1614–1617 and 3) the Fronde of 1648–1652. During the sixteenth century, authors of libelles strove either to "create positive or negative images of particular individuals or groups in the minds of a relatively broad audience," or, "to influence the actions of those whose support or acquiescence was essential to the success of the faction issuing the pamphlet." This second function dominated the tenor of political pamphlets during the Amboise conspiracy and the Condé crisis. Character assassination was a frequent technique used during both struggles. S. concludes by stating that the effectiveness of the libelles in the first two periods was contrasted by the relative lack of success of polemical circulars known as the Mazarinades published during the Fronde. The failure of the Mazarinades was due to their appeal to the masses as opposed to those who could potentially wield power. Consequently, S. argues that political discourse became "theater" rather than serious dialogue.

SOLLERS, PHILIPPE. "La Lecture de Poussin." L'Infini 48 (1994), 13–40.

"De même que, dans notre système de lecture, on part de la gauche pour aboutir à la droite . . . ; ainsi dans les tableaux de Poussin, essentiellement horizontaux, lisibles, suit on la démarche d'une expression et d'une structure nécessaires, la syntaxe et les mots remplacés par les formes et les couleurs, certaines mises en évidence et soulignées (comme le substantif et les verbes) dans . . . un 'espace fort' de lumière." "J'ai reconnu dans la structure des tableaux de P.," declares S., "une cohérence constitutive . . . que j'ai posée comme la 'continuité analogique retrouvée'; continuité qui devient moins sensible, plus intellectuelle, à mesure qu'on analyse, qu'on décompose, et . . . qu'on avance dans le tableau . . . ." This phenomenon is compared with "l'analyse de type surréaliste." Illustrations are included (several black and white reproductions of works by P.).

SONNET, MARTINE. "Que faut il apprendre aux filles? Idéaux pédagogiques et culture féminine à la fin du XVIIe siècle." PFSCL 22 (1995), 369–378.

Studies the introduction of secular subjects into women's education. Despite pedagogical change, women remained the inferior gender marked negatively by the ideas of Fénelon and others.

STEER, JOHN, and ANTONY WHITE. Atlas of Western Art History: Artists, Sites and Movements from Ancient Greece to the Modern Age. New York: Facts on File, 1994.

Review: A. H. Widder in Choice 32 (1994), 581: "The authors . . . use maps to show the development of Western art from ancient to modern times. The emphasis is on developments in Western Europe in the Greek/Roman, medieval, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque/Rococo, and modern periods." "The illustrations are very fine though not numerous," according to the reviewer, who mentions drawbacks of the volume (including an "unwieldy" subject index and "very small" type), but adds that ". . . this is a unique work" that "will be most used by generalists interested in art history, scholars in other fields who enjoy art . . . , beginning undergraduates, and students taking art history as nonmajors." The book is not primarily intended for art-history specialists, but "some maps might be useful as slides in courses."

STICHWEH, RUDOLF. Der frühmoderne Staat und die europäische Universität. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1991.

Review: N. Hammerstein in HZ 256 (1993), 769–772: Rich in details and well documented, this ambitious study treats the European university in the context of politics, church and economy.

STOLLEIS, MICHAEL, ed. Recht, Verfassung und Verwaltung in der frühneuzeitlichen Stadt. (Städteforschung, Rh.A: Darstellungen, vol. 31) Köln/Wien: Böhlau, 1991.

Review: O. Mörke in HZ 258 (1994), 483–84: Wide ranging and interesting, this volume on power, government and administration in the early modern city contains an introduction plus 14 essays, 12 of which were contributions of a 1987 colloque.

STOYE, JOHN. Marsigli's Europe, 1680–1730: The Life and Times of Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli, Soldier and Virtuoso. New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 1994.

Review: G. C. Bond in Choice 32 (1995), 851: "Count L. M. was a member of a prominent Bolognese family . . . . Much of [M.'s] early career was taken up with the military, particularly in southeastern Europe where he served the Hapsburg Empire. But M. was much more than a military man, having interests that ranged from the natural sciences to printing and to history and geography . . . . This study is a detailed look at the life and times of an individual who not only crossed paths with some of the major political, military, and scientific leaders of his time but also accomplished a great deal on his own. Drawing upon archival and printed sources from numerous libraries across Europe, S. . . . has put together" what B. describes as "a readable, extremely scholarly study of one man's interaction on the broad European stage from 1680 to 1730."

THOMSOM, JANICE E. Mercenaries, Pirates, and Sovereigns: State-building and Extraterritorial Violence in Early Modern Europe. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1994.

THUILLIER, JACQUES. Nicolas Poussin. Paris: Flammarion, 1994.

Review: Gilbert Lascault in QL (16–31 octobre 1994), 8–9: "J. T., avec une érudition subtile, choisit d'interroger la biographie et les oeuvres de P., de mettre plus de clarté dans des débats singulièrement complexes." Examples are given. "Comment tenter de définir le catholicisme d'un artiste vivant à Rome une grande partie de sa vie, protégé par des cardinaux, peignant des scènes de l'Ancien et du Nouveau Testament, en même temps que des Bacchanales ou les amours de Vénus? Est il un libertin? Est il un stoïcien chrétien? Quelle est la part, dans sa recherche picturale, de sa réflexion théorique sur les sens de la vie, de la mort . . . , de l'amour, de l'art, sur les passions, sur les tensions et les réconciliations? Quelle est la part, dans cette recherche, des inventions formelles? . . . Comment penser ensemble la sensualité, l'érotisme même de certaines de ses oeuvres et l'impression de 'sévérité,' d'ordre, que ressentent bien des spectateurs?"

Review: John E. Jackson in QL (16–31 mai 1995), 16–17: Reviewed with two other books. "Sur Poussin, en France, l'autorité reste J. T., qui vient de republier, à l'occasion du quatrième centenaire de la naissance du peintre, le catalogue dont il avait donné une première version en 1974. Mais dire qu'il s'agit d'une republication prête à confusion: c'est bien d'un livre neuf qu'il s'agit, tant par les progrès dans la qualité des illustrations, notamment en couleur, que par l'amplification que T. a su donner à son introduction. Si le catalogue complet des peintures n'a rien perdu, il est désormais précédé par une introduction aussi informée que bien écrite."

TIMMERMANS, LINDA. L'accès des femmes à la culture (1598–1715). Un débat d'idées de Saint François de Sales à la Marquise de Lambert. Paris: Champion, 1993.

Review: Jane Couchman in FR 68 (1995), 134–36: Immensely learned revised dissertation that offers a goldmine of information on women's intellectual life and culture (traditionally defined and most often viewed through men's writings). Many little known printed manuals and documents are made available. Little attention to methodological theory in presentation, which tends to the catalogue of texts by period, secular/ecclesiastical context, and topic.

Review: R. Larson in PFSCL 22 (1995), 300–302: Reviewer deems this lenghty study an "invaluable resource for anyone researching early modern and classical attitudes towards women, education, religion, literature and intellectual life." Part 1 studies woman in secular culture, part 2 looks at their relationship to religious culture.

VALONE, JAMES S. Huguenot Politics, 1601–1622. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen, 1995.

Review: D. C. Baxter in Choice 33 (1995), 351: "Despite the title," says B., this study . . . narrowly focuses on a series of Huguenot national political assemblies during the reigns of Henri IV and Louis XIII. Based largely on the official proceedings (procès verbaux) of these assemblies, the book provides a highly detailed narrative of their organization, operation, and the political issues they faced. A number of interesting insights emerge," according to B.: "Henry IV's firmness and determination to limit the power of these assemblies, the internal divisions within the Huguenot leadership . . . , and the isolation of the assemblies from political life . . . . Unfortunately, these broader themes are often buried within a reconstruction of the internal history of these assemblies, limiting the book's appeal. . . . Recommended for specialists."

VANDENBULCKE, ANNE. "La Famille Le Mire et la recette du droit de médianate (1653–1700). Un exemple de fonctionnement du crédit public au XVIIe siècle." RBPH 72 (1994), 285–310.

Evolution sociale d'une famille bruxelloise à laquelle Philippe IV engagea la recette du droit de médianate au XVIIe siècle.

VAN DER CRUYSSE, DIRK. L'Abbé de Choisy: Androgyne et mandarin. Paris: Fayard, 1994.

Review: Gilles Lapouge in QL (16–30 avril 1995), 11–12: Reviewed with François Timoléon de Choisy, Journal du voyage de Siam, présenté et annoté par Dirk Van der Cruysse (Fayard). "L'abbé de Choisy (1644–1724) est un drôle de paroissien," says L. "Son plaisir est de s'habiller en femme. Perruque, mouches, robes et diamants, rien ne manque à sa panoplie et comme sa figure est très jolie, son esprit délicieux, cette femme est câlinée de tous." "Ce goût lui a été inculqué par sa mère chérie, . . . redoutable 'précieuse.'" "Timoléon, dont D. V. de C. nous conte avec talent l'aventureuse carrière, est un bon disciple. . . . L'état de fille fait son bonheur . . . ," although "un léger reproche se fait entendre" to temper the enthusiasm of the abbé: "'Ma mère, par fausse tendresse, m'a élevé comme une demoiselle. Le moyen de faire de cela un grand homme!'"

VAN DÜLMEN, RICHARD. Kultur und Alltag in der Frühen Neuzeit. Bd. 1: Das Haus und seine Menschen, 16–18. Jahrhundert. München: Beck, 1990.

Review: J. Schlumbohm in HZ 256 (1993), 483–485: Comprehensive study is heavily weighted toward France. Individual chapters are more illuminating than overall picture of home, family, marriage, children aging and death. The vue d'énsemble of historical research remains essentially the same.

VAN DER CRUYSSE, DIRK. "Thanatos à Versailles: la mort louis quatorzienne vue par les mémorialistes de cour," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 99–117.

In studying accounts of the exemplary deaths of Anne d'Autriche and Henriette d'Angleterre, one finds dying and narrations of death raised to a fine art.

VIGARELLO, GEORGES. Le Sain et le Malsain. Santé et mieux etre depuis le Moyen Age. Paris: Seuil, 1993.

Review: P. Soulez in Esprit (juillet 1994), 198–99: Histoire culturelle et politique: "la question est de savoir comment la santé devient de plus en plus une question du gouvernement. Il ne s'agit plus simplement de régler la profession médicale ou d'isoler les contagieux mais de mener une politique active que seul l'Etat peut mettre en pratique."

VOGLER, BERNARD. Histoire culturelle de l'Alsace. Du Moyen-Age à nos jours, les très riches heures d'une région frontière. Strasburg: La Nuée Bleue, 1993.

Review: Christian Wolff in BSHPF 141 (1995), 121–23: "Comble une lacune de l'historiographie alsatienne." For the general public, well written and informed, and "couronné de l'Académie française." The chapter on the 17th-century details "l'effondrement intellectuel." Very skilled treatment of the confrontations of French and Germanic cultures.

WALLACE, PETER G. Communities and Conflict in Early Modern Colmar, 1575–1730. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities, 1995.

Review: R. B. Barnes in Choice 33 (1995), 351–52: "W.'s study of Colmar in the early modern era, the result of extensive archival research, traces the transformation of a key Alsatian town 'from a medieval commune into a modern provincial city.' W. examines three stages in C.'s history: Reformation and Counter Reformation in the traditional Imperial city (1575–1648), a 'home town' era of relative insularity (c. 1640–1680), and the period of subjection to French rule (1680–1730)." "W.'s writing, though frequently repetitive," according to B., "is basically clear and jargon free. In places, however, one longs to see a more fully human face among his Colmarians. Loaded with statistics, graphs, tables, and maps, this is a book for advanced students of early modern social and political history. Includes a detailed and useful scholarly apparatus."

WATANABE-O'KELLY, HELEN. Triumphall Shews: Tournaments at German Speaking Courts in their European Context 1560–1730. Berlin: Mann, 1992.

Review: P. Skrine in MLR 90 (1995), 505–06: Illustrated volume presents "the vitality and variety of the tournament in Germany . . . [and] the political and dynastic role which such courtly entertainments played throughout the Renaissance and Baroque periods. The 1664 "Plaisirs de l'isle enchantée" at Versailles show close analogies to similar spectacles at courts in Munich, Vienna, and in Italy.

WAUTHIER, SERGE. "Mourir à Nivelles," in Actes de Lexington. PFSCL/Biblio 17 87 (1995), 253–257.

A study of the death in 1633 of a young woman named Catherine: the courage and serenity of a well organized death.

WELCH, MARCELLE MAISTRE. "Les Limites du libéralisme matrimonial de Poullain de la Barre." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991) 41–50.

W. examines P.'s attack on misogyny as it appears in treatises such as De l'Egalité des deux sexes, and De l'Education des Dames (1674). According to W., P. refutes the "ontology of the patriarchal hierarchy" by challenging the notion, based on patristic doctrine, that a wife's obedience to her husband must parallel the Church's submission to Christ. In spite of these seemingly proto-feminist tendancies, W. argues that P. can in no way be called a revolutionary with respect to women's rights in marriage or in society in general. Paradoxical in P.'s treatises are his exhortations that wives resign themselves to their husband's infidelity, and cede willingly to male authority in legal matters. In sum, W. claims that while in the abstract, P. raises the "belle question" of female equality, the concrete truth is that women will have to submit to the male monopoly on social and legal custom.

WELLS, CHARLOTTE C. Law and Citizenship in Early Modern France. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1995.

Review: D. G. Troyansky in Choice 33 (1995), 198: "Political historians have routinely described the transition from subject to citizen as a major development of the 18th century. W.'s monograph presents a rethinking of that chronology by exploring ideas of citizenship since the 16th century. The absolutist 17th century, with its stress on the person or body of the king rather than on the importance of the community or polity, appears as an interruption. W.'s sources are legal treatises and cases involving the property rights of foreign-born residents of France and Frenchmen living abroad." T. expresses some reservations. "Nevertheless, [W.'s] treatment of texts is admirably clear," according to the reviewer, "and her discussions of the relationship between civil and political rights, of the relative importance of blood and soil in definitions of citizenship, and of the relationship between city and state are very instructive."

WINE, HUMPHREY. Claude: The Poetic Landscape. Oxford/London: Oxford UP/National Gallery, 1994.

Review: Helen Langdon in TLS 4743 (25 Feb., 1994), 18: Catalogue opens up new ways of interpreting the relationship between landscapes and story, and between painting and poetry and more generally the different levels of meaning the pictures had for contemporaries. Exposition has been hung in entirely new ways to stress themes and the place in evolving narrative of preparatory sketches.

WINN, COLETTE H. "La fille à l'image de la mère: Jeanne de Schomberg, Reglement donné par une dame de haute qualité . . . à sa petite fille . . . (1698)." PFSCL 22 (1995), 359–367.

Studies the method and advice offered by the duchess de Liancourt, the great advocate of the "Eternel féminin": "le fonctionnement de l'écriture miroir, les limites et les enjeux idéologiques de l'autoreprésentation, les jeux réciproques du premier et du second Reglement."

WOLLENBERG, JORG. Les Trois Richelieus. Servir Dieu, le Roi et la Raison. Trans.Edouard Husson. Paris: Francois-Xavier de Guibert, 1995.

WOSHINSKY, BARBARA R. "Allégorie et corporalité féminine: les deux Muses de Poussin," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL / Biblio 17 89 (1995), 151–160.

W. concludes that, despite the opposition of the Classical artists and writers to allegory, ". . . par un jeu symbolique subtil, . . . les personnifications féminines allégoriques atteignent à une certaine force . . . . Mais de multiples facteurs contribuent à l'affaiblissement de l'allégorie féminine: . . . ." Illustrations.

ZANGER, ABBY. "Making Sweat: Sex and the Gender of National Reproduction in the Marriage of Louis XIII." YFS 86 (1994), 187–205.

". . . my goal in this essay has not been to refute the paradigm of the "King's 'Two Bodies'" [E. H. Kantorowicz, Princeton UP, 1981] that has, for so long productively oriented our discussion of the fictions of sovereignty and the representation of kingship in early modern Europe. Rather, my aim has been to emphasize dimensions which easily slip out of sight in privileging that model . . . ." Gender "ultimately found[s] and confound[s] representations of sovereignty."

ZANGER, ABBY E. "Etat de transpiration et génération de l'état: la représentation du corps politique dans le mariage de Louis XIII," in Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth Century French Literature et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. University of California, Santa Barbara (17–19 mars 1994). PFSCL / BIBLIO 17 89 (1995), 389–405.

A semiotic study of the wedding: further thoughts on the theory of the king's two bodies.

ZARUCCHI, JEANNE MORGAN. "Bête/Bêtise: Une Réponse." CdDS 5:2 (Fall 1991) 177.

Z. answers the claims made by Laurent Dittman in his article "L'animal, ce héraut..." CdDs 5:2 (Fall 1991) 147–56. She sets forth the analogy that the shift in perceptions about the werewolf—from a demonic character in the late Middle Ages, to a comical one in the Renaissance—can be compared to the bourgeois appropriation of the blason during the Grand Siècle. According to Z., the bourgeois appropriation of word-play as an identifying feature of their new blasons was intended to mock the original, noble, blasons as much as sixteenth-century representations of the werewolf were meant to ridicule previously-held notions about the monster's horrific powers.