FRENCH 17

• See French 17 (1997).

ESCOLA, MARC. Jean de La Bruyère. Paris/Roma: Memini, 1996.

Review: J.-P. Dens in PFSCL 15 (1998), 304: A critical bibliography based on thematic categories and available on CD-ROM that will be updated every five years. A tool that offers an excellent "état présent" and avenues for future research.

GLASGOW EMBLEM STUDIES 2 (1997).

In addition to 5 articles on Tristan (q.v.), contains Daniel Russell, "Thoughts on a newly discovered manuscript of Gomberville's Doctrine des moeurs (1646)," Alison Saunders's "Whose Intellectual Property? The Liber Fortunae of John Cousin, Imbert d'Anzély or Ludovic Lalanne?", Sandro Sider,"Luis Nunes Trincolo's Architectural Emblematic Imagery in l7th century Portugal: Making a Name for a Palatine Princess," Gillian Wright, "The Growth of an Emblem: Some Contexts for Bodleian Library MS Ashmole 767."

GRAFTON, ANTHONY. The Footnote: A Curious History. London: Faber & Faber, 1997.

Review: n.a. in VQR 74.2 (1998), 44–45: "Footnotes, G. observes, guarantee nothing, but they are that 'messy mixture' of art and science known as modern history."

HOWSON, LESLIE. Scientists Since 1660: A Bibliography of Biographies. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997.

Review: R. J. Havlik in Choice 35.5 (1998), 798: "H. calls this an 'unconventional bibliography,' since its principal goal is to demonstrate 'the way in which publishers and the book trade have treated the lives of scientists, and how that treatment has changed over time.'... The object is to place [each biography] in context with other books on the individual. The author's intent is presented in an extensive introduction, but strangely no overall conclusions are drawn."

INDEX OF PLACES OF PRINTING AND PUBLISHING (OF THE) SHORT-TITLE CATALOGUE OF BOOKS PRINTED IN FRANCE AND OF FRENCH BOOKS PRINTED IN OTHER COUNTRIES FROM 1470 TO 1600 NOW IN THE BRITISH LIBRARY. London: The British Library, 1995.

INHABER, HERBERT. Masks from Antiquity to the Modern Era: An Annotated Bibliography. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 1997.

Review: R.B.M. Ridinger in Choice 35.6 (1998), 966: "With more than 1,200 entries, this unique volume goes a long way toward providing a starting point [for reference work in the area of masks].... The authors intend 'to bring together most, if not all, of the books and journal articles that primarily discuss masks.' An unusual feature is a listing of museums in 31 countries that hold specialized collections of masks."

ISIS CURRENT BIBLIOGRAPHY 1997.

l7th Century studies, 91–110.

KATZ, BILL. Cuneiform to Computer: A History of Reference Sources. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 1998.

Review: D. C. Dickinson in Choice 35.11/12 (1998), 82: "According to K. ..., the development of reference sources mirrors intellectual and technological change. To prove his point, K. arranges ten chapters by types of source (e.g., encyclopedias, maps, almanacs, government publications), and follows the changes in format and purpose undergone by each over the centuries.... The book ends with a useful chronology of important dates in the history of reference sources. K. does not intend to supply a complete analysis or chronology of the best reference sources, but to relate certain landmark titles to the society in which they emerged."

KINNAMON, NOEL J. "Recent Studies in the English Renaissance." ELR 27 (1997), 281–326.

Numerous entries go beyond focus as indicated by title, therefore 17th c. French specialists will benefit from references to location and significance of manuscripts. K. interprets "recent" broadly—thus important criticism of the 1920's and 1930's is included, as well as "more recent" studies (Catalogues and Indices, General Studies, Codicology, Paleography, Autographs, Transcription, Composition and Revision, Attribution, Provenance, Manuscript Transmission, Textual Significance, Manuscript and Print, State of Criticism).

KLAPP, OTTO. Bibliographie der französischen Litteraturwissenschaft. Vol. 34 (1996). Ed. by Astrid Klapp-Lehrmann. Frankfurt: V. Klostermann, 1997.

17th c. section, pp. 296–369. Includes reviews; no commentaries.

LACHIVER, MARCEL. Dictionnaire du monde rural. Les mots du passé. Paris: Fayard, 1997.

Review: J. Chesneaux in QL 728 (1997), 24–25: "D'aaner à zythe, l'ensemble des 38–200 mots ... que M.L. a réunis en cinquante ans de travail acharné.... Cet historien de l'ancienne France rurale nous offre ainsi ce superbe corpus pour la compilation duquel il s'est aidé de maints dictionnaires et glossaires déjà disponibles, et aussi de maintes thèses universitaires...."

LEMOINE, ANNE-MARIE. "Dissertations in Progress," FR 71 (1997), 336–54.

17th c. sections, pp. 341, 350–351, with cross-references to other periods.

LOSADA, JOSE MANUEL, ed.. Bibliography of the Myth of Don Juan in Literary History. Lewiston: E. Mellen, 1997.

Review: B. E. Brandt in Choice 35.7 (1998), 1164–1165: Unlike A. Singer before him, "L. and his colleagues include only works that use the name Don Juan in one form or another... and that substantially incorporate the entire myth, including an inquiry into transcendence, the presence of a group of women, a banquet or feast, and the threat of a deadline. Unlike Singer, L. includes translations and major editions. In addition, critical studies... comprise 1,708 of L.'s 2,884 entries. The entries are divided by language into English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish, with an appendix on the Slavonic languages. The index cross-references all the criticism pertaining to major authors."

MARINO, ADRIAN. The Biography of 'The Idea of Literature': From Antiquity to the Baroque. Trans.V. Stancieu &Ch. Carlton. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996.

Review: K. Wheeler in JES 27.3 (1997), 367–368: An investigation "overwhelmingly concerned with 'etonyms' and 'unit ideas'...." Some of the main terminological nodes are litteræ, litteratura, grammata, poesis, and, later, belles lettres.... Discussions about the book, the development of libraries, the beginnings of bibliography and criticism, and the early appearance of debate about the relation of ancient to modern literature ... flesh out the philological and etymological skeleton with fascinating nuggets of information. The process of the 'aestheticizing' of the idea of literature is traced as a gradually increasing dichotomy between the words poetry and literature.... Moreoever, so called modern ideas of inter textuality, deliberate plagiarism, anti literature, indeterminacy, and literature about literature are shown to have flourished from these earliest times... into the baroque and neo classical periods."

MATAGNE, CHARLES. Répertoire des ouvrages du XVIIe siècle de la Bibliothèque C.D.R.R. (1651–1700). Namur: Centre de Documentation et de Recherches Religieuses, 1992.

Review: M.-T. Isaac in RBPH 74 (1996), 989–90: Ce répertoire, "résultat d'un travail minutieux considérable, est d'une consultation facile et qui comble sans aucun doute possible une lacune dans notre connaissance de la production imprimée du XVIIe siècle."

• See French 17 (1993, 91).

METZ, ROBERT. Histoire de la censure dans l'édition. Paris: PUF, 1997.

Review: BCLF 595 (avril 1998), 749: L'auteur "brosse ici un panorama de cinq siècles consacré à l'histoire de la censure dans l'édition à travers sept chapitres chronologiques. . . . Un livre passionnant, illustré de nombreux exemples (certains connus et d'autres moins) où se mêlent analyses historiques, sociologiques et économiques. A signaler également son intéressante bibliographie."

MONTANDON, ALAIN, ed. Dictionnaire raisonné de la politesse et du savoir-vivre du moyen âge jusqu'à nos jours. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1995.

Review: D.N. Losse in RenQ 50 (1997), 292–94: Highly useful and stimulating reference work is the fruit of an impressive network of scholars coordinated by the Université Blaise Pascal. Essays include aspects both historic and semantic. A must for "students and scholars of cultural studies, social history and literature."

MULON, MARIANNE. Noms de lieux d'Ile de France: introduction à la toponymie. Paris: Bonneton, 1997.

Review: Paul Favre in RLR 102 (1998), 227–29: High praise for scholarship and methodology for this addition to a series on all the regions of France (Languedoc by Paul Favre and Bourgogne by G. Taverdet have appeared). Part I is a "Formation des noms." Part II is a thematic inventory.

NEVEU, VALERIE. "La bibliothèque de Richard Simon." BB (1998), 62–125.

Listing of 136 books owned by the Bib1iothèque de Rouen with author index. Gives an account of the fortunes of the library and full bibliographic description of individual volumes.

NICOLAS PECCEU, MARTHA. "Censorship, Toleration, and Protestant Poetics: The Case of Agrippa d'Aubigné's Histoire universelle." FLS 25 (1998), 41–52.

Convincingly argues that D'Aubigné's experience of censorship (the arrêt of 1620 suppressing the Histoire) caused him to create a poetics based on a Protestant relation to language and literary tradition. Discursive strategies of narration illustrate opposition to the confinement of Protestantism.

PAUPHILET, ALBERT et al., eds. Dictionnaire des lettres françaises: le XVIIe siècle. Paris: Fayard, 1996.

Review: Peter France in TLS 4883 (1 Nov. 1996), 13: Revision of 1955 ed. overseen by Patrick Dandrey with "greatly expanded bibilography" (rather patchy for non- French entries), some updated new entries (e.g. La Rochefoucauld, Sévigné, Guez de Balzac, Tristan), a few new ones on "rediscoveries" (e.g. Hopil, Du Bois-Hus), brief additions reflecting research trends (M. de Scudéry, Sorel, Perrault, Théophile), but in essence "still the old Grente." Reviewer regrets that Racine and Molière entries have been without commentary or new critical perspectives.

PEDERSON, NADINE. "Recent Bibliographical Tools, Critical Editions, Translations, and Essay Collections." RenQ 50 (1997), 350–55.

Includes two reference works which should be of great use to 17 c. scholars: J.F. Maillard, J. Kecskeméti, and M. Portalier's L'Europe des humanistes, a register of humanist editions (14th–17th c.) of ancient authors, with indices and bibliography (Belgium: Brepols and CNRS, 1995) and Jeremy Black's Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare:Renaissance to Revolution, 1492–1792, with bibliography, illustrations and index (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996).

PERNOO-BECACHE, MARIANNE. Bibliographie de la littérature française (XVIe–XXe siècles). Année 1996. Paris, A. Colin, 1997.

17th c. section, pp. 45–68 (bold pagination). Also issued as no. 5 of RHL 97 (1997). 17th c. section, pp. 773–796 (plain pagination). In January 1996 the Culture Ministry created at the B.N. the new fulltime post of Conservateur entirely devoted to guaranteeing continuation of the Bibliography, but with editorial responsibility remaining with the Société (S.H.L.F.). Rancoeur's successor renews praise for his remarkable half century of high quality "bénévolat." Alliance of the two prestigious institutions is expected to pursue "cet écrasant exercice" with expanded means, energies, methods of communication, but same literary values.

PONCET, OLIVIER. "L'ouverture des Archives du Saint Office et l'Index. Echos d'une journeée de Présentation." RHEF 84 (1998), 97–103.

Summary and discussion of the terms under which the documents were announced as open by Cardinal Radzinger in the Accademia dei Litcei, Rome, 22 January 1998.

RANCOEUR, RENE. Bibliographie de la littérature française.

See Pernoo-Bécache above.

ROBERTS, WILLIAM.

1999 Research in Progress/ Dissertations listings are being compiled now. Send info. on 17th c. French, Comparative Literature, and background to W.R., French & Italian, Northwestern U., Evanston, IL: 60208

SAENGER, PAUL. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997.

Review: D. L. Patey in Choice 35.11/12 (1998), 1848: Begins with "the medieval reinvention of placing spaces between words, key to the emergence of modern silent reading. No longer had readers to sound out texts, previously the nearly universal Western practice. As a result of separation and new cursive scripts, composition ceased to be a matter of dictation to scribes; authors held their own pens; the furniture of reading and writing changed; for the first time, writers asked not to be read too fast...[T]he present magisterial book—the fruit of painstaking examination of manuscript materials spanning the whole of the European Middle ages—retells the story step-by-step."

SORDET, YANN. "Une approche des 'catalogues domestiques' de bibliothèques privées (XVIIe XVIlle siècle), instruments et miroirs de collections particulieres." BB (1997), 92–123.

Useful remarks on the different functions of private catalogues beyond the utilitarian: the presentation and enhancement of the collector, the relationship of the collector to the collection.

TRAVITSKY, BETTY S. and PATRICK CULLEN, eds. The Early Modern Englishwoman A Facsimile Library of Essential Works. Part 1: Printed Writings, 1500–1640. New York: Scholar, 1996.

Review: C. S. Cox in Choice 34.1 (1997), 124: A list of the writings "by, for, and about English women of the early modern era." Includes translations from French and Spanish novellas.

WHITTAKER, VICKI,trans. History of Pedlars in Europe. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996.

Review: L.R.N Ashley in BHR 59 (1997), 651–52: Welcome translation of Laurence Fontaine's L'Histoire du colporteur en Europe (Paris: C.N.R.S., 1995), a "pioneering, wide-ranging" work which "offers totally new angles from which to study European society. It is part of the history of many things, from publishing (one of the principal and earliest of their wares were printed materials) to gossip (they carried the news wherever they went)."

• See French 17 (1996).

BURGIERE, ANDRE, JOSEPH GAY, MARIE JEANNE TITS DIEUAIDE, eds. L'histoire grande ouverte. Hommages à Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie. Paris: Fayard, 1998.

Review: Douglas Johnson in TLS 4961 (1 May 1998), 12: Some 60 articles divided according to Ladurie's wide interests. Includes the fairy Mélusine (Le Goff), Paris monuments (Agulhon) small towns (Weber), transformations of English values, 1660–1770 (L. Stone), surveys of economic history, geographers, doctors, widowhood, wars, absolutism, and carnivals.

CAMERON, KEITH and ELIZABETH WOODBROUGH, eds. Ethics and Politics in Seventeenth Century France: Essays in Honour of Derek A. Watts. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1996.

Review: Boris Donné in RHL 98.1 (1998), 146–47: Reviewer welcomes the homage volume, citing Derek Watts's numerous accomplishments. The first part of the work focuses on "l'éthique de l'action," and contains articles "sur les grands débats éthiques et politiques qui traversent l'histoire du siècle." The second part, dealing with, "la politique du théâtre," centers on seventeenth-century drama, and contains articles on Corneille, Tristan L'Hermite, Quinault, and Racine.

CARIOU, ANDRE et PHILIPPE LE STUM. Pardons et pèlerinages de Bretagne. Rennes: Ouest-France, 1997.

Review: BCLF 597 (1998), 1339: Deux spécialistes de la culture et de l'art bretons étudient l'histoire des pardons bretons qui "prennent leur plein essor et toutes leurs caractéristiques" au XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles.

CARRIER, HUBERT. Les muses guerrières. Les Mazarinades et la vie littéraire au milieu du XVIIe siècle. Paris: Klincksieck, 1996.

Review: François Moureau in BB (1997), 182–84: From the great number and diversity of materials, author skillfully shows the tendencies toward modernity, in style especially, as in directness of expression, use of genres, that exists in tension with the conservative and traditional literary exercises in the service of ideology.

CHADGZOY, KATE, et al., eds. Women: Gender and sexuality in Early Modern Writing. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press, 1998.

CHAPLIN, PEGGY. "Changing Colours Changing Times." SCFS 19 (1997), 199–209.

Original article, of use in many contexts, tracing the "hierarchy of textile colors and their evolution in the reign of Louis XIV." After some valuable considerations, on differences between painters' colors and those of drapers' dyes, problems of perceptions now of color, research is centered on the 317 recommendations for correct uses of dye by Colbert's chemists for the standardizing regulation of 1671. A table of the five basic colors, combining into shades, is followed by discussion of the values attached to this vestimentary spectrum.

CHARTIER, ROGER. Die kulturellen Ursprünge der Französischen Revolution. Frankfurt am Main: Editions de la Fondation Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1995.

Review: P. Fuchs in HZ 264 (1997), 495–97: Reviewer finds certain unexpected aspects and relations interesting for the new light C. shines on them, but, unfortunately, there are, as well, many errors of translation from the original 1990 French version. 17th c. scholars will find helpful C.'s treatment of origins of the Revolution as far back as Louis XIII's 1614 lit de justice, the salons, the secret societies, etc. C. warns against causality and tracks down misunderstood continuities.

CHAUVEAU, JEAN-PIERRE. Lire le Baroque. Paris: Dunod, 1997.

Review: Nathalie Grande in RHL 98.2 (1998), 290: Favorable review in which G. states, "Cet ouvrage, qui s'inscrit dans une collection s'adressant aux étudiants de lettres, remplit parfaitement son objectif en proposant une synthèse rapide mais précise, et une réflexion alerte sur une notion dont la vogue ... a obscurci le sens en même temps qu'elle la popularisait." The first chapter deals with twentieth-century perceptions of the baroque, while the second chapter looks at the movement's sociological, ideological, and aesthetic characteristics. The third chapter examines the literature of the period. Reviewer also praises what she calls the work's "importantes annexes," such as biographical and bibliographical notices.

CHAUVIN ET OLIVIER, FRANÇOISE. "Les tribulations de 'La Madeleine'." Le Point 1345 (1998), 42.

Article recounts the sale of an unidentified painting for 1000 francs to a dealer who then sold it to an amateur collector. The collector asked the dealer to clean and restore it, at which time it was discovered to be a painting by Georges de La Tour. The dealer then absconded with the painting to the United States, where he sold it to an American collector. When the French buyer pressed his case against the dealer, an American judge ruled the painting jointly owned by both the French and American buyers. The painting was eventually returned to France and sold at auction.

CHILDS, ELIZABETH C., ed. Suspended License: Censorship and the Visual Arts. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997.

Review: A. J. Wharton in Choice 35.8 (1998), 1363: "This collection records 12 episodes of censorship in the visual arts. Their subjects range from the 16th to the 20th century."

CHOQUETTE, LESLIE. Frenchmen Into Peasants: Modernity and Tradition in the Peopling of French Canada. Cambridge/London: Harvard University Press, 1997.

Review: M. J. Green in SubStance 27.1 (1998), 135–137: A "challenge to longstanding stereotypes about the settlement of New France... C.'s title evokes a strange vision of modern, urban Frenchmen being somehow transformed into Quebec's peasants when, of course, we all know that the people who crossed the seas to Canada were peasants to begin with, and pious ones to boot, good country folk who were driven from la belle France by the famine conditions of the ancien régime. This sort of mythology has been fostered not only by the Québecois themselves... but also by right wing Frenchmen of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.... Sifting through massive volumes of surviving historical records, C. patiently exposes the inaccuracy of the Quebec peasant myth ... tracing the regional and social origins of the French emigrants of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, she demonstrates that, although they came from an overwhelmingly peasant based France, the majority of those who left for Canada were ... artisans and laborers.... In her survey of the immigrants' origins, C. leads her reader on a fascinating tour of various French regions in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, presenting a picture of French life that is, again, more diversified than the typical stereotypes of the ancien régime.... The portrait C. paints of seventeenth and eighteenth century France is one of constant movement from country to city—as well as the often circular itineraries of soldiers and artisans engaged in the tour de France.... Gender is... a category that C. takes quite seriously, showing that, in the absence of the substantial patterns of familial emigration that were more common in the English North American colonies, male and female immigrants constituted very separate immigration streams, many young women having been recruited for the colony in the later years of the seventeenth century as filles à marier...." C.'s sample population includes "all those soldiers, colonial administrators, short term indentured servants who left France for a stay of some duration in Canada, seventy percent of whom ultimately went back home."

COHEN, SELMA JEANNE et al., eds. International Encyclopedia of Dance: A Project of Dance Perspectives Foundation, Inc. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Review: E. B. Nibley in Choice 35.11/12 (1998), 1830: "The coverage is truly international, and although the editors do not claim to have been exhaustive, the encyclopedia includes historical surveys, analytical essays, theories, methodologies, personalities, music, costume, scene design, film, companies, and much more.... The entries are arranged alphabetically, but the classified 'Synoptic Outline of Contents' is the best place to begin to find a path in this weave of information about peoples and rituals; about folk, traditional, popular, festival, historical, ancient, modern, and theatrical dance; and about research, publication and criticism."

CONRAD, LAWRENCE I., et al. The Western Medical Tradition: 800 BC to AD 1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Review: D.M. Carrara in RenQ 50 (1997), 1265–66: Praised for its excellence and accuracy, the volume surveys western medical tradition from antiquity to the 19th c. Chapter 6, authored competently by Andrew Wear, examines medicine in early modern Europe from 1500 to 1700. Chronological tables, thorough bibliography and indices.

CROIX, ALAIN and JEAN QUENIARD, Histoire culturelle de la France, 2: De la Renaissance à l'aube des Lumières. Paris: Seuil, 1997.

CROPPER, ELIZABETH and CHARLES DEMPSEY. Nicolas Poussin: Friendship and the Love of Painting. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.

Review: J. Snow-Smith in RenQ 50 (1997), 312–13: Praiseworthy as a highly successful "total reassessment of the artist and his paintings placed within the broader consideration of his abstract thematic concepts of both style and subject in the intellectual climate of early to mid-seventeenth century Rome." Treats influences, aesthetic milieu and is particularly meritorious for its "analytical approach to many illuminating parallels between the arts." Chapters focus on important persons in P.'s life from Italian patrons and friends to Montaigne, Ovid, and Virgil.

DAVIS, NATHALIE ZEMON. Juive, catholique, protestante: Trois femmes en marge au XVIIe siècle. Paris: Seuil, 1997.

Review: M. Bouyssy in QL 739 (1997), 22: "L'intérêt du livre est de reconstituer simultanément des démarches autant que des itinéraires ... [Davis tente] de comprendre l'espace de la liberté tel que l'induisent, à la marge, des mondes culturels déterminants, des villes et des religions qui sont aussi porteurs d'idéa types par où peuvent se recomposer les pratiques convenues. Le détail des us et coutumes évoqués croise alors la démarche de confession et de regard retrospectif porté sur ces vies par leurs héroïnes." The three women in question are: Gluckel von Hameln (1645–1724), Marie Guyart, later Marie de l'Incarnation (1600–1672) and Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717).

DAVIS, NATHALIE ZEMON. Women on the Margins: Three Seventeenth-Century Lives. Cambridge, Mass/London: Harvard University Press, 1995.

Review: A.J. Schutte in RenQ 50 (1997), 347–49: Praised as "a marvelous read," for its lucidity and eloquence, D.'s study "charts the intersection of public and private" in three women of which one is the Ursuline in New France, known for her religious and educational efforts among the Amerindians. S. finds the section on Marie less successful (S. calls for more thorough attention to the question of language acquisition and M.'s vocation itself) than those on the other women.

Review: H. Watanabe-O'Kelly in MLR 92 (1997), 1018–19: Exploration of the lives and writing of Gluckel von Hameln (1647–1724), Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717), and Marie de l'Incarnation : "Zemon Davis shows how and why women wrote, if and how they acquired education, and what role religion played in their lives."

DEAN, TREVOR and K.J.P. LOWE, eds. Marriage in Italy, 1300–1650. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Review: J. T. Rosenthal in Choice 35.11/12 (1998), 208: "Any reader with an interest in marriage as an historical institution should find much of value in these wide-ranging case studies."

DELMAS, CHRISTIAN et FRANÇOISE GEVREY, éds. Nature et culture à l'âge classique, XVIe–XVIIIe siècles. Toulouse: Presses Universitaires du Mirail, 1997.

Review: BCLF 598–99 (1998), 1442: Actes de la journée d'étude du Centre de recherches "Idées, thèmes et formes 1580–1789", Toulouse (France), 25 mars 1996. Les huit articles de cet ouvrage, "fatalement fort incomplet," permettent "néanmoins de mettre, une fois de plus, en lumière cette paradoxale association de la 'nature' et de la 'culture' dans la France d'ancien régime."

DRESCHER, SEYMOUR and STANLEY L. ENGERMAN, eds. A Historical Guide to World Slavery. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Review: E. R. Papenfuse in Choice 35.11/12 (1998), 99: "[T]his valuable guide features in-depth essays by 100 established scholars on five continents... D. and E.'s specially commissioned collection ... is organized geographically and illuminates the 'impact of mass cumulative social processes and unintended consequences rather than individual events or persons'." "[S]ophisticated conceptual and historiographic analyses."

DUBOST, JEAN FRANÇOIS. La France italienne, XVIe–XVIIe siècle. Paris: Aubier, 1998. Preface byDaniel Rache.

DUCHENE, JACQUELINE. Henriette d'Angleterre, duchesse d'Orléans. Paris: Fayard, 1996.

Review: Roger Mattam in the TLS 4892 (3 Jan. 1997), 31: "Captures the flavor of life at the French court," but provides few insights into the mind of Henriette, "largely because of the small number of personal letters extant from her voluminous correspondence and the absence of direct documentation of the part she played in diplomatic affairs."

• See French 17 (1996).

DUMOULIN, JACQELINE. Le Consulat d'Aix-en-Provence. Enjeux politiques 1598–1692. Dijon: Editions universitaires de Dijon, 1992.

Review: A. Vandenbulcke in RBPH 74 (1996), 987–88: "Cette étude s'articule autour de deux thèmes: l'autonomie électorale aixoise aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles et les conséquences de la progression de l'absolutisme royal en Provence au XVIIe siècle sur ces élections."

DUPLESSIS, ROBERT S. Transitions to Capitalism in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Review: J. P. McKay in Choice 35.9 (1998), 1550: "This intelligent survey reconsiders European economic development from the late medieval period to the dawn of modern industrialization. Incorporating a large body of research from the last two decades, the author offers a nuanced picture of agricultural and industrial change that stresses regional variations, capitalistic markets, and systems of labor relations. Economic analysis is used sparingly but effectively. The unifying focus on demand as a driving or restraining factor in development, depending on different regional patterns of consumption and class relationships, is sound.... Many findings are rather standard, but the author provides specialist quality insights on many topics... [T]he extensive chapter bibliographies are excellent."

DUROO Paul. The Academy and the Limits Of Painting in Seventeenth Century France. Cambridge: CUP, 1998.

FAVIER, JEAN. Paris, deux mille ans d'histoire. Paris: Fayard, 1997.

Review: A. Zavriew in RDM (novembre 1997), 187–88: "C'est d'une géographie d'abord qu'il s'agit. Le plus difficile dans la tâche de l'auteur est de dresser le portrait physique de la ville dans les âges successifs, la topographie mouvante de Paris de siècle en siècle."

FOISIL, MADELEINE. L'enfant Louis XIII. L'éducation d'un roi (1601–1617). Paris: Perrin, 1998.

Review: Charles Teisseyre in RHEF 84 (1998),186: "Remarquablement bien informé" this study by the editor of the first complete edition of the sovereign's physician's journal (Héroard, 1989) and covering up to the time of the execution of Concini seems to be the definitive study., Good introductory chapter on Héroard.

FORCE, PIERRE. "Self-Love, Identification, and the Origin of Political Economy." YFS 92 (1997), 46–64.

F. draws on the work of seventeenth and eighteenth-century authors—Descartes, La Rochefoucauld, Arnauld, Nicole, Diderot, Rousseau, Adam Smith— to provide an historical sketch of the philosophical notion of "identification" as distinct from pity and sympathy.

FRANTIS, WAYNE. Looking at l7th Century Dutch Art: Realism Reconsidered. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

FRUHE NEUZEIT-REVOLUTION-EMPIRE 1500–1815. Francia 18, 2. Paris/Sigmaringen: Deutsches Historisches Institut/Thorbecke, 1992.

Review: M. Galand in RBPH 74 (1996), 961: "Le volume 18.2 de la revue Francia, consacré aux Temps modernes, la Revolution et l'Empire, présente une série d'articles variés, suivis de nombreux comptes rendus . . . ." Voir la contribution de B. Bernard qui "analyse l'oeuvre de Charles Perrault, Les Hommes illustres, dans le contexte de la politique scientifique prônée par Colbert au XVIIe siècle."

GASCOIGNE, BAMBER. Milestones in Colour Printing, 1457–1859: With a Bibliography of Nelson Prints. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Review: J. Bidwell in Choice 35.7 (1998), 1178: "Survey of early color printing technology." Covers primarily 15th, 18th- and 19th-century printing.

GAZE, DELIA. Dictionary of Women Artists. London/Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.

Review: K. S. Esau in Choice 35.7 (1998), 1165–1166: "This well-conceived biographical dictionary covers women artists working in the Western tradition from the Middle Ages through the mid-20th century. Each of the 600 entries, arranged in alphabetical order, provides biographical information, a list of exhibitions, a bibliography, a signed essay by a specialist, and, in most cases, a black and white illustration. Twenty introductory surveys on topics ranging from amateur artists to training and professionalism help place the individual entries in historical context.... A general bibliography, a chronological list of the artists, and information on the contributors increase this resource's usefulness."

GIRAUD, YVES, ed. L'image de la Madeleine du XVe au XIX siècles. Actes du colloque de Fribourg (31 mai-2 juin, 1990) Fribourg: Editions universitaires, 1996.

Review: Yvette Quenot in RHL 98.1 (1998), 134–35: Favorable review of book which Q. calls "une riche moisson d'informations, un brassage d'idées fécondes." Issues examined include theology, morality, the role of the legend, and the popular cult of Mary-Magdalene. Most articles deal with the image of the Madeleine in France, Italy, and Spain of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Among the French seventeenth-century figures covered are François de Sales, J-P Camus, and Georges de La Tour.

GOFFMAN, DANIEL. Britons in the Ottoman Empire, 1642–1660. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1998.

Review: W. B. Robison III in Choice 35.11/12 (1998), 196: "G. ... uses extensive research in British and Turkish archives to provide a balanced, clear account of a neglected subject." Topics include the "rivalry for eastern Mediterranean trade among the English, French, and the Dutch."

GOLDMAN, ELIZABETH and DENA GOODMAN, eds. Going Public: Women and Publishing in Early Modern France. Ithaca/London: Cornell University Press, 1995.

Review: Boris Donné in RHL 98.1 (1998), 151: Reviewer states that the work meets its stated aim, to "approfondir le débat féministe international [dans] des ouvrages sur tous aspects de la théorie féministe et de la pratique textuelle." Contributions include analyses of memoirs, the re-reading of the "Querelle des Anciens et de Modernes," the letter, fairy tales, and the novel. The last section discusses the status of women authors in the seventeenth-century, and underscores the challenges and risks of publication.

GORDON, DANIEL. "The City and the Plague in the Age of Enlightenment." YFS 92 (1997), 67–87.

"This inquiry supposes that plague literature crystallized as a counterpoint to Enlightenment discourse, rather than as a direct response to physical hardships or as the enlargement of an earlier literary tradition. More precisely, the threat of contagious epidemics acquired a deeper signifying power within a city premised not on political independence and will (the classical 'polis') but on prosperity and sociability (the Enlightenment 'cosmopolis')." Tableau of the city of Marseilles which served as the focus of plague literature.

GOUBERT, PIERRE. Le siècle de Louis XIV: études. Paris: Fallois, 1996.

Review: R.J. Knecht in TLS 4892 (3 Jan. 1997), 31: Collective essays include some previously unpublished. Part I on provincial society, its structure, mobility, and its wealth; Part II, Louis XIV and his court. Especially interesting on the resilience of the nobility and the limits of absolutism. Both proponents of a "crisis" theory of the 17th century and marxist interpreters are "trounced."

GUDE, MARY LOUISE. "Les Dames de la Charité and the Creation of the Paris General Hospital." CdDS 7.1 (Spring 1997), 23–30.

Article deals with Vincent de Paul and his association with both the "Filles" and the "Dames de la Charité," benevolent organizations of wealthy women whose work with the poor in Paris led to the development of a general hospital in the capital, as well as a number of other charitable projects throughout France. The rise of this group encouraged the creation of public assistance programs, and began the process of separation between church and state.

GUERMES, SOPHIE, éd. Le vin et l'encre. La littérature française et le vin du XIIIe au XXe siècle. Bordeaux: Mollat, 1997.

Review: BCLF 596 (mai 1998), 1159: L'auteur "nous présente une anthologie de la littérature française consacrée aux vins du XIIIe à nos jours, particulièrement riche et au titre fort amoureusement choisi." Absence de toute bibliographie.

HAENTJENS, CLAIRE. "Dentelle." Compte rendu d'une exposition de costumes de scène au Musée des Beaux-Arts et de la Dentelle à Alençon. Le Point 1346 (1998), 101.

"Plus de 30 costumes de scène du répertoire classique, lyrique, en passant par la comédie et le ballet." Includes costumes from Le Misanthrope.

HAINSWORTH, ROGER. The Swordsmen in Power: War and Politics under the English Republic, 1649–1660. Thrupp/Stroud/Gloucestershire: Sutton, 1997.

Review: K. R. DeVries in Choice, 35.2 (1997), 360: A study of Cromwell and his officers, known as the Swordsmen, who accomplished a great deal during this brief period, "mostly by extending their military might and the victorious practices of their New Model Army into conflict with the Irish, Scots, Dutch, Spanish, and French."

HALL, BERT S. Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe: Gunpowder, Technology, and Tactics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.

Review: W. L. Urban in Choice 35.3 (1997), 554: "Hall challenges several assumptions about 'the gunpowder revolution' and 'the military revolution' of the 16th century. He sees improvements in the manufacture of gunpowder as the key element in allowing artillery to live up to some of its earlier promise.... Hall argues [that] artillery changed warfare, but ... not in a steady, incremental manner; the major changes appeared only in the 17th century."

HANLON, GREGORY. The Twilight of a Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats and European Conflicts, 1560–1800. London: UCL Press, 1998.

Review: R. H. Larson in Choice 35.11/12 (1998), 208: "H. argues that Italian political and social elites had a well-established military tradition in the 16th century that was widely recognized and respected throughout Europe, and that it declined only in the late 17th century as those elites lost interest in military careers when customary opportunities for military service at home and abroad disappeared. H. demonstrates this through a detailed narrative of European military history of the period,... [H]is account of military operations is done with considerable skill and provides an interesting 'Italian perspective' on the highly complex struggles of the European powers from the 16th to the 18th centuries."

HARRIS, JOHN M. A History of Music for Harpsichord or Piano and Orchestra. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 1997.

Review: S. Glickman in Choice 35.6 (1998), 999: "Encompassing music from the Baroque through the mid 20th century, and including more than 3,700 famous and less well known composers from Europe, North and South America, Oceania, and Asia, each chapter of this pioneering volume includes the music of women composers."

HAUDRERE, PHILIPPE, éd. Les flottes des Compagnies des Indes, 1600–1857. Actes des Ves journées franco-britanniques d'histoire de la marine tenues à Lorient (France), 4–6 mai 1994. Vincennes: Service historique de la marine, 1996.

Review: BCLF 598–99 (1998), 1597: "Un ensemble de communications un peu inégal, mais comportant plusieurs excellentes études, rigoureusement fondées sur les sources et apportant des clartés nouvelles."

HICKEY, DANIEL. Local Hospitals in Ancien Régime France: Rationalization, Resistance, Renewal, 1530–1789. Montreal: McGill Queen's University Press, 1997.

Review: R. W. Mackey in Choice 35.1 (1997), 205: "Using recently developed historical themes rising out of new approaches to history, the Catholic Reformation, gender history and absolutism, Hickey shows how eight small town and rural hospitals successfully withstood centralizing and urbanizing assaults through defiance to intervention, resistance to changes, and continuation of old structures under new forms... [E]verywhere in France many new female nursing and charitable organizations, within and outside the cloister, placed new divisions of labor and authority for both sexes in these fields. Both found difficulty with welfare measures promoted by royal absolutists intent on centralizing and urbanizing hospitals up to 1750, and with the mixtures of the ill, the poor, and the vagabonds."

HOFMANN, CATHERINE, et al. Le globe et son image. Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale de France, 1995.

Review: S. Sider in RenQ 50 (1997), 1249–51: Recommended for students of art history and the Renaissance, this volume documents the BN's 1995 spring exhibition on the subject. Praised for its elegance and organization, the volume focuses on the theme of empire "linked through time by images of the globe." 17th c. scholars will appreciate the examination of globes as political status symbols, and will value explanations of specific symbols such as Louis XIV's "globe fleurdelisé."

IMDAHL, MAX. Couleur: les écrits des peintres français de Poussin à Delaunay. Trans.François Laroche. Paris: Eds. de la Maison des Sciences de l'hommer, 1997. Preface byMichel Pastourneau.

ISRAEL, JONATHAN I. Conflicts of Empires: Spain, the Low Countries and the Struggle for World Supremacy, 1585–1713. London: Hambledon Press, 1998.

Review: S. H. Burkholder in Choice 35.10 (1998), 1777: "The book's broad title aptly describes the source of European turmoil during much of the 17th century, and it also reflects the author's efforts to lend coherence to an eclectic collection. Similarly, the introduction and more or less chronological presentation reveal a struggle to link diverse subject areas. Two main points, discernible in the introduction, emerge in a handful of essays: the Low Countries were at the center of Spain's attempt to survive the 'conflict,' and the ultimate displacement of Spanish hegemony was not a forgone or foreseen conclusion in the eyes of European contemporaries."

KELLEY, DONALD R. The Writing of History and the Study of Law. Aldershot: Variorum, 1997.

Review: P. Gill in BHR 60.2 (1998), 602–03: "Ce second recueil d'articles de D. Kelley (après History, Law, and the Human Sciences. Medieval and Renaissance perspectives, Variorum, 1984) regroupe quatorze études publiées entre 1971 et 1995. Regroupées en trois thèmes (Early Modern History; Modern History; History and the Law), elles rappellent, si besoin était, l'importance des écrits de l'historien américain, tant dans le domaine de l'historiographie de la période moderne que dans l'étude du rôle et de la place des juristes à la même époque." Kelley "s'est intéressé particulièrement à cette historiographie protestante des XVIe–XVIIe siècles, comme l'atteste son étude sur l'interprétation réformée de la Saint-Barthélemy . . . ."

KELLY, DONALD R., ed. History and the Disciplines: The Reclassification of Knowledge in Early Modern Europe. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 1997.

KELLY, VAN. "The Play of Utopia and Dystopia: Mindscape and Landscape in Descartes and Poussin." EMF 4 (1998), 125–64.

Author will "reconsider how Poussin's landscapes and Descartes' systematic philosophy respond to concepts of marginality as much as to idealization, in the thought that this will perhaps nuance the comparison of a philosopher and a painter whose works are often seen at least as 'parallel and related phenomena'." K. examines "Descartes' Discours de la méthode, his youthful 'dream,' and his Principes de la philosophie,' then "shift[s] emphasis to Poussin's 'Phocion ensemble'."

KINTZINGER, MARION. Chronos und Historia. Studien zur Titelblattikonographie historiographischer Werke vom 16. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1995.

Review: M. Völkel in HZ 264 (1997), 751–53: Praiseworthy as an excellently annotated inventory of historiographical title pages of the 16–18th c. (some 340 are analyzed for their iconographical contribution). Chapters on history of title pages, their development and function. Reviewer indicates certain cautions, such as the fact that the title page often reflects the perspective of the publisher rather than the author.

KIVELSON, VALERIE A. Autocracy in the Provinces: The Muscovite Gentry and Political Culture in the Seventeenth Century. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996.

Review: G. E. Snow in Choice 35.1 (1997), 189: Presents the "social, cultural, and political development of the gentry ... of the Vladimir Suzdal region of 17th century Moscovite Russia as paradigmatic of the entire class." Includes comparisons to models in Western Europe.

KLEIN, LAWRENCE E. "The Figure of France: The Politics of Sociability in England, 1660–1715." YFS 92 (1997), 30–45.

"This essay investigates the ideological setting in which sociability rose to prominence in English discourse, setting in motion the train of thinking that led forward from Shaftsbury, Addison, and Steele, along one track, to Hutcheson and Hume in Britain and, along another, to Marivaux and Diderot in France."

KNAPP, BETTINA L. Women, Myth, and the Feminine Principle. Albany: State University of New York, 1998.

Review: J. de Luce in Choice 35.8 (1998), 1365: K. "examines seven stories including ... Racine's Phaedra.... The author urges readers to make 'connections' between these traditional stories and their own lives. In spite of its exciting potential, this book ... frustrates expectations. K. fails to describe adequately what her primarily Jungian approach entails or to apply that theory with consistent sophistication or thoroughness.... A reader already well versed in world mythology, myth theory, and feminist criticism will find some useful and challenging ideas."

L'ENCYCLOPEDIE DE L'ART. Paris: Editions de la Martinière, 1997.

Review: J. Pierrard in Le Point 1316 (1997), 132: "Brillantissime et savantissime.... Tout ou presque tout se trouve dans cette encyclopédie, avec une précision, un sens de l'actualité qui laissent pantois. Toujours parfaitement clair, l'ouvrage s'adresse ... à un public disposant déjà de quelques notions. Mais le sens de la synthèse, l'articulation originale des chapitres, la richesse, la vivacité des textes éclatés autour d'une illustration pertinente rendent cet ouvrage indispensable."

LACHIVER, MARCEL. Dictionnaire du monde rural. Paris: Fayard, 1997.

Review: Yves Stavridès in L'Express 2413 (2 Oct. 1997), 72: Appreciative evaluation of the scope of this reference work, extending to the 17th century by the author of Les Années de misère: la famine du temps du Grand Roi, accompanied by an interview with the author that charts his life-long preoccupation with the language of rural life and its etymologies.

LACOUR-VEYRANNE, CHARLOTTE. Les petits métiers à Paris au XVIIe siècle. Catalogue des oeuvres représentant les métiers à Paris aux XVIIe siècle, prés. dans le cadre de l'exposition "Paris et les Parisiens au temps du Roi-Soleil," musée Carnavalet, Paris, 5 nov. 1997–18 janvier 1998. Paris: Paris-Musées, 1997.

Review: BCLF 598–99 (1998), 1597–98: "L'ensemble est fort intéressant et donne une excellente idée de ce qu'était la vie quotidienne dans les rues de Paris au XVIIe siècle. Il complète les témoignages des mémorialistes et des poètes."

LADURIE, EMMANUEL LEROY. L'historien, le chiffre et le texte. Paris: Fayard, 1998.

Review: Douglas Johnson in TLS 4961 (1 May 1998), 12: Dazzling collection of essays, some conveniently rescued from more obscure places of first publication, showing the versatility and accomplishment of the historian. Includes essays on the history of the book, taxes on salt, silver mining and coinage, deserted peasant villages, linguistic minorities, and the introduction written for Colin Jones's Cambridge Illustrated History of France. Reviewer gives insightful outline of Ladurie's development as an historian.

LADURIE, EMMANUEL LE ROY. The Ancien Regime: A History of France, 1610–1774. Trans.Mark Greengrass. Oxford: Blackwell, 1997.

Review: David Parket in TLS 4889 (13 Dec. 1996), 9: Appreciative but sharply critical evaluation questioning, over this long period, a "mostly optimistic flavour assuming overall that centralization and the growth of a fiscal machine were ipso facto modern and that economic growth was an effect of state intervention (at mid-17th century, e.g., when a generalized depression is denied but Colbert's policy of recovery is celebrated)." Research by Bergin and Dessert on financial structures' self-destructiveness is simply set aside. A number of such inconsistencies are identified.

LAWRENCE, CYNTHIA, ed. Women and Art in Early Modern Europe: Patrons, Collectors, and Connoisseurs. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997.

Review: L.R.N Ashley in BHR 59 (1997), 667: Anthology resulting from a conference on "Matronage: Women as Patrons and Collectors of Art, 1300–1800" at Temple University (20 April 1990). "This book splendidly covers female patronage of the art and architecture, particularly of public buildings such as chapels and churches, from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century."

• See French 17 (1997).

LESPAGNOL, ANDRE. Messieurs de Saint-Malo. Une élite négociante au temps de Louis XIV. T. I et II. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 1997.

Review: BCLF 598–99 (1998), 1598–99: Réédition (1990, L'Ancre de marine). "C'est à partir de cette très vaste documentation (comprenant notamment des rôles d'armement, des registres de capitation, des actes notariés, des fragments de comptabilités marchandes, etc.) que cet intrépide chercheur a pu reconstituer et comprendre ce que furent Saint-Malo et son élite négociante lors de leur apogée. En outre, ce livre permet de mieux connaître à la fois la France de Louis XIV et le grand commerce européen des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles."

LESSAY, FRANCK. Le débat Locke-Filmer. Avec la traduction du Patriarche et du Premier traité du Gouvernement civil. Paris: PUF, 1998.

Review: L. Arénilla in QL 742 (1998), 24–25: "A partir d'un débat sur une contestation successorale ponctuelle, cet ouvrage, par une recherche de datation, de manuscrits et de leur publication, éclaire un des temps forts de l'histoire des institutions anglaises et de la philosophie politique." The debate regards the successor to Charles Ier, who was childless and whose brother, the Duke of York, was Catholic.

LESTRINGANT, FRANK et al., eds. Guillaume Chenu de Caglezac, sieur de Laujardière, relation d'un voyage à côté des Cafres (1686–89). Paris: Les Editions de Paris, 1996.

Review: Marcel Ducasse in BSHPF 143 (1997), 295–96: Movingly simple account of the stay with the "Xhosa" of southern Africa of an 18-year-old Huguenot boy waylaid on his escape to the New World by storms and pirates. An English translation appeared in 1991 by Randolph Vigne and published in Cape Town by the Van Riebeeck Society (See BSHPF 143 (1997), 293–94).

LIPOVETSKY, GILLES. La troisième femme. Paris: Gallimard, 1997.

Review: L. Ferry in Le Point 1313 (1997), 122–123: "L'interprétation de L. ... remonte le fil de l'histoire jusqu'au XIIe siècle.... [Selon lui] Ce qui sous tend le surinvestissement féminin du sentiment amoureux est non seulement compatible avec l'idéal d'autonomie moderne, mais sans cesse renforcé par lui .... L'histoire des codes amoureux révèle moins la soumission que l'émancipation du féminin, jusque dans la survivance des rôles apparemment traditionnels."

LOIRE, STEPHANE. Ecole italienne, XVIIe siècle. T. I: Bologne. Paris: Réunion des musées nationaux, 1996.

Review: BCLF 597 (1998), 1387: "Publié sur fonds de recherche du ministère de la Culture, cet ouvrage constitue le premier tome d'un recensement général, un second devant prochainement traiter des foyers régionaux mineurs. Grand amateur de la production contemporaine, Louis XIV suit l'exemple de la 'collectionnité' italienne inaugurée par Mazarin, mais en lui conférant sa patte et ses préférences, une orientation non poursuivie par Louis XV, davantage porté vers les production nationales."

LYNN, JOHN A. Giant of the Grand Siècle: The French Army, 1610–1715. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Review: G. P. Cox in Choice 35.6 (1998), 1056–1057: "An institution that numbered up to 400,000 souls, in a society of 20 million French citizens, that 'ate a mountain of bread and drank a river of wine at every meal' would seem 'self-evidently important.' Yet the army of Louis XIV has remained an 'invisible giant,' ignored by most historians. Thanks to L. ... the giant is invisible no longer. This magnificent new study is at once a superb analysis of that army's components, a provocative foray into some of the most intersting and important questions being argued in military history, and an outstanding reference work. Grounding his study in the massive French military archival collections and the most important secondary literature, L. asserts the evolutionary (vice revolutionary) nature of the army's development. Giant captures not only the 'nuts and bolts' of the army but also its ethos: its ideas, beliefs, motivations. From a discussion of women's role in the army, to dueling, and to the requirement for aristocratic officers, this work is encyclopedic, unfailingly interesting, and beautifully researched and well-written."

Review: Roger Mettam in TLS 4968 (19 June 1998)o 10: A blend of original research and judicious synthesis that traces an evolution of the army from Louis XIII to the enormous military forces of the Nine Years' War, when Louis XIV's army was at its height. Similarly, resists adulation of Louvois. Practical advances, related to contemporary attitudes, social and geographic origins, costs, administration are analyzed showing to what degree there were problems and how support required a partnership with the crown of nobility, municipal authorities, and money markets. "Undoubtedly a substantial contribution."

MAJOR, J. RUSSELL. From Renaissance Monarchy to Absolute Monarchy: French Kings, Nobles, and Estates. Baltimore/London: John Hopkins University Press, 1994.

Review: T.I. Crimando in RenQ 50 (1997), 290–91: Judged "an important contribution to the institutional history of early modern France," M.'s 400+ page volume is "masterfully written" and based on his own "extensive research as well as the recent work of other scholars." Focusing on relations between kings and ministers and provincial estates, M. challenges "the long-standing view that in the early modern period, the bourgeoisie allied with the French kings against the nobility and together created an absolute monarchy." Notes and extensive bibliography.

MAUND, BARRY. Colours: Their Nature and Representation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Review: F. Jackson in PhQ 49 (1998), 243–245: "This book is an impressive defence of an error theory of colour. The defence is clear, forceful, and interestingly connected to the large recent literature on colour and to the views of major historical figures including Galileo, Newton, Locke, and Descartes."

MCCREA, ADRIANA. Constant Minds: Political Virtue and the Lipsian Paradigm in England, 1584–1650. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997.

Review: M. C. Noonkester in Choice 35.7 (1998), 1261–1262: "M. argues that notions of constancy derived from the writings of the Flemish neo-Stoic philosopher Justus Lipsius influenced the thought and practice of ... Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Francis Bacon, Ben Jonson, Fulke Greville, and Bishop Joseph Hall... [M.] is to be commended for revealing the impact of Continental trends on the development of English political culture and for detecting problems that connected the experiences of the war-torn 1590s with those of the revolutionary 1640s."

MONTAGUE, JENNIFER. The Expression of Passions: The Origin and Influence of Charles Le Brun's "Conférence sur l'expression générale et particulière." New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.

Review: Jean-Jacques Courtine in FR 70 (1997) 625–26: "Livre important" that analizes more completely than any previous study the complexities proposed by Le Brun in his lecture to the Académie.

• See French 17 (1996, 1995).

MOREL, RENEE. "Un défi à la sémiotique picturale: moralité et temporalité dans une gravure du XVIIe siècle." CdDS 7.1 (Spring 1997) 105–20.

From a theoretical perspective, the article deals with the problems of representing the passage of time in a pictorial manner. Specifically, M. examines the depiction of Herodotus's tale of the king Candaules and his wife in French, Italian, and Dutch art in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Emphasizing the importance of van de Venne's moralistic engraving of Candaules, M. stresses the thematic dichotomy of the instant versus eternity, and concludes that time ultimately remains a subjective concept, "une expérience intérieure [qui] demeure difficile à cerner dans l'ordre du dicible."

MORGAN, DAVID. Visual Piety: A History and Theory of Popular Religious Images. Berkley: University of California Press, 1998.

Review: M. W. Sullivan in Choice 35.8 (1998), 1360: "In this thought-provoking book, [M.] is primarily concerned with showing how important popular religious imagery has been in everyday life in Europe and America since the Middle Ages. But, along the way, M. makes a number of other contributions that make his book worthy of note. His apologia for the study of visual culture, included in the introduction, should be required reading for all college students taking the 'visual culture' courses that are springing up in many universities.... He applies historical methods, for the first time, to a subject that until now has been the province only of sociologists: how popular religious imagery functions in a home setting."

MUKERJI, CHANDRA. Territorial Ambitions and the Gardens of Versailles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Review: R. M. Delson in Choice 35.8 (1998), 1441: "Although she does not forsake analysis of familiar parterres, statuary, and fountains of Louis XIV's showcase, M. focuses on the political culture of the era as manifested in the gardens of Versailles. She sees them as a microcosm of France; with their sumptuous yet rational design, the gardens are a metaphor for state authority, which in turn is ultimately dependent on control of territory (France is the wider garden). M. argues quite convincingly that this material (garden) culture can be understood on many levels: 'embroidered terraces' relate to embroidered clothing, the grading of the land reflects 17th-century military technological achievement, and so on. This is a masterful deconstructionist study, in which careful contextual analysis allows for reconstruction of the political world that Louis created over the course of his regime. M. takes to task the broad paradigmatic approach of 'cultural materialism' for failing to analyze the 'material' itself. Although there are some disturbing omissions (e.g. Islamic garden influence and the role of the French engineering academies newly formed in this era) and the 150 illustrations are confusingly inserted in the text, this is still a major accomplishment."

MULLENBROCK, HEINZ JOACHIM. The Culture of Contention: A Rhetorical Analysis of the Public Controversy about the Ending of the War of Spanish Succession, 1710–1713. Munich: Pink, 1997.

O'GORMAN, FRANK. The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History, 1688–1832. London: Arnold, 1997.

Review: P. D. Jones in Choice 35.11/12 (1998), 1918: Themes include "Britain in the European context."

OWEN, BARBARA. The Registration of Baroque Organ Music. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997.

Review: K. Thomerson in Choice 35.3 (1997), 494: "This clearly written, practical book deals with organ sounds available from 1500–1800.... Divided into four sections the Renaissance and the early, high, and late baroque the book has concise introductions to political and religious events of each period. Owen presents composers and representative organ specifications geographically, with registration sound instructions given by organists and organ builders of each era."

PAINE, LINCOLN P. Ships of the World: An Historical Encyclopedia. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997.

Review: M. J. Smith, Jr. in Choice 35.7 (1998), 1162: P. "attempts to provide within a single cover an alphabetically arranged history of the world's great ships from ancient times to the present... [H]e provides rather complete profiles ... of several hundred sailing and steam vessels, merchantmen and warships alike, from the time of the Romans to the present.... Each profile is finished with a line of bibliographic credit to principal references, and 200 illustrations... dress up the complilation. The work concludes with ten pages of maps, five pages of literary ships, a 17-page chronology, a concise but useful 23-page bibliography, and a detailed 34 page small-print subject index."

PARKER, GEOFFREY. The Military Revolution. Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Review: H. Durchhardt in HZ 264 (1997), 475–76: Impressive new edition of P.'s important work on military revolution (1988) which has been translated into several European languages as well as Japanese. Scholars will particularly benefit from substantial broadening of the investigation through additional source material.

PEVITT, CHRISTINE. The Man Who Would be King. The Life of Philippe d'Orléans, Regent of France, 1674–1723. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1977.

Review: David Coward in TLS 4932 (10 Oct. 1997), 30: A sympathetic and critically weighted portrait that offers a shrewd assessment of a man many of his contemporaries found "impenetrable." Justice is done to Philippe's achievements and intelligence. Adds little to the historical record, its research having been limited to printed sources.

PIERRARD, JEAN. "Eloges de l'ombre." Le Point 1344 (1998), 98–99.

Compte rendu d'une expositon à Londres qui "raconte comment, au début du XVIIe siècle, les ténèbres du Caravage ont influencé la peinture des Pays-Bas." Also includes mentions of influences on La Tour, Poussin, Lorrain, Vouet.

PIERRARD, JEAN. "Bassano et ses fils." Le Point 1356 (1998), 99.

Compte rendu d'une exposition au Louvre, septembre 1998. "Est-ce parce qu'elle est un peu à l'étroit, salle de la Chapelle, que cette très érudite exposition-dossier du Louvre consacrée à Bassano déconcerte? Ou, plus simplement, parce que les Bassano du Louvre, ayant le plus souvent appartenu aux collections de Louis XIV, ne comptent pas parmi les meilleurs, et qu'ils peuvent donner une image inexacte de cet atelier qui compte plusieurs générations de peintres, et dont la passion pour la représentation d'animaux enchante l'Europe du Grand Siècle?" Includes color illustration of "Deux chiens de chasse."

PIERRARD, JEAN. "Bonheurs baroques." Le Point 1321 (1998), 70–71.

Review of an exhibition at the Palais de Venise in Rome, January-February 1998, devoted to the works of Pietro Berrettini (dit Pierre de Cortone), 1596–1669.

PIERRARD, JEAN. "Review of 'Eloge de la clarté,' an exhibition on Atticism at the Musée Magnin of Dijon (until September 1998), then at Le Mans, Musée de Tessé (October 1998-January 1999)." Le Point 1354 (1998), 77.

"Une plaisante exposition...consacré[e] par Alain Mérot... à l'atticisme, un courant artistique au temps de Mazarin (1640–1660).... Vouet et d'autres artistes se libèrent des influences caravagesques et font fleurir, dans le sillage de la littérature influencée elle aussi par les modèles antiques, une peinture qui, à bien des égards, annonce le néoclassicisme du siècle suivant." Includes works by J. Stella, Dorigny, Le Sueur, La Hyre, Bourdon.

PIERRARD, JEAN. "Review of an exhibition of the works of Charles Poerson, 1609–1667." Le Point 1321 (1998), 35.

"Une vraie découverte de cet artiste messin, contemporain de Poussin, qui avait failli se faire oublier et dont on retrouve aujourd'hui l'oeuvre, toile après toile... [Poerson] partage le goût de [Vouet] pour une palette brillante, en particulier des jaunes aigus et une gamme de bleus intenses. Comme lui, il participe à la décoration d'importantes galeries ... qui, la plupart du temps, n'ont pas été conservées. L'exposition nous présente l'essentiel de ce qui reste de son oeuvre."

POMMIER, EDOUARD. Théories du portrait de la Renaissance aux Lumières. Paris: Gallimard, 1998.

Review: G. Raillard in QL 736 (1998), 16–17: Review of this work and that of Van Schlosser (see below) suggests that both works give ample treatment to the work of Antoine Benoist, best known for his portraits of Louis XIV: "Louis XIV, lui, s'est montré très satisfait du travail de Benoist c'est le nom de l'artiste qui onze fois a ... portraituré le souverain ou l'homme, comme s'il suivait les étapes du temps destructeur. Benoist fut anobli, appartint à l'Académie. Et Louis XIV, exemple de l'art de pompe ... fournit, grâce à Benoist et à son passage à la limite, un cas privilégié pour suivre les oscillations de l'idée d'art, entre nature et idéal, ressemblance et canons du beau." Pommier suggests that "la pensée du XVIIe siècle s'occupait de la facture, du sens ou de la légitimité du portrait (à Port Royal on y est opposé)."

PORTER, ANDREW. "The Envy of Heaven." TLS 4930 (26 Sept. 1997), 20.

Review of Charpentier's "Les Plaisirs de Versailles" and "La Descente d'Orphée aux enfers" in the Barbican Hall performance by William Christie and the Arts florissants that can only be called rapturous. A good rapid recap of the revival of his music, since the 1950s.

PUCCI, SUZANNE RODIN. "The Spectator Surfaces: Tableau and Tabloid in Marivaux's Spectateur français." YFS 92 (1997), 149–170.

Essay treats "the confluence of an emerging, spectating, and also sentient public with a space of exhibition that articulates new sites of literary and social practice."

REEVES, ELLEN. Painting the Heavens: Art and Science in the Age of Galileo, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.

Review: Alan Shapiro in Isis 89.2 (1998), 337–38: "Imaginative, rich, revealing analysis" of the ways in which artists across Europe react to and also act as participants in discoveries of and theoretical discussions on the moon and stars.

Review: D. Topper in Choice 35.5 (1998), 807: "More than 40 years ago, Erwin Panofsky alerted both art and science historians to the painting of the Virgin on the dome of Santa Maria Maggiore by Lodovico Cigoli, a friend of Galileo, who depicted the moon as it was described by Galileo after his telescopic observations ... rather than smooth and near perfect as conventional iconography required. Using Cigoli's picture and six others... as focal points, and Galileo as the central figure, R. reconstructs the context of the relationship between art and science in the early 17th century an interaction that went both ways.... Other scientific matters that involved Galileo and informed art were the aurora borealis, the new star of 1604, and especially earthshine the reflection of sunlight from the earth back to the moon. Reeves's extensive and detailed research reveals how much scientific matters were intertwined with religious beliefs, further illuminating the climate of Galileo's polemics."

REX, WALTER. "The Landscape Demythologized: From Poussin's Serpent to Fénelon's 'Shades' and Diderot's Ghost." ECS 30 (1997), 401–19.

Masterful treatment of significant period of interpretation of Poussin's 1642 painting, through the informing allegory/myth read into Poussin's own aesthetics and practice by Fénelon in the Dialogues des morts (1685) as it is rewritten by Diderot in the Salon of 1767. The effects are turned into social commentary and finally Diderot's "caprice a gravely serious one, no doubt, and enlightened to its very core."

ROCHE, DANIEL. Histoire des choses banales. Naissance de la consommation dans les sociétés traditionnelles (XVIIeXVIIIe siècles). Paris: Fayard, 1997.

Review: Jean Yves Grenier in Annales 52.6 (1997), 1400–2: Highest praise for this materialist history, whose parameters and goals outlined in Part I are to flesh out traditional economic and social history, and for the categories established, for an analysis alert to the subtle changes of multiply evolving culture by situating categories within the locus of domesticity.

RODRIGUEZ, JUNIUS P., ed. The Historical Encylopedia of World Slavery. Santa Barbara: ABC Clio, 1997.

Review: R.B.M. Ridinger in Choice 35.9 (1998), 1520: "The international contributors to this encyclopedia have created a work that should serve as the definitive reference source in this field. Following an introductory essay, 'Slavery in Human History,' alphabetically arranged entries are followed by cross references and short lists of further readings. The 98 illustrations, ranging from photographs to posters, woodblock prints, and paintings... are well chosen to clarify particular aspects of slave life and the economic systems it supported. A 46 page bibliography of monographs and articles.... The index offers access by subject, personal names (both as authors and subjects), organizations, titles of important pieces of legislation or published works, countries and political units, geographic regions, and major cases affecting the legal status and definition of slavery."

ROWLANDS, GUY. "The Ethos of Blood and Changing Values? Robe, épée and the French Armies, 1661 1715." SCFS 19 (1997), 95–108.

After a thorough résumé of the state of historical debate on the difference between épée and robe nobility since the 1950s, two factors are seen as responsible for the yet unresolved questions for 1661 1715 and especially their separation: the king's desire and efforts were to draw them closer together and service in the field was a tried and true means of social ascent and acceptance. Important critique of Mettam's conclusions.

RUSSO, ELENA. "The Self, Real and Imaginary: Social Sentiment in Marivaux and Hume." YFS 92 (1997), 126–148.

"Both the moralists and Rousseau see 'amour-propre,' life in others, as presenting the specter of the dissolution of the self. The modern world of the salon, of commercial activity, of theatricality, with its essentially social nature, is hence viewed as an object of suspicion, a vehicle of alienation and deception. Marivaux and Hume present an alternative model. For them, life in others and 'amour-propre' are the very glue that holds the self together. They regard the modern world with optimism and harbor no nostalgia for alleged simple times when selves were constituted as autonomous souls, unconnected monads."

RUSSO, ELENA, ed. Exploring the Conversible World: Text and Sociability from the Classical Age to the Enlightenment. YFS 92 (1997).

Interdisciplinary volume in three parts (I. Cultural/National/Economic Paradigms; II. Contagions in the Body Social; III. from Préciosité to Republicanism: Representations of the Public Sphere) explores "the multiple facets of sociability, as historical practice, as philosophy, and as representation." See articles by D. Gordon, L. E. Klein, R. Pucci, and E. Russo (Part II ); F. Jaouën on De Pure and A. Viala on Molière (Part V).

SAUPIN, GUY. Nantes au XVIIe siècle: vie politique et société urbaine. Rennes: Pubs. de I'Université de Rennes, 1996,

Review: Pierre Deyon in Annales 52.5 (1997), 1189–90: Part I reconstructs the civic institutions and offices; Part II, the various port industries, especially war connected commerce; Part III, in summary, deals with questions of social mobility.

SCHMALE, WOLFGANG. "Das 17. Jahrhundert und die neuere europäische Geschichte." HZ 264 (1997), 587–611.

Focuses both on the 17th encyclopedic work Theatrum Europaeum (21 vols.) by Matthäus Merian of Basel and on modern day historians as he explores the 17th c. concept of "Europe." Illustrations, including the rich metaphorical frontispiece to Merian's work and maps, complement S.'s analyses of relevant elements of the concept such as: Europe/Christendom, Europe as Continent, and Europe as Nations, (strategies of Richelieu and Louis XIV).

SEIBERT, PETER. Der literarische Salon. Literatur und Geselligkeit zwischen Aufklärung und Vormärz. Stuttgart/Weimar: Metzler, 1993.

Review: G. Bersier in Archiv 234 (1997), 168–170: Praiseworthy for its "rare balance of interdisciplinary breadth of research and clear literary focus of analysis." Includes important sections on origins of the salon and a comprehensive survey that for the 17th c., treats Mme de Rambouillet, "the house Morel," Mme de Sablé, Mlle de Scudéry and Ninon de Lenclos. This "superb scholarly study" has had its access inhibited, unfortunately, by "the publishers' decision not to include a subject index."

SHERMAN, BERNARD D. Inside Early Music: Conversations with Performers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Review: Anthony Pryer in TLS 4946 (16 Jan. 1998), 18: Teeming with practical detail and thoroughly documented on the major conceptual issues behind the historical performance movement, this is a book about the historically accurate performance of music from all eras. 20 interviews with scholar performers includes Christopher Page on medieval music, Anthony Rooley on the Renaissance, Williams Christie on the Baroque. Many musical examples,useful bibliographies and discographies.

SHIVERS, JAY S. and LEE J. DELISLE. The Story of Leisure: Context, Concepts, and Current Controversy. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1997.

Review: S. Hollenhorst in Choice 35.3 (1997), 524: The authors "provide a detailed examination of leisure as a significant aspect of human life. Part 1 examines the history of leisure from the prehistoric to the present. The result is one of the most extensive historical overviews of leisure available in a single text. A story at the beginning of each chapter describes the life of fictional archetypal individuals from that period, and the role leisure would have played in their lives. Also included are time lines of significant events affecting leisure. Part 2 discusses concepts, philosophies, and socio economic forces related to leisure."

SIDKY, H. Witchcraft, Lycanthropy, Drugs, and Disease: An Anthropological Study of the European Witch-Hunts. New York: P. Lang, 1997.

Review: D. B. Heath in Choice 35.7 (1998), 1233: "S.'s anthropological approach combines economic and political forces with what is known about certain drugs and societal reactions to stress, and seems to explain more details and patterns in a plausible way. His study shows how church and civil authorities together waged a sustained war of terror by punishing a select few and, thus, frightening the majority. Epidemics, wars, crop failures, famines, and economic slumps could all be blamed on supernatural scapegoats, distracting popular attention from the failures of authorities of 'the system.' S. weaves together brief but dramatic and well-documented accounts of the Black Death and its enormously disastrous impact, the philosophy as well as the practice of torture, the state of possession, and various hallucinogenic drugs that fit neatly with otherwise 'impossible' activities.... Maps and abundant period illustrations... a thorough bibliography, and a good index."

SMEDLEY-WEILL, ANNETTE. Les intendants de Louis XIV. Paris: Fayard, 1996.

Review: Roger Mettam in TLS 4892 (3 Jan. 1997), 31: Valuable listing of all intendants serving the adult Louis XIV, then concentration on daily administration that provides many insights, especially concerning constraints on intendants' activities (which modifies the cliché of their being pillars of the monarchy). Author is also editor of a 3-volume collection of intendants' correspondence with the controller-general, 1677–1689.

STOLLEIS, MICHAEL, ed. et al. Policey im Europa der Frühen Neuzeit. Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann, 1996.

Review: P. Blickle in HZ 264 (1997), 753–54: Welcome study of a topic, the police, often neglected by historians. The outgrowth of a series of lectures at the Max-Planck Institute for European legal history, the volume is a rich mine of information for comparative studies. Contributions on French police in early modern Europe by A. Rigaudière and B. Durand complement essays on Italian, Spanish, Danish, German, Polish, Swedish, Swiss and English police.

STONEHAM, MARSHALL, JON A. GILLESPIE, and DAVID LINDSEY CLARK. Wind Ensemble Sourcebook and Biographical Guide. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1997.

Review: J. M. Edwards in Choice 35.7 (1998), 1166: "One of three linked volumes on the wind ensemble (defined as four to 18 winds, mainly in pairs) and its repertoire from the late 17th century to the present, this work has three parts: a survey of repertoire and ensemble history, organized by geographic areas; an alphabetical dictionary of composers and arrangers, including comments about individual works; and a section on instrument development and performance practice. Covering a little-known body of music and many lesser-known composers, this informative study is based on much primary research plus the authors' practical performing experience. Topics range from the importance of this repertoire in disseminating large works (especially opera) in the preradio era to such practical matters as copyright and preparation of editions."

STURDY, DAVID. Louis XIV. London: Macmillan, 1998.

TAPIE, ALAIN, SAM SEGAL, et ODILE DELENDA . Le sens caché des fleurs. Symbolique & botanique dans la peinture du XVIIe siècle. Paris: Adam Biro, 1997.

Review: BCLF 598–99 (1998), 1639: "Le musée des beaux-arts de Caen est riche en oeuvres du XVIIe siècle, venues d'autres provinces de France, d'Italie et des écoles du Nord. Ce fait a servi en somme de catalyseur pour la réalisation de ce bel ouvrage orienté d'abord vers l'analyse du pouvoir symbolique et de l'ampleur décorative, grâce à une précision, une maîtrise dans le dessin de la plante, propre à cette époque, à ces écoles. Un tel regroupement a justifié à Caen en 1987 et à Paris, plus précisément au pavillon des Jardins de Bagatelle, en 1989, une exposition dont le titre était 'Symbolique et botanique'."

TUBEUF, ANDRE. "L'aventure de la voix." Le Point 1350 (1998), 64–69.

Article discusses the history of the voice in theater and opera; includes an illustration of La Champmeslé in Iphigénie en Aulide, 1675.

UCHIDA, HIDEMI. Le tabac en Alsace aux 17e et 18e siècles. Strasbourg: Presses Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1997.

Review: BCLF 595 (avril 1998), 806–07: "H. Uchida compare longuement les aspects juridiques de l'implantation du tabac en Alsace . . . . Cet ouvrage, qui se fonde sur un important dépouillement d'archives, constitue une pièce manquante de l'historiographie de l'Alsace."

VAN KRIEKEN, ROBERT. Norbert Elias. London: Routledge, 1998.

VAN SCHLOSSER, JULIUS. Histoire du portrait de cire. Trad.E. Pommier. Paris: Macula, 1998.

Review: G. Raillard in QL 736 (1998), 16–17: This book, like that of Pommier (see above), gives ample treatment to the work of Antoine Benoist, best known for his portraits of Louis XIV: "Louis XIV, lui, s'est montré très satisfait du travail de Benoist c'est le nom de l'artiste qui onze fois a ... portraituré le souverain ou l'homme, comme s'il suivait les étapes du temps destructeur. Benoist fut anobli, appartint à l'Académie. Et Louis XIV, exemple de l'art de pompe ... fournit, grâce à Benoist et à son passage à la limite, un cas privilégié pour suivre les oscillations de l'idée d'art, entre nature et idéal, ressemblance et canons du beau." This work was first published in Vienna in 1911.

VIGARELLO, GEORGES. Histoire du viol, XVIe–XXe siècle. Paris: Seuil, 1998.

Review: BCLF 596 (1998), 1076: "Suivant un fil conducteur chronologique, V. reconstitue les phases de la constitution du viol comme crime."

Review: C. Dauphin in QL 734 (1998), 22: "La traversée documentaire paraît d'autant plus périlleuse qu'elle s'étend sur cinq siècles. Mais l'auteur navigue habilement entre les différentes sources: textes normatifs, témoignages recueillis au cours de procès, articles de presse, références littéraires, statistiques criminelles, travaux d'experts et, en fin de parcours, les actions féministes .... Dans cette approche dans la longue durée, on retiendra que sous l'Ancien Régime, l'accent est mis sur la faute morale, 'exécrable' selon les textes. Quand le viol émerge sur la scène judiciaire, la suspicion pèse sur la femme, stigmatisée par l'impudeur ou empêtrée dans les preuves à fournir. La présomption d'innocence ne semble alors pouvoir protéger que l'enfant violé, bafoué dans sa faiblesse et sa pureté.... Dans cette longue histoire du viol, l'accent mis sur une problématique des sensibilités tire surtout parti des représentations qui soutendent toute forme discursive, y compris les textes normatifs. La perception de ces agressions spécifiques, liées au sexe, et la façon dont les sociétés les acceptent ou les répriment participent aussi du système de croyance qui valorise à la fois la violence et la virilité.... La distance évidente qui existe entre les textes et les moeurs tend à oblitérer le vécu et la souffrance des victimes."

VOLLENWEIDER, MARIE-LOUISE. Camées et intailles. T. I: Les portraits grecs du Cabinet des médailles. Catalogue raisonnée. Paris: Bibliothèque nationale de France, 1995.

Review: G. Le Rider in RBPH (novembre-décembre 1996), 1158–60: Collection formée par les rois de France, en particulier Charles IX, Henri IV et Louis XIV. Cette catalogue raisonnée est "l'oeuvre d'un grand spécialiste, qui met en valeur l'intérêt artistique et historique d'une collection dont le Cabinet des Médailles peut s'enorgueillir."

WEBER, EDITH, éd. Le patrimoine musical protestant. Les Psaumes. Fasc. I: Hier, XVIe–XVIIe siècles. Fasc. II: Aujourd'hui, XXe siècle. Paris: Centre protestant d'études et de documentation, 1997.

Review: BCLF 596 (mai 1998), 1139: Extraits de LibreSens, une revue mensuelle (nos 66, juin 1997 et 67, juil.-août 1997) qui apportent "d'importants éclairages sur cette musique, tant d'un point de vue historique que théorique, musique qui fut l'un des fleurons de la Réforme. Les articles reviennent ainsi sur l'apport de Pierre Certon, Claude Le Jeune, Claude Goudimel, Ambrosius Lobwasser, Paschal de L'Estocart, Denis Caignet, Heinrich Schütz, Alexander Wagner et Daniel Schertzer."

WELLS, CHARLOTTE C. Law and Citizenship in Early Modern France. Baltimore/London: John Hopkins University Press, 1995.

Review: M. Wolfe in RenQ 50 (1997), 291–92: Praiseworthy examination of citizenship includes analogies between the family and the city, the personal relationships of the citizen with the king, and the significance of religion (for the 17th c., for example, W. considers the disenfranchisement of the Huguenots by the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes). Citizens' rights and duties are considered from the late Middle Ages to the Revolution.

WERTHEIMER, MOLLY MEIJER, ed. Listening to Their Voices: The Rhetorical Activities of Historical Women. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 1997.

Review: T. B. Dykeman in Choice 35.10 (1998), 1693: "This valuable retrieval of women and word, from Marguerite d'Alençon to Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca...is significant. Although it gleans some historical fields already harvested, it creates new space in the tradition with probing study and more names.... By documenting women's inventive use of rhetoric in commerce and correspondence, oratory and philosophy, and their pluralistic contributions to rhetorical theory, the 18 essays demonstrate women's preoccupation with a discipline denied them. W. furthers current scholarship in augmenting the rhetorical tradition to include women; the book presents an informative history of original minds making do under the limitations of silence."

WILLIAMS, ROBERT A. Linking Arms Together: American Indian Treaty Visions of Law and Peace, 1600 1800. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Review: M. L. Tate in Choice 35.3 (1997), 552: W. describes the process of treaty negotiation between Europeans and Native Americans. "Not only was there an implicit distinction between Native American dedication to communal use of land and European preference for private ownership of property, but also the philosophies of entering into diplomatic relations were quite different."

WIND, BARRY. A Foul and Pestilent Congregation: Images of Freaks in Baroque Art. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998.

ZANGER, ABBY E. Scenes from the Marriage of Louis XIV: Nuptial Fictions and the Making of Absolutist Power. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997.

Review: D. A. Collins in Choice 35.10 (1998), 1715: "The 'body politic,' sweat and all, takes on new meaning in this interpretive study of the symbolic function of Louis XIV's marriage to the Spanish Infanta, Maria Teresa, in 1660. Z. traces preparations and negotiations for this event and its execution, aftermath, and long-term significance for geopolitical sovereignty through contemporary pamphlets, engravings, paintings, a preface by Mlle de Scudéry, and a machine play, Corneille's Conquête de la toison d'or. The author's thesis is that print culture (her examples are included as illustrations) created 'nuptial fiction' intended to establish and reinforce, through art and spectacle, Louis XIV's (and hence France's) dominance in and beyond this treaty-marriage. History suggests it must have worked! Z.'s evidence requires the reader's willingness to view Maria Teresa, converted by marriage to Marie-Thérèse, in various symbolic representations including the Virgin Mary, Medusa and Medea, a ploy of power politics, a guarantor of progeny for dynastic success, a ransom/hostage for Franco-Hispanic peace. Her very body, sweaty under her ceremonial garb, is seen to authenticate thereby the reality of the kinship exchange. Z.'s analysis goes well beyond the stereotyped funeral rites of substitution so celebrated in Bossuet's orations... [T]his is an intelligent, imaginative work."

ZOLOTOV, YURI and NATALIA SEREBRIANNAIA. Nicolas Poussin: The Master of Colors: Russian Museum Collections, Paintings and Drawings. Bournemount/Saint Petersberg: Parkstone/Aurora, 1997.

Review: F. W. Robinson in Choice 35.5 (1998), 810: "This volume focuses on the 56 paintings and drawings by Nicolas Poussin in the Hermitage and Pushkin Museums. A long introductory essay gives an overview of Poussin's career, his relationship with contemporary literature and theory, and the basic principles of his work. This is followed by full entries on each work, with the paintings reproduced in color (often with details) and the drawings in black and white. The volume ends with a short biography of the artist and an interesting essay on the history of the works in Russia. The text is well translated, but there is no bibliography (and even cited references are not given in full)."

• See French 17 (1997).

BERLOW, LAWRENCE H. The Reference Guide to Famous Engineering Landmarks of the World: Bridges, Tunnels, Dams, Roads, and Other Structures. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1998.

Review: P. Heller in Choice 35.10 (1998), 1684: "Berlow's guide is a compendium of short entries ... on famous feats of civil engineering throughout the world." Begins in Ancient Egypt; offers historical overview. "[U]seful addenda include brief biographies of important builders and designers, a glossary of important terms from 'the third millenium B.C. to the present,' and geographical and subject indexes."

BERNOS, MARCEL. "Conversion ou apostasie? Comment les chrétiens voyaient ceux qui quittaient leur église pour 'l'église adverse'." SCFS 18 (1996), 33–49.

Valuable inquiry into the psychology of conversion, in the sense of abandonment, between 1628 and 1685, using personal accounts and individual case histories.

BLAIR, ANN. The Theatre of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.

Review: Peter J. McDermott in Isis 89.3 (1998), 535–36: Excellent treatment of Bodin's last work within the context of his time, the development of natural science, and of its reception. Recommended by reviewer for showing graduate students the best kind of expository skills.

Review: J. N. Muzio in Choice 35.8 (1998), 1392: "B. offers an excellent example of thorough, analytical scholarly writing ... on the highly influential Bodin and his significant role in the evolution of Renaissance science. She focuses on Bodin's last writing in 1596, Universæ Naturæ Theatrium... and other related scholarship from the then exclusively male thinkers and writers.... B. structures her book around three major themes: the book-format techniques and activities of 'physics'; the religious justifications to study nature; and the difficulty in bringing order to exploding knowledge areas during the late Renaissance. Extensive descriptions focus on the kinds of natural philosophy, bookish scholarship, and rhetorical presentation of the times."

BLET, PIERRE. Le clergé du Grand Siècle en ses assemblées, 1615–1715. Paris: Eds. du Cerf, 1995.

Review: Claude Michaud in RHMC 45 (1998) 492–95: Overview of history published in parts (1959, 1972, 1989), which doubtless will long be the authoritative account of the church of France, whose government the quinquennial assemblies constituted from 1625 on, together with the Vatican. Part I treats the organization of the assemblés and the matter of the reception of the articles of the Council of Trent; Part II the eras of Richelieu and Mazarin, the "décimes" and the "don gratuit" in times of war with Spain; Part III's chronology includes important reconsiderations of the Gallican Articles, the measures Louis XIV took against Jansenism, and his interventions in the condemnation of Fénelon.

BLOUIN, FRANCIS X., ed. Vatican Archives: An Inventory and Guide to Historical Documents of the Holy See. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Review: D. Bourquin in Choice 35.11/12 (1998), 1826: "This book will become the essential contemporary English-language source for understanding the arrangement and content of documents in the Archivio Segreto Vaticano.... Historians and archivists affiliated with the Vatican Archives Project...examined materials on site, including documents in various other archives within the Holy See, in the Trinity College Library (Dublin), as well as the Archives de France (Paris) and the Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris). Materials are listed under the agencies that produced the documents or whose activity they reflect.... Series titles...are subarranged alphabetically, and each entry has its own numerical designation... [T]he 20-page introduction, which presents a brief history of each agency, will be essential reading.... Nearly all items in the 45-page bibliography are in languages other than English."

BOLD, STEPHEN C. Pascal Geometer: Discovery and Invention in Seventeenth-Century France. Geneva: Droz, 1996.

Review: N. Hammond in MLR 93 (1998), 506: "Bold's study is a broad and innovative analysis of Pascal's geometrical experience, situating it as 'a continuation—not a replacement—of the inventive tradition'." Reviewer regrets numerous transcription errors but praises this "new and original revaluation of many idées reçues in Pascalian scholarship."

BONZON, ANNE et MARC VENARD. La religion dans la France moderne, XVIe–XVIIIe siècle. Paris: Hachette, 1998.

Review: BCLF 600 (1998), 1833: Les auteurs se proposent "d'examiner comment fonctionne la religion durant cette période" dans une société où "le religieux est au coeur même de la conscience individuelle et collective."

BOWMAN, WAYNE D. Philosophical Perspectives on Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Review: F. Goossen in Choice 35.11/12 (1998), 140: "Nothing in print offers comparable coverage of the arguments of philosophers of music from Plato and Aristotle to the wrangling polemicists of the late 20 [sic] century. B. ... takes a chronological approach, and even though some of the thinkers he considers do not concentrate on music as an independent art, his effective and convincing survey of their thinking is a bracing intellectual draught, embodied in a format and exhibiting a range of insights one rarely encounters in discussions of this difficult subject. B.'s grasp of the thinking of philosophers as different as Boethius and Adorno testifies to his understanding of the subject's depths and sublteties. Especially notable is Bowman's revelation of the persistence, through the centuries, of certain problems: the perplexing relationship between music and meaning, the nature of music's influence on individuals and communities, the importance of music and whether it should be counted as an art.... An important work that places questions of musical aesthetics squarely before the reader."

BRESNER, LISA. "The Fathers of Sinology: From the Ricci Method to Léon Weiger's Remedies." Diogenes 178 (197), 107–124.

A history of two Jesuit fathers in China: Matteo Ricci (who died in 1610) and Léon Wieger (19th c.).

BROCKLISS, LAURENCE and COLIN JONES. The Medical World of Early Modern France. Oxford: Clarendon, 1997.

Review: Thomas Browman in Isis 89.3 (1998), 528–30: Superlative review of "landmark study," the more welcome for its alternative focus away from England as the predominant locus of research and the setting of questions by Roy Porter's assumptions. Thoroughly socialized in its institutional focus, attention to changing demographic patterns, cultural perceptions of disease, the evolving role of hospitals in caring for the sick, nursing orders' staffing. "One of the best available guides to medical science between 1500–1800. First half, on 17th century, deals especially with the framing institutionalization of medical corporations across France; authors demonstrate that France had by 1700 "a corporate medical community" that was "under physicians' control, decentralized if also homogenous." This study sets the agenda for the next generation of researchers.

Review: Roger Mettam in TLS 4935 (31 Oct. 1997), 17–18: Monumental scholarly work written with exemplary clarity in its philosophical exposition, accuracy in its coverage, and vividness of case histories and details. Brokliss has been responsible for the "core" over the two centuries, the formation and development of the guilds with their special training, practices, and learned opinions/prejudices (the latter in terms of social relations with allied groups; Jones, for the "penumbra" the large and motley practitioners at the edges of the constituted profession. The "core," and the 17th-century part generally is seen as profiting from the critical detachment from the "new orthodoxy" of Foucauldian interpretation. The evolution toward this new state of affairs is treated by Jones in a lengthy consideration of enlightment values and their effects in the medical world.

BUCCIANTINI, MASSIMO. Contro Galileo: Alle origine dell'affaire. Florence: Olschki, 1995.

Review: Maurice A. Finocchiaro in Isis 88 (1997), 141–41: Fills in welcome details of the first phase of the controversy with considerations of Francesco Ingoli, author of the Disputatio and charged with corrections to Copernicus's Revolutions after its banning. Reviewer gives a thorough and very useful résumé of the stages of the controversy.

CHARLES-DAUBERT, FRANÇOISE. Les libertins érudits en France au XVIIe siècle. Paris: PUF, 1998.

Review: BCLF 600 (1998), 1834: "Ce petit ouvrage synthétique permet d'identifier avec justesse le libertinage, de distinguer les libertins du XVIIe siècle de ceux du XVIIIe siècle. Il divise le libertinage en ses grandes branches afin de cerner les objets et des enjeux différents, par exemple, le libertinage de moeurs, le libertinage littéraire et le libertinage érudit."

CHARRAK, ANDRE. Musique et philosophie à l'âge classique. Paris: PUF, 1998.

Review: BCLF 600 (1998), 1860: ". . . il s'agit d'analyser les usages de la musique en philosophie aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles."

CHATELLIER, LOUIS. The Religion of the Poor: Rural Missions in Europe and the Formation of Modern Catholicism, c. 1500 c. 1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Review: G. J. Miller in Choice 35.9 (1998), 1546: "This book surveys Roman Catholic missions to rural Europe from the Council of Trent... to the eve of the French Revolution. In the wake of Trent, particular effort was made to eliminate superstition from the rural population and to teach people the rudiments of their faith. This was done primairly through systematic visits by members of the new monastic orders, especially the Jesuits and Capuchins. The missions were characterized by high drama and emotion (flagellant processions, planting of crosses, sermons about death). A second section of the book examines topics in the interaction of the missions with indigenous religion (e.g., 'Bread,' 'Satan').... Because the evidence is drawn primarily from a sampling of monastic records, at times it seems more anecdotal than comprehensive. However, the book admirably serves its purpose as a sweeping survey of a neglected subject.... This edition is a translation of the 1993 French original."

CHIRPAZ, FRANÇOISE. Le tragique. Paris: PUF, 1998.

Review: BCLF 600 (1998), 1677: ". . . l'intérêt de cet ouvrage, de bonne facture, cohérent, et plus conceptuel que descriptif, c'est surtout dans la thèse défendue par l'auteur, à savoir que la philosophie ne s'est instaurée contre le tragique qu'en le méconnaissant. Depuis la naissance de la philosophie et le geste de Platon chassant les poètes tragiques de la cité, il existerait une face nocturne de la pensée, rebelle à toute prétention de la raison et ne cessant de se poser comme un défi devant la raison. Aussi, les héritiers du tragique se nomment-ils Pascal, Nietzsche et quelques autres. On appréhende dans la facture de l'ouvrage l'influence de la philosophie de Heidegger."

CLARK, STEPHEN, Thinking with Demons: The Idea of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe. Oxford: Clarendon, 1998.

Review: Jenny Wormald in TLS 4959 (17 Apr. 1998), 13: "Massive (827 pp.) work with a remarkable range of knowledge firmly fitting beliefs into intellectual climates, 15th 18th centuries. Five sections on languages, science, history, religion, and politics. In the language sections a very strong and convincing statement is made that it was as witches, and not as women, that individuals were persecuted. Puts into wider context of contrariety. Especially good chapter on Bodin.

CONLEY, TOM. "The Self-Made Map: Cartographic Writing in Early Modern France. Minneapolis/London: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.

Review: T. Peach in MLR 93 (1998), 498–99: "The full import of this book became clear only on reading its conclusion: 'The cartographic impulse [relates to] the Pascalian wager that human beings, having no reason to be, would do well to inhabit a world lost in infinite space'. We are to understand that the 'many literary works of the years 1470–1640 appear to be seeking to contain and appropriate the world they are producing in discourse and space through conscious labors of verbal navigation'." Difficult, stimulating work despite the psychocartographical jargon.

• See French 17 (1997).

CONRADO, LAWRENCE I., et al. The Western Medical Tradition, 800 B.C. to A.D. 1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Review: PW in TLS 4943 (26 Dec. 1997), 29: Collaboration by five Wellcome Institute researchers "at a very high scholarly level," includes treatment of Early Modern period by Andrew Weir.

COOKE, ROGER. The History of Mathematics: A Brief Course. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1997.

Review: J. M. Clark in Choice 35.11/12 (1998), 168: C. "concentrates on the mathematics that was done during various periods, and the connections between this mathematics and other areas of human endeavor. Roughly one-half of the book is devoted to early Western and other ancient mathematical traditions, and the latter half discusses 'modern' mathematics, beginning with medieval Europe."

COTTINGHAM, JOHN. Philosophy and the Good Life: Reason and Passion in Greek, Cartesian, and Psychoanalytical Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

COUDERT, ALLISON P. and TAYLOR CORSE, eds. Anne Conway, The Principles of the Most Ancient and Modern Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Review: Mary Warnock in TLS 4883 (1 Nov. 1996), 32: "Very good to have this clever woman revived." Her philosophy, under the tuteledge of More and Van Helmont (and an avowed use of cabbala) opposed her to Descartes and Hobbes. Admiringly read by Leibniz, "it is difficult not to place her in the same philosophical company as Hobbes, Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz."

DANIEL, THOMAS M. Captain of Death: The Story of Tuberculosis. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 1997.

Review: I. Richman in Choice 35.10 (1998), 1741: "This beautifully written and thoroughly researched monograph ... traces the history of TB from prehistory through today. It is both synoptic and chronologic in approach ... user-friendly for the non-technical reader, the book includes an extensive glossary of medical and technical terms used in the text as well as a chronology of the events that D. treats."

DARMON, JEAN-CHARLES. Philosophie épicurienne et littératures au XVIIe siècle en France. Paris: PUF, 1998.

Review: BCLF 600 (1998), 1677–78: "Entre le libertinage érudit et l'épicurisme mondain, tout un pan de la littérature du XVIIe siècle se voit exploré avec art." Parmi les auteurs considérés se trouvent La Fontaine, Saint-Evremond, Cyrano de Bergerac, Gassendi, Molière. "L'ouvrage apporte évidemment quelque chose aux études littéraires. Il apporte non moins quelque chose à l'analyse des interactions entre philosophie et littérature."

DAWSON, NELSON MARTIN, ed. Crise d'autorité et clientélisme. Mgr. Jean Joseph Languet de Gergy et la Bulle de l'Unigenitus. Sherbrooke: Les Fous du roi, 1997.

Review: J. Solé in RHEF 84 (1998), 191–92: "Extrèmement sympathique et intéressant," collection of 5 M.A. theses combined in mining the Languet archive at the Bibliothèque Municipale de Sens: the network of personal relations whereby the ambitious Languet sought to free himself of control by Rohan and to become Fleury's righthand man; his place in Fleury's system of agents; his problems as bishop with the Bishop of Bayeux; his position on Jansenist miracles as Archbishop of Sens; his relations with Mmes Luillier and Descordes in anti Jansenist campaigns.

DE LANDA, MANUEL. A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History. New York: Zone Books, 1997.

Review: J. W. Dauben in Choice 35.10 (1998), 1730: "De Landa advances the philosophical argument that all structures in nature—physical, biological, and social—are the result of specific historical processes. Consequently, history must figure in such accounts.... The author... considers the possibility of writing 'nonlinear and nonequilibrium history' by studying three areas of development in the West over roughly a 1000-year period. The author describes Western history as a series of 'pidginizations, creolizations, and standardizations in the flow of norms; isolations, contacts, and institutionalizations in the flow of memes; domestications, feralizations, and hybridizations in the flow of genes; and intensifications, accelerations, and decelerations in the flow of energy and materials.' This book offers a unique approach to the history of civilization over the past thousand years, although it will confuse and befuddle rather than enlighten all but the most sympathetic and attentive readers."

DES CHENE, DENNIS. Physiologia: Natural Philosophy in Late Aristotelian and Cartesian Thought. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996.

Review: Alan Gabbey in Isis 88 (1997), 124: The most important contribution since Gilson's pioneering work. Presupposition is that Descartes' project is "a functional equivalent to the Aristotelian philosophy of nature" and the methodological focus is on the texts through which Descartes and his contemporaries knew Aquinas and Aristotle. Renews views of the Peripathetic cursus with close and shrewdly detailed readings of Fonesca, Toletus, Suarez, Scipion Dupleix, Eustache, de Saint-Paul, Abra de Raconis, and the Coimbran authors. Offers sharp insights into Descartes' purpose as a natural philosopher, valuably corrects secondary literature, and demonstrates that understanding of Descartes' thought is indissociable from an informed knowledge of its Aristotelian background.

DEVILLAIRS, LAURENCE. Descartes, Leibniz. Les vérités éternelles. Paris: PUF, 1998.

Review: BCLF 600 (1998), 1764: Le rapprochement/opposition de Descartes et Leinbiz "permet de dessiner un XVIIe siècle moins homogène qu'il ne semble aux yeux de beaucoup . . . . Ouvrage technique à l'exposition claire et cohérente."

DIXON, LAURINDA, ed. Nicolas Flamel, His Exposition of the Hieroglyphical Figures. New York: Garland, 1994.

Review: Deborah Harkness in Isis 89.1 (1998), 132–33: "A significant contribution to early modern scholarship," for emblem research but also for those studying visual culture (especially in reference to Flame1's design for the Holy Innocents). His work, first published in France in 1612 is reproduced from Erinaeus Orandus's 1624 English edition. The introduction is a "thoughtful, lucid guide" to the intricacies of Flamel's alchemical work with valuable emphasis on their Christian context.

DOHRN-VAN ROSSUM, GERHARD. L'histoire de l'heure, l'horlogerie et l'organisation moderne du temps. Trans.O. Mannoni. Paris: Maison des sciences de l'homme, 1998.

Review: J. Chesneaux in QL 746 (1998), 24–25: Primarily a study of the topic at the end of the Middle Ages; "l'époque 'moderne' proprement dite n'est traitée que rapidement."

DUBOIS, ELEFRIEDA. "The Value of Human Relationships: The Correspondence of Jeanne Françoise de Chantal." SCFS 19 (1997), 11–23.

Sensitive evocation of the human and spiritual elements that intertwine in Chantal's friendships with St. François de Sales and the nuns in her charge with a fine choice of quotations from the letters. Helpful bibliography.

DUBU, JEAN. Les églises chrétiennes et le théâtre (1550–1850). Grenoble: Presses universitaires de Grenoble, 1997.

Review: Laurent Thirouin in RHL 98.2 (1998), 288–90: Book deals with, "La situation inconfortable des comédiens dans la France classique, les multiples condamnations morales et religieuses auxquelles le théâtre a longtemps dû faire face." T. states that of the many issues the work raises, "l'enquête la plus originale et la plus fructueuse est sans nul doute le patient examen des rituels diocésians," which reveals, "le traitement exact réservé aux artistes." Other issues involve, "la déclaration royale de 1641 en faveur des comédiens, les polémiques des années 1660, [et] les difficultés de Molière." Reviewer congratulates D's ability to "allier (en quelques deux cents pages) les exigences de la synthèse et de la recherche," calling the work a "brillante démonstration."

DUFFY, EAMON. Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.

Review: C. Lindberg in Choice 35.8 (1998), 1388: "[T]he volume is a splendid testimony to ... D.'s ability to compress into a lively and substantive narrative 2,000 years of one of, if not the, most significant institutions of the world and its disparate office-holders. Lavishly illustrated with full color plates and prints on nearly every page.... "

DUPUY, MICHEL, THERESE DARRAS, et al., eds. Nicolas Barré. Oeuvres complètes. Paris: Eds. du Cerf, 1994.

Review: Charles Teisseyre in RHEF 84 (1998), 188–89: First complete edition of writings, many unpublished, by the Spiritual leader in the line of Bérulle, who found his first schools for the poor in 1662, was an influence on J. B. de La Salle, and is at present in course of beatification. Informative introduction, index of Biblical references, index nominorum to writings to his spiritual community, spiritual writings, "temoignages des contemporains."

FLASCH, KURT and DOMINIQUE DE COURCELLES, eds. Augustinus in der Neuzeit. Colloquium of the Duke Augustus Library, Wolfenbutel, 14 17 Oct., 1996. Turnhout: Bredpols, 1998.

14 papers over a wide range of topics. Of particular interest is Bruno Neveu, "Pour une histoire de l'augustinisme;" Denis Thouard, "Le cogito et l'amour, Fénelon entre Descartes et Augustin;" Kurt Flasch, "Jean Leclerc Uber Augustinus."

FOURNIER, MARIAN. The Fabric of Life: Microscopy in the Seventeenth Century. Baltimore/ London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

Review: Lodewuk Palm in Isis 89.3 (1998), 543–44: Good presentation of major pioneers in construction, nature of their researches with microscopes, and its contributions to scientific knowledge. Less convincing, because of internalist focus on causation of the end of the century's decline. Reviewer recommends as supplements the studies of Catherine Wilson (1995) and Edward Ruestow (1996).

• See French 17 (1997).

GARBER, DANIEL, MICHAEL AYERS et al., eds. The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Review: F. Wilson in Choice 35.11/12 (1998), 143–144: "The remark 'ground-breaking' on a dust jacket is seldom to be believed, but in this case the description is correct. These 36 chapters by many specialists are arranged topically and provide in-depth coverage of seventeenth-century philosophy, including its relations to science, occultism, religion, and politics. Considerable attention is paid to connections to earlier scholastic and Renaissance thought. Not only do major figures such as Descartes, Hobbes, Locke, and Spinoza find their place, but also important but neglected thinkers such as Digby and Gassendi. Central texts such as Descartes' Meditations are discussed in multiple chapters from different perspectives and always in a wide intellectual context. One could argue with certain emphases... but that should not detract from the incredible utility of these volumes. Bibliographies of all major and most minor figures are included."

GARRETT, DON, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Spinoza. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Review: Margorie Grene in Isis 1988 (1997), 145–46: Includes essay by Richard H. Popkin on Biblical criticism, "contributing original and illuminating material," Alan Gabbey on natural science and method. Provides new historical perspective, Edwin Curley illuminates in political theory the relationships to Hobbes and to Machiavielli. Alan Donagan's "beautiful essay" treats theology: Pierre-François Moreau offers a very thorough study of reception. Able introductory expositions of theory of knowledge (M.D. Wilson) and ethical theory (D. Garrett). Severe restrictions on essays on metaphysics and metaphysical psychology.

GAUKROGER, STEPHEN, ed. The Soft Underbelly of Reason: The Passions in the Seventeenth Century. London/ New York: Routledge, 1998.

6 papers on the origins and the theories of the passions and their aesthetic uses. Of special interest: C. Allen, "Painting and Passions: the Passions de l'âme as a Basis for Pictorial Expression." Complete listing in Isis 89.3 (1998), 592.

GAWANDE, ATUL. "The Pain Perplex." The New Yorker (21 September 1998), 86–94.

Article traces the history of our understanding of pain, including Descartes' contribution to theories of pain: "The explanation of pain which has dominated much of medical history originated with René Descartes who proposed that pain is a purely physical phenomenon—that tissue injury stimulates specific nerves that transmit an impulse to the brain, causing the mind to perceive pain." In everyday medicine, doctors see pain in Cartesian terms—as a physical process, a sign of tissue injury. The article also details new theories which overturn the theory of Descartes.

GRANDJEAN, MICHEL et BERNARD ROUSSEL, eds. "Coexister dans l'intolérance: L'Edit de Nantes (1598)." BSHPF 144 (jan june 1998).

Distributed in book form by Geneva: Labor et fides, special double issue commemorating the fourth centenary. 28 articles organized under the headings: "La date de l'Edit;" "Autour de l'Edit;" "négotiations;" "réception;" "interprétations;" "L'Europe des paix religieuses."

GROS, GERARD, ed. La Bible et ses raisons: diffusion et distortions des discours religieux. Saint Etienne: Pubs. de l'Université de Saint Etienne, 1996.

Review: Elisabeth Labrousse in BSHPF 143 (1997), 556: Imprecise title for a collection of essays on figures from Catherine of Sienna to Bayle. On the latter, the study of Ruth Whelan, "Les réformateurs radicaux dans le Dictionnaire de Bayle," is judged to discover a typically ambivalent attitude.

HAYOUN, MAURICE RUBEN. Les Lumières de Cordoue à Berlin. Une histoire intellectuelle du judaïsme. Paris: J. C. Lattès, 1998.

Review: E. Traverso in QL 738 (1998), 22–24: "Une tentative de synthèse de plusieurs siècles d'histoire intellectuelle du judaïsme.... Clair, rigoureux, documenté, équilibré dans l'organisation d'une immense matière s'étalant sur presque une millénaire, ce travail rend accessible à un vaste public les parcours d'une pensée fréquentée d'habitude par les seuls spécialistes... [N]ous assistons à l'écloison progressive d'une relation harmonieuse entre la Loi mosaïque et la Raison..."

HEADLEY, JOHN M. Tommaso Campanella and the Transformation of the World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.

Review: P. Grendler in Choice 35.8 (1998), 1440–1: "Tommaso Campanella (1568–1639) was probably the most complex and voluminous writer of the late Renaissance. Because his imagination and pen were so fertile, Campanella's work is extraordinarily difficult to interpret. He wrote on astrology, philosophy, politics, prophecy, religion, science, and social engineering. Rather than trying to construct Campanella's system of thought (an impossibility in any case), H. elucidates several broad themes: anti-Aristotelianism; an emphasis on experience; an almost mystical belief in nature; criticism of Machiavelli; belief in universal monarchy; a longing for a Christian theocracy led by the Pope; an audacious utopian society that included community [sic] of women; and a talismanic view of America. With a wealth of primary and secondary literature, H. draws out these themes and compares Campanella's views with those of Galileo, Hobbes, and other contemporaries. H. sees Campanelle as a late Renaissance figure clinging to older intellectual beliefs while conducting a dialogue with the proponents of the emerging age of rationalism, science, and the larger geographical world of America and Asia. This is the best study in English yet to appear on an immensely complex figure."

HILDESHEIMER, FRANÇOISE. "Au coeur religieux du ministériat: la place de Dieu dans le Testament politique de Richelieu." RHEF 84 (1998), 21–37.

Careful examination of the references to God, in conformity with the principles of reason and the establishment of the Kingdom of God —the two ends of political action according to Richelieu reveals the structure of both the minister's sense of his divine purpose and the source of the authority/justification of the pressures exerted on the pious Louis XIII.

HILLERBRAND, HANS, ed. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation. 4 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1995.

Review: Theodore K. Rabb in TLS 4883 (1 Nov. 1996), 6: Goes well beyond Ranke's parameters in time (up to Grotius) in printing," in geographic coverage, topics ("prostitution," "common sense," e.g.), and in intellectural history ("alchemy,") cited as exemplary. Inclusion also of broad spectrum of Catholic reform (Bellarmin, Borromeo, Ignatius, popes, among many others). High praise for scholarship and concision.

HSIA, R. PO CHIA. The World of Catholic Renewal, 1540–1770. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

HUNTER, LYNETTE and SARAH HUTTON, eds. Women, Science and Medicine, 1500–1700: Mothers and Sisters of the Royal Society. Thrupp/Stroud/ Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing, 1997.

Review: M. Rossi in Choice 35.9 (1998), 1577: "H. and H. offer an interesting perspective on the history of women in science by demonstrating that women have been doing science for a very long time but that, as in other fields, their contributions were not recognized. Specifically, this collection of essays makes clear that women were involved in medicine (through midwifery) and science (in the context of keeping up a good home). It is enlightening to discover that 'science' in this period frequently had to do with food preservation, herbal and other medicinal remedies for the sick, and that the 'laboratory' was frequently the home. The life and work of several exceptional, although not commonly recognized, women (primarily in English society) are highlighted in different essays."

JOHNSON, NORMAN L., ed. Leading Personalities in Statistical Sciences: From the Seventeenth Century to the Present. New York: Wiley Interscience, 1997.

Review: D. V. Chopra in Choice, 35.3 (1997), 522: "This interesting book presents a fascinating chronicle of the lives and achievements of more than 110 men and women primarily responsible for developing statistics from infancy to the present state. It provides some knowledge and appreciation of the social and intellectual backgrounds of those who developed the invaluable statistical and probabilistic tools to solve complex problems in almost every human activity."

JOXE, PIERRE. L'édit de Nantes, une histoire pour aujourd'hui. Paris: Hachette, 1998.

Review: F. Dufay in Le Point 1325 (1998), 95: "P.J., adoptant un point de vue ... strictement protestant, reste froid face à [l'Edit,] ce 'texte de circonstance' qui, au final, n'empêcha pas les persécutions anti huguenots... [Selon lui, l'Edit] porte en germe sa révocation par Louis XIV ... J. y voit ... le coup d'envoi de l'absolutisme, l'Edit, imposant, sauf exceptions à peine tolérées, la religion du roi à ses sujets."

JULLIEN, VINCENT, ed. G. P. de Roberval, éléments de géométrie. Paris: Vrin, 1996. Preface byJean Dhombres.

Review: Eberhard Knobloch in Isis 89.3 (1998), 540–41: First integral publication of work left unedited but complete at Roberval's death. Superb manuscript reconstruction and edition (annotation, bibliography), which all for the first time allows a full knowledge of the extent of Roberval's understanding of geometry and his epistemological claims for it.

LABROUSSE, ELISABETH. Conscience et conviction: études sur le XVIIe siecle. Paris/Oxford: Universitas/Voltaire Foundation, 1996.

Review: Solange Deyon in BSHPF 143 (1997), 147–49: Collection of twenty articles first published between 1967 and 1992, all concerning the history of Protestantism and arranged under the rubrics "Marginaux du XVIIe siecle," "Le Protestantisme," "Les frères ennemis: Bayle et Jurieu," "Libertés de conscience."

LENOIR, FREDERIC et YVES TARDAN MASQUELIER, eds. Encyclopédie des religions. Paris: Bayard, 1997.

Review: C. Makarian in Le Point 1311 (1997), 85–86: The authors "n'ont négligé aucune collaboration prestigieuse, ni en France ni à l'étranger, afin que les 228 articles, les 4 index regroupant 5000 entrées et les 200 dessins qui complètent l'information soient les plus savants possible, tout en restant parfaitement accessibles au grand public." "Cet ouvrage ... aborde de façon passionnante le fait religieux ... [I]l offre un panorama éblouissant de toutes les formes de religiosité existantes ou ayant existé... [C]haque article ... est le strict condensé du meilleur livre consacré à la question...."

LESTRINGANT, FRANK. Une sainte horreur, ou le voyage en eucharistie, XVI–XVIIIe siecles. Paris: PUF, 1997.

Review: Claude Rawson in TLS 4935 (31 Oct. 1997), 4–5: Port-Royal figures prominently in this narrative of problems of "real presence" that goes back to Augustine and begins here with the account of d'Aubigné's horror on being forced to take catholic communion in exchange for his life.

LINDENBERG, DANIEL. Figures d'Israël. L'identité juive entre Marranisme et Sionisme (1648 1998). Paris: Hachette, 1998.

Review: E. Traverso in QL 738 (1998), 22–24: "Le livre de D.L. se présente comme une méditation sur l'identité juive entre marranisme et sionisme... [Il] aborde l'histoire juive dans une perspective 《 braudelienne 》 de la longue durée," while interrogating that history "à partir de ses ruptures et non pas en assumant le postulat d'une continuité intellectuelle préservée, à l'abri des secousses du monde profane.... Le lecteur est immédiatement captivé et séduit par les pistes qu'il explore, les courants qu'il dégage, les affinités ... qu'il saisit et interroge.... Selon L., ... le début de la modernité juive se situe ... au milieu du XVIIe siècle.... Trois figures sont au centre de cette mutation: Menassé Ben Israël, Sabataï Tsvi et Barukh Spinoza. Tous trois ont des origines marrans.... Le marranisme constitue, selon L., le laboratoire commun dans lequel se forme cette modernité juive."

LOUDON, IRVINE, ed. Western Medicine: An Illustrated History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Review: G. Eknoyan in Choice 35.7 (1998), 1224: "Intense research by professional historians on the social context in which medicine, in its broader meaning of health care, has evolved. Edited and authored by distinguished medical historians... it is this change that distinguishes this authoritative, elegantly designed, and well-illustrated history of Western medicine." Two parts: "a chronological recounting of the principal periods of Western medicine from classical Greece to the present" and "a series of essays on selected themes central to the recent progress of medicine."

MAGDELAINE, MICHELLE, MARIA PITASSI, RUTH WHELAN, and ANTHONY McKENNA, eds. De l'Humanisme aux Lumières. Mélanges en l'honneur d'Elisabeth Labrousse. Paris/Oxford: Universitas/Voltaire Foundation, 1966.

Review: Laurent Theis in BSHPF 143 (1997), 149–50: High praise for the sholarship, diversity, and attention to Bayle exhibited by the 54 contributors without listing of particular contributions.

MAHONEY, MICHAEL SEAN. The Mathematical Career of Pierre de Fermat, 1601–1665. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.

Review: G. Ouwendijk in RenQ 50 (1997), 334–35: This second edition corrects some errors, yet a few remain, even mathematical ones. Yet O. finds this volume, which focuses on F.'s thought, to be solid, persuasive, a "satisfying analysis of Pierre de Fermat's truly remarkable work within the mathematical context of the seventeenth century." Chapters 1 and 2 treat F.'s life, mathematical interests and intellectual influences. O. has high praise for M.'s presentation of F. in an historical context, notably the section on François Viète. Chapters 3, 4 and 5 examine F.'s "mature mathematics." Penetrating consideration of F.'s "Last Theorem."

MAILLARD, BRIGITTE, ed. Foi, fidélité, l'amitié en Europe à la période moderne. Mélanges offerts àRobert Sauzet, Tours: Pubs. de I'Université de Tours, 1995.

Review: Charles Teisseyre in RHEF 84 (1998), 178–80: 52 articles ranging across Europe in subject and from the Middle Ages to the present. Of interest to 17th century specialists: in Part I, including papers on Languedoc and Touraine, Cl, Petitfrère on the canons of Tours; in Part II on spiritualities, J. Delumeau on millenarians; Part III on sensibilities and practices of religion, M. Yardeni on the importance of the Psalms, P. Sahin Toth on the resurgence of a crusading ideal, F. Lebrun on Oudin's Curiosités françaises, R. Taveneaux on Nicolas Fontaine and Jansenism; Part IV, grouping papers on friendship, I. Zinguer on Béroalde de Verville's friendships with women, M. Ménard on Poussin and Chantelou, M. Tietz on the disagreement of Jean Pierre Camus with Saint François de Sales's recommendation of the "ami confesseur," Th. Guiger on Mme de Miramion and her confessor (Edme Jolly), Arnauld d'Andilly on friendship by J. Lafond. Reviewer insists on the enlargement of perspectives that this collection, like Sauzet's collected scholarly work, gives to future study.

MAIRE, CATHERINE. De la cause de Dieu à la cause de la nation: le jansénisme au XVIIIe siècle. Paris: Gallimard, 1998.

Review: L. Theis in Le Point 1338 (1998), 90–91: "[Le] jansénisme n'est pas le vaincu de l'Histoire qu'on croit ... au contraire, tout au long du XVIIIe, il se répand et s'épanouit en des configurations multiples, pour devenir un mouvement théologiquement et politiquement déterminant ... [Ce] livre commente un parcours théologique [particulier, à savoir:] ... comment apprécier au plus juste la distance qui sépare la terre du ciel et quelle est en conséquence la communication possible entre l'homme et Dieu? ... Le jansénisme, à travers Port Royal, apporte sa réponse à la fois sublime et décourageante: Dieu se cache au sein du mystère de l'eucharistie. Puis ... Port Royal ... parut entrer dans un sommeil définitif. C'est en s'acharnant sur ses restes, y compris sur les cadavres des religieuses, que le vieux Louis XIV ... relance la querelle, en obtenant du pape, en 1713, la bulle 'Unigenitas Dei Filius' ... Elle condamne cent une propositions réputées contenues dans un livre ... de Pasquier Quesnel ... Une nouvelle génération se lève alors... au séminaire de Saint Magloire." Book traces in detail the activities of this new generation.

MANCOSU, PAOLO. Philosophy of Mathematics and Mathematical Practice in the Seventeenth Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.

Review: Peter Dear in TLS 4934 (24 Oct. 1997), 32: Succeeds admirably in explaining, clarifying, and analyzing the conceptual issues at stake in the material examined with a sure sense of when to consider the complexities of mathematical derivation and when to bypass them. "The material is fascinating and in this treatment adds up to a lot more than just 'sums in the past' (i.e. a chronicle of the discovery of techniques.)." Central figures are Descartes, Leibniz, and Newton, though many others including the publication in appendix of Giuseppe Biancani's extremely influential De mathematicarum natoua dissertatio (1615).

MAZAURIC, SIMONE. Savoirs et philosophie à Paris dans la première moitié du XVIIe siècle. Les Conférences du bureau d'adresse de Théophraste Renaudot, 1633–1642. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1997.

Review: BCLF 597 (1998), 1278: "Dès 1617, mais surtout à partir de 1630, des académies et conférences à vocation encyclopédique prolifèrent à Paris et en province, avec l'ambition de s'opposer au monopole universiatire et, pour certains milieux sociaux, d'intervenir dans la vie intellectuelle. L'intérêt se fait de plus en plus profond à l'égard du savoir et de la culture. L'étude de ces académies permet de révéler leur organisation et les structures de sociabilité savante, et de suivre l'évolution scientifique."

MENTZER, RAYMOND A., ed. Sin and the Calvinists: Morals, Control and the Consistory in the Reformed Tradition. Kirksville, MO: Sixteenth Century Essays and Studies, 32. 1994.

Review: W. Monter in RenQ 50 (1997) 302–304: Useful volume on church discipline, "currently the most intensively studied aspect of sixteenth-century Reformed Protestantism." In depth studies of individual localities complement national treatments, demonstrating remarkable contrasts which reflect diverse social and political circumstances. Reviewer calls for future studies which would involve histories of the great universities of Reformed Europe (Geneva, Heidelberg, Leiden). Focus is 16th c. but volume is highly useful for 17th c. scholars, particularly in the area of Huguenot studies.

MISRAHI, ROBERT. Les figures du moi et la question du sujet depuis la Renaissance. Paris: Armand Colin, 1996.

Review: BCLF 598–99 (1998), 1500–01: "Spécialiste de Spinoza, Robert Misrahi met sa compétence philosophique au service de ce manuel d'enseignement supérieur qui correspond à l'une des questions du programme de culture générale de la première année des classes préparatoires aux écoles supérieures de commerce." M. "présente la philosophie cartésienne et ses difficultés" à l'époque de l'instauration du 'sujet' au XVIIe siècle.

MOSER, PAUL K. and ARNOLD VANDER NAT, eds. Human Knowledge: Classical and Contemporary Approaches. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Review: G.M.C. in PhQ 48.192 (1998), 425–426: Anthology is "suitable for a general undergraduate course in epistemology." Includes a section on early modern sources, "containing excerpts from Descartes, Locke, Leibnitz, Berkeley, Hume and Kant."

NAPHY, WILLIAM and PENNY ROBERTS, eds. Fear in Early Modern Society. Manchester/New York: Manchester UP/St, Martin's, 1997.

12 essays on divers subjects, from fire, floods, death, disease, witches, and kings to purgatory and dogs. Full listing of contents in Isis 89.2 (1998), 382.

ONASCH, KONRAD and ANNEMARIE SCHNIEPER. Icons: The Fascination and the Reality. Trans.Daniel G. Conklin. New York: Riverside Book Company, 1997.

Review: E. L. Anderson in Choice 35.7 (1998), 1183: "O. ... has packed Icons with fine photographs and appropriate data. A master art historian, O. ... exposes the 2,000 years of Christian literature, distinguishes the art of the varying national traditions and ages, uses Orthodox hymns to explicate common icons, and works with the delicate issues of aesthetics, composition, and light."

PARK, DAVID. The Fire Within the Eye: A Historical Essay on the Nature and Meaning of Light. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.

Review: Antoni Malet in Isis 89.3 (1998), 520–21: A clear and informative overview, from Empedocles to Kepler and the Renaissance, to Einstein and Bohr. Well informed on current research and sophisticated in the questions asked of how science understands nature. The best text "to provide a technically informed introduction to the topics it covers," particularly optics.

PETTEGREE, ANDREW, ALASTAIR DUKE, and GILLIAN LEWIS, eds. Calvinism in Europe, 1540–1620. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Review: W. Monter in RenQ 50 (1997) 302–304: Praised as rich and instructive for the history of Calvinism, this collection, essentially drawn from the international Oxford conference of 1992, forms a "delayed introduction to the collection of documents on Calvinism in Europe, 1540–1610 (Manchester UP, 1992).

PHILLIPS, HENRY. Church and Culture in Seventeenth-Century France. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Review: J. E. Brink in Choice 35.5 (1998), 891: "The starting point of this provocative and convincing work is Foucault's dictum that 'spaces are a function of power.' P. ... dissects nine distinct cultural spaces to gauge the penetration and control of the post Tridentine French Catholic Church.... Religion was still the pervasive culture in 17th century France; the state had not overtaken the 'unified space of orthodoxy,' nor had it subordinated the church to its secular ends. The two, church and state, 'remained incompatible realities in themselves,' in a close but not deliberate alliance. Thus P. searched elsewhere for the church's level of success in dominating such spaces as belief and nonbelief, education, art and literature, and the new science. He ... points to the limits of the church's agenda for moral and organizational reform. In the space of education it was spectacularly successful, while it failed to make much ground on the growing but still marginal spaces of science, atheism, and the curiously described libertinage. Traditional faith remained dominant and thus ironically was more susceptible to the growing secular beliefs of the Enlightenment."

Review: N. Hammond in MLR 93 (1998), 503: "Working from the starting-point of spaces (both literal and metaphorical ) created by the notions of exclusion and inclusion within the Church, Phillips explores a wide variety of cultural domains." Discussion of representation, the different facets of education, the rise of gallicanism, the rise of the new science, the hostility between believers and non-believers.

PICKERING, DAVID. Dictionary of Witchcraft. London: Casselle 1998.

Review: Jenny Wormold in TLS 4959 (17 Apr. 1998), 14: A real compendium of information at times less than rigorous in its acceptance of myths.

PURKISS, DIANE. The Witch in History. London: Routledge, 1998.

Review: Jenny Wormold in TLS 4959 (17 Aprils 1998), 13–14: "Original and invigorating book" containing a vigorous critique of both modern witches and English historians of witchcraft. Overall a "highly effective and very balanced picture of the relationship between theories of witchcraft and theories of the female body."

RAPLEY, ROBERT. A Case of Witchcraft: The Trial of Urbain Grandier. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998.

REISS, TIMOTHY. Knowledge, Discovery and Imagination in Early Modern Europe: The Rise of Aesthetic Rationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Review: E. D. Hill in Choice 35.5 (1998), 813: "Reiss... takes issue with Walter Ong's claim... that the distinctive feature of early modern thought was its increasing stress on spatialization. The author contends that visual devices were used merely as pedagogical aids for communicating knowledge already possessed. For the discovery of new truths, thinkers increasingly rejected natural language in favor of mathematical reasoning. The mathematical approach was adopted by writers on music and poetry, producing what R. calls 'Cartesian aesthetics.' R. sees early modern humanists transferring their allegiance from the language based arts of the university trivium to the mathematical concerns of the quadrivium...."

ROCARD, MICHEL. L'art de la paix. Biarritz: Atlantica, 1998.

Review: F. Dufay in Le Point 1325 (1998), 95: "Le plus fidèle [lecture de l'Edit de Nantes] de la vision traditionnelle léguée par la IIIe République est M.R., qui s'enthousiasme pour cette 'magnifique orfèvrerie de la paix'... [L]'Edit d'Henri IV a assuré au pays un siècle de paix religieuse ... [et a] introduit la liberté de conscience dans notre culture politique... R. a retenu de l'action d'Henri IV non pas le statut des minorités, mais l'habileté dans la négociation."

RUSSO, ELENA. "Sociability, Cartesianism, and Nostalgia in Libertine Discourse." ECS 30 (1997); 383–400.

Highly suggestive and well documented treatment of the 18th century "libertin galant"'s ancestors in the Cartesian project for autonomy, the "libertins érudits"'s sensual quests, and the discourse of "honnetêté."

SCHOBINGER, JEAN-PIERRE, ed. Die Philosophie des 17. Jahrhunderts. Part 2: Frankreich und Niederlande. 2 vols. Basel: Schwabe, 1993.

Review: Jean-Robert Armogathe in Isis 87 (1996), 726–27: Replacement in progress for the old Grundriss of Friedrich Ueberweg (7 vols). The 27 contributors achieve uniformly high scholarly results. Of particular distinction is an 80-page treatment of university philosophy, sections on humanistic tradition (including "very good chapter on Huet"), thorough examination of theories of passions and taste as introduction to the treatments of Gassendi and his disciples, Descartes and Cartesianism, and Port-Royal (with an "outstanding" treatment of Pascal), the scientists and Malebranche, academies, Spinoza and Jewish philosophy, the Protestant Refugees and Pierre Bayle.

SCHWARTZ, JOEL S. "The Roots of Evolutionary Ideas: How Travel to Exotic Lands Changed Natural History." Choice 35.6 (1998), 929–947.

Article traces many of Darwin's predecessors and contemporaries who "advanced the idea that living things were capable of modification. Special attention [is] devoted to those naturalists who discovered new forms of life in strange and distant lands." Includes references to Maupertius and "Maupertius' contemporary Benoit de Maillet (1656–1738) [who] developed the theory that all land animals had evolved from fishes through the influence of change in habits and different environments." In Telliamed, Maillet "suggested that birds were derived from flying fish, lions from sea lions, and humans from mermen and mermaids. Maillet recognized that powerful forces directed the transformation of species, and his ideas influenced later naturalists like Buffon and Erasmus Darwin." Extensive bibliography.

SELIN, HELAINE, ed. Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non Western Cultures. Dordrecht/Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1997.

Review: R. J. Havlik in Choice 35.5 (1998), 798: "Early Western culture relied much on the science of other cultures, but as academia became more Eurocentric, much of the science in non Western cultures was undervalued or lost. The editor of this extensive volume has tried to alleviate this oversight by assembling some 600 signed essays by eminent scientists and historians of non Western science that will be a landmark in the study of the history and philosophy of science, technology, and medicine. The articles consist of brief biographies, some long philosophical articles, and general articles that serve as a guide to the comparison and history of sciences among various cultures.... Some of the more extensive articles discuss the relationship between colonialism and science, environment and nature, maps and map making, and magic and science. Each article includes a short list of references. There is a subject index as well as frequent illustrations."

SENIOR, MATTHEW and JENNIFER HAM, eds. Animal Acts: Configuring the Human in Western History. New York: Routledge, 1997.

Contains 6 papers on subjects from Boccaccio to Gary Larson (Charles D. Minahen). See especially M. Senior, "When Beasts Spoke: Animal speech and Classical Reason in Descartes and La Fontaine." Contents listed in Isis 89.1 (1998), 380.

SHAPIN, STEVEN. The Scientific Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

Review: John North in TLS 4914 (6 June 1997), 34: A "relatively straightforward historical introduction to the science of the 17th century: a short and scrappy book of synthesis that draws heavily on author's previous work, with an excellent bibliographical essay." Reviewer has reservations on the presentation of the many dimensions of attitudes toward authority including Aristotelianism, the distinctions to be made between theorists and practitioners, and an English orientation. Overall, this study provides an impulsion to seek out more detailed accounts.

SHERMAN, STUART. Telling Time: Clocks, Diaries, and English Diurnal Forme 1660–1785. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

Review: Rob Iliffe in Isis 89.3 (1998), 54142: Ambitious and richly suggestive for further research especially because of the on going link between the developing technology and literary, discursive time, in the novel but most notably in diary time and its modifications exemplified by Pepys's formats.

SIMON, GERARD. Sciences et savoirs aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Paris: Presses universitaires du septemtiron, 1996.

Papers on the scientific past, on machines, and astrology: on Porta, Descartes, and Newton. For listing of contents, see Isis 88 (1997), 390.

SINGH, SIMON. Fermat's Enigma: The Quest to Solve the World's Greatest Mathematical Problem. New York: Walker & Company, 1997.

Review: Richard Bernstein in NYT (2 Nov. 1997), B36: Fascinating and readable account of the stunning solution offered by Andrew Wiles to the Isaac Newton Institute. Reviewer finds much of interest besides the story of the solution of the conundrum in the history of mathematics and is intrigued by the author's discussion suggesting that Fermat's solution (if indeed he had one for a wider margin) "would have been a 17th century proof very different from Mr. Wiles's." Although reviewer finds the two books complementary, he obviously prefers this one to Amir Aczel's Fermat's Last Theorem (Dell Delta, 1996).

Review: V. V. Raman in Choice 35.8 (1998), 1410: "Ever since its formulation in the first half of the 17th century, Fermat's Last Theorem has been known to anyone seriously acquainted with mathematics... S. tells the whole story [of the theorem's history and eventual solution by Andrew Wiles] in a most readable style. He presents the history of the problem since antiquity, tells the reader how Fermat stated it in a curious way, gives glimpses of other mathematicians of the past who had tackled (and contributed to) the problem."

SISTINO, ALPHONSE J. A Journey Into the Mysteries of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics: Capturing the Essences of Ancient, Classical and Modern Physics in an Exploratory Narrative. Orland Park, IL: Beaudoin, 1997.

Review: M. C. Ogilvie in Choice 35.11/12 (1998), 1889–1890: A "brief and personal tour of physics.... The treatment within each area is largely historical and very fast paced."

SMITH, JAMES R. Introduction to Geodesy: The History and Concepts of Modern Geodesy. New York: Wiley Interscience, 1997.

Review: H. K. Eichhorn in Choice 35.6 (1998), 1011: "Geodesy, the empirical and mathematical description of the earth's shape and its changes, is one of the oldest sciences. It was restricted to the earth's surface and thus to two dimensions, and depended mostly on measurements of angles until satellites were launched.... Competent and well informed, author Smith describes accurately and reliably the historical development from antiquity to the present...."

SNODGRASS, MARY ELLEN. Signs of the Zodiac: A Reference Guide to Historical, Mythological, and Cultural Associations. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1997.

Review: G. M. Herrmann in Choice 35.8 (1998), 1348: "A unique compendium of astronomical and astrological information focusing on cultural associations with the zodiac, this book covers stars and constellations and briefly outlines the history of stargazing from ancient Babylon to the age of the telescope. Treatment of the zodiac in history and its symbolic influences in the arts and sciences receive special attention in separate chapters... [T]his work's strength is in its collection of numerous cultural and literary associations with zodiacal signs."

SOLE, JACQUES. Les origines intellectuelles de la Révocation de l'Edit de Nantes. Saint Etienne: Pubs. de l'Université de Saint Etienne, 1997.

Review: Yves Krumenacker in RHEF 84 (1998), 189: High praise for the scholarship of this consolidation of the author's magisterial dissertation (4 vols., Paris: Aux Amateurs des Livres, 1985) and the authoritative presentations of the backgrounds in the controversy of Richard Simon, Bayle, Jean Le Clerc. Regrets some schematizing necessitated by the format such as loss of notes and a more extensive bibliography. Consultation of dissertation will still be needed.

Review: Elisabeth Labrousse in BSHPF 144 (1998), 720–22: Praises the evenminded fairness of presentation of individual thinkers and the freshness of that of general issues. Close analysis of Bayle is well informed, as is the case in general.

STROUP, ALICE. A Company of Scientists: Botany, Patronage, and Community at the Seventeenth-Century Parisian Royal Academy of Sciences. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

Review: J. Llana in RenQ 50 (1997), 332–34: Judged illuminating, well written and researched, the volume focuses on the period from the Academy's founding (1666) to the new royal regulations (1669). Both concerns of volume are successful: the Academy itself and botany. The latter is anchored within scientific revolution. 50 page appendix of expenditures of the Academy.

STURDY, DAVID J. Science and Social Status: The Members of the Académie des Sciences, 1661–1750. Woodbridge, Suffolk/ Rochester, N.Y.: Boydell, 1995.

Review: Guy Picolet in Isis 88.3 (1997), 541–42: Career studies for all active members elected in the 17th century, well informed and "a solid basis for further research." Cites bibliographic oversights of A. Darmon's study of Cureau de La Chambre (1985) and colloquia on Jean Picard (1987) and Edme Mariotte (1986).

THEIS, LAURENT. "Le compromis le moins mauvais possible." Le Point 1325 (1998), 93–94.

Article on the consequences of the Edit de Nantes. "Or l'Edit, s'il avait préservé de l'anéantissement un protestantisme très mis à mal par les guerres, lui interdisait tout développement et maintenait ses adeptes dans une situation subalterne à l'intérieur d'une société dont l'existence de deux religions en son sein heurtait profondément la culture.... [En 1685][l]'Edit apparut alors pour ce qu'il était: le compromis le moins mauvais possible au moment où il fut adopté. Ce n'est que bien plus tard qu'il fut considéré comme un acte de tolérance, ce qu'il n'était nullement. Du moins dans l'acceptation moderne du terme. Jusqu'à la fin du XVIIe siècle au moins ... le mot 'tolérance' porte une signification péjorative: endurer, provisoirement, ce qu'il est impossible d'empêcher sur le moment."

TIMMERMANS, BENOIT. La résolution des problèmes de Descartes à Kant: l'analyse à l'âge de la révolution scientifique. Paris: PUF, 1995.

Review: Emily Grosholz in Isis 89.3 (1998), 546–47: Author argues that Kant's concept of the superiority of synthesis over analysis distorts the latter and impoverishes his presentation of the thought of Galileo, Descartes, Pascal, Spinoza, Leibniz, and Newton. All these thinkers are discussed as engaged in analysis that is a method of discovery with Platonic dialectical origin (from the sensible to intelligible), Aristotelian regression (from a particular fact to an explanatory universal), and Pappian analysis (from a mathematical problem to the condition of its solution). Recommends several other studies to supplement work on Leibniz.

• See French 17 (1996)

VENARD, MARC, et al., eds. Histoire du christianisme des origines à nos jours, 9: L'Age de raison (1620–1750). Paris: Desclée, 1997.

VERENE, DONALD PHILIP. Philosophy and the Return to Self-Knowledge. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.

Review: G. Mazzotta in P&L 22.1 (1998), 249–252: "V.'s study can be said to belong legitimately to the timeless tradition of meditative thinking" [The book] has as its point of departure the interrogation of the spiritual roots for the crisis in modernity. [For V.,] Prometheus is the 'imaginative universal' or mythical prefiguration of Descartes as the philosopher of dualism of mind and body, of confusion between certainty and knowledge, of philosophy and method, of science that engenders the technological values of our time, and brings about the erasure of memory. The classical polarization between Vico and Descartes overtly sustains 'Barbarism of Reflection' (chapter one), which is a magisterial exercise in the tradition of the history of the idea of 'reflection' from optics to philosophy, from antiquity to the present."

VOVELLE, MICHEL. Piété baroque et déchristianisation en Provence au XVIIIe siècle. Paris: Ed. du C.T.H.S., 1997.

Review: Dominique Julia in RHEF 84 (1998), 192–93: Published without the full critical apparatus of the original, this edition contains an important preface where Vovelle discusses his method, and developments in historiographical research and writing since the 1960s. "Stimulante," the reviewer emphasizes.

WATTS, SHELDON. Epidemics and History: Disease, Power and Imperialism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.

Review: n.a. in VQR 74.3 (1998), 79: "This book studies the great epidemics that have scourged the globe over the course of the last six centuries... W. views the movement of epidemics as a manifestation of imperial power. It was the rulers of infected lands who determined the official response to invading diseases and the rulers who would protect privileged groups more than other groups.... Particularly interesting is W.'s account of popular interpretation of epidemics as divine revenge on sinners."

WILLIAMS, GERHILD S. Defining Dominion: The Discourses of Magic and Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Germany. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996.

Review: Solveig Olsen in FR 71.6 (1998), 1076–77: Concentrates on the suppression of women and witches by power. Sees theology as a tool of persecution of powerful women, who are progressively demonized. A thought-provoking contribution to scholarship that develops its point of view and concerns on a much broader scale than has previously been done.

WOJCIK, JAN W. Robert Boyle and the Limits of Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Review: Guido Giglioni in Isis 89.3 (1998), 542–43: Excellent classification of the ways Boyle's epistemological assumptions concerning the natural, observable world are intertwined with theological concerns leading to the notions of "spheres of intelligibility," the finiteness of men's intellectual powers, and finally the "double truth" doctrine. Addresses also a theme recurring through the whole of Descartes's physics. Recommends as a model of treatment of an individual's ideal world that "represents the best way to avoid the oversimplification both with stereotyped histories written with the benefit of hindsight and tendentious reconstruction of imaginary contexts."

YOLTON, JOHN W. Perception and Reality: A History from Descartes to Kant. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996.

Review: D. W. Hamlyn in PhQ 48.193 (1998), 540–542: "Historically, it might appear, Arnauld is the great hero of the saga and Malebranche the villain, though Arnauld is building on Descartes and is, in Y.'s view, Descartes' best interpreter. Y. takes Descartes' idea of things being objectively in the mind as pointing to the existence of an epistemic, non-causal relation between the mind and objects. Ideas or representations are not, as Malebranche thought, modifications of the mind, and there is therefore no call for the notion of a veil of perception. The Cartesian views developed by Arnauld are quite consistent with a realism according to which things are directly present to the mind.... Descartes, whom Arnauld is interpreting, acknowledged a causal relation between things and physical motions in the brain, while holding also that ideas are the interpretations of those physical motions considered as natural signs. Such interpretation does not demand awareness of the physical motions; rather, the conscious reactions involved are triggered by them, and the interaction in question is cognitive, not causal. The other philosophers of the period are treated in the same, somewhat controversial spirit." More attention could have been paid to the meaning of words such as 'sensation,' 'object,' and 'sign.'

Review: Steven Nadler in Isis 88 (1997), 124–25: "A sophisticated, texturally and historically informed, philosophically sharp discussion of issues that have often been glossed over or caricatured by other writers. Working premise is that the basic category for understanding perception and cognition is "interaction"—in a causal series of physical/physiological events and the significatory and semantic response of the mind. Treats various explanations of the two processes functioning together to produce awareness. Considers Descartes, Malebranche, Arnauld.

ZINGUER, ILANA and HEINZ SCHOTT, eds. Systèmes de pensée pré-cartésiens: études d'après le colloque international organisé à Haifa 1994. Paris: Champion, 1998.

20 papers on Paracelsus, neoplatonism, alchemy, medical science and healthcare, Rosicrucianism. Full listing in Isis 89.3 (1998), 598–99.

• See French 17 (1997, 96).

BERTAUD, MADELEINE and FRANÇOIS-XAVIER CUCHE. Le Genre des Mémoires, essai de définition. Paris: Klincksieck, 1995.

Review: Marie-Odile Sweetser in FR 70 (1997), 321–23: 25 papers from Strasbourg conference arranged under "Quelques éléments d'introduction, Le Mémorialiste dans son oeuvre, Mémoires et genres voisins, Un genre mixte et ambigue." Motteville receives for 17th-century the lion's share with essays by M.-T. Hipp, M. Bertaud, and M. Cuenin. Also included are essays on Retz by T. Pavel and F. Broit, on Goulas by N. Hepp, on Charles Perrault by J.M. Zarucci, by F. Deloffre and J. Popin on Challe, on Sully by B. Barbiche, on the memorialists of the Fronde by H. Carrier, and on Saint-Simon by Yves Coirault.

BERTRAND, DOMINIQUE. Dire le rire à l'âge classique. Représentation pour mieux contrôler. Aix en Provence: Pubs. de l'Université de Provence, 1995.

Review: Johan Verberchmoes in Annales 52.3 (1997), 521–22: "Livre kaléidoscopique" in its diversity of sources and little or unknown documents with a view of offering an "éthnologie historique des attitudes concrètes en matière de rire." Discouragement, control, of the "geste corporel" brings changes in vocabulary in the 2nd half of the century: from joy to "bonheur serein," under the influence of philosophy and medicine, comedy becomes a "sourire." Yet, the reviewer, concludes, the thesis that mythic laughter loses out needs to be rethought.

• See French 17 (1997, 1996).

BESSIERE, JEAN, EVA KUSHNER, ROLAND MORTIER, JEAN WEISGERBER, éds. Histoire des poétiques. Paris: PUF, 1997.

Review: V. Kapp in OeC 23.1 (1998), 123–26: "37 universitaires et chercheurs de sept pays dressent ici un panorama 'des poétiques des littératures occidentales, depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'au XXe siècle'." La quatrième partie par P. Laurens et F. Vuilleumier s'intitule "le XVIIe siècle parce qu'ils veulent éviter le débat infructueux sur le baroque. Ils adoptent une solution ingénieuse en mettant en parallèle 'Europe baroque, France classique' et en encadrant ce chapitre par un chapitre sur 'le génie et les règles' et par un sur 'l'ancien et le nouveau'."

BIET, CHRISTIAN. Oedipe en monarchie: tragédie et théorie juridique à l'âge classique. Paris: Klincksieck, 1994.

Review: E. Méchoulan in SubStance 26.3 (1997), 179–180: "Impossible to be a tragedian without writing an Oedipus, but how to write it without questioning the very foundations of the Ancien Régime's social order? ... B. carefully analyzes translations and adaptations of Sophocles's tragedy, showing the extraordinary elasticity of the original plot..." including "a description of the many means translators and tragedians invented in order to reaffirm royal and paternal powers and to clear Oedipus as far as possible of his personal guilt." Some readings of B. are qualified as "simple plot analysis" due to the sheer quantity of texts covered. But the best pages are at the end of the book, "where B. shows very accurately the peculiar role tragedies played in the Ancien Régime... [T]he tragedy of Oedipus permits both a questioning of the connection between affective relations with the father and the effective power of the King, and a reinstatement of social and domestic positions.... Investigating legal and mental dispositions, B. shows how parricide, regicide and incest constitute limit cases, and how tragedies become a theatricalization of the crisis of the law, and of the whole geneological organization."

BINION, RUDOLPH. Sounding the Classics: From Sophocles to Thomas Mann. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1997.

Review: A. Thiher in Choice 35.6 (1998), 986: "Going against contemporary trends, B. ... argues that classics can be defined in terms of the way they offer an explicit 'over theme' and a contradictory or opposing 'under theme.' In fact, B. calls for the polysemantic overdetermination that any great work shows when one tries to isolate its meaning. The critic looks at a dozen major works, ... from Sophocles ... through Racine...."

BIONDI, C., C. IMBROSCIO, M.-J. LATIL, N. MINERVA, C. PELLANDRA, A. SFRAGARO, B.SOUBEYRAN, et P. VECCHI, éds. La quête du bonheur et l'expression de la douleur dans la littérature et la pensée françaises. Mélanges offerts àCorrado Rosso. Genève: Droz, 1995.

Review: F. Lagarde in OeC 23.1 (1998), 126–29: 41 articles regroupés en chapitres dont l'ordre est thématique. "Côté dix-septième, B. Papasogli étudie chez Guez de Balzac, La Mothe Le Vayer, Abbadie, Pascal, Saint-Evremond et d'autres, les rapports qu'entretient le bonheur avec la mémoire et le temps. D. Dalla Valle montre comment Tristan L'Hermite, dans La Folie du sage, se détourne de l'idéal néo-stoicien de l'ataraxie et lui préfère une série de jeux baroques. . . . J.-P. Collinet étudie dans la Psyché de La Fontaine les thèmes du bonheur de l'amour et de la souffrance de la séparation . . . . J. Mesnard analyse l'attitude de Pascal à l'égard de la pauvreté selon les perspectives sociale, morale et spirituelle. Y. Coirault soutient à propos de Saint-Simon que 'la commisération, l'honneur, la conscience n'ont probablement jamais cessé de parler, et de parler hautement, dans le coeur de l'ecrivain, quoiqu'il ait très apparemment cherché ailleurs son sacre'."

BIRKET, JENNIFER and JAMES KEARNS. A Guide to French Literature: From Early Modern to Postmodern. Basingstroke: MacMillan, 1997.

Review: F. C. St. Aubyn in Choice 35.5 (1998), 826: B. and K. "carefully place writers in their time and place among their contemporaries, revealing the importance of their work at the time of publication and its influence on the literature and language of the future. The authors illuminate the role of religion and politics in the development of the essay, poetry, novel and the theater of France, differentiating the historical, the classical, the comic, morality, revolution, the scientific.... One of the most informative sections ... is that devoted to the women's movement and the rise of feminist literature."

BREDIN, JEAN DENIS et THIERRY LEVY. Convaincre. Dialogue sur l'éloquence. Paris: Odile Jacob, 1997.

Review: P. Billard in Le Point 1312 (1997), 113: "Noble exercice d'un art spécifique de la conversation argumentée entre deux maîtres unis par l'estime réciproque.... Or l'éloquence se développe toujours sur les plateaux du grand spectacle dans le conflit, la menace ou la tragédie, et souvent sous les projeteurs de l'Histoire. Ainsi les auteurs analysent ils ... les deux fameuses oraisons funèbres de Bossuet prononcées à dix mois de distance pour Henriette de France, puis pour sa fille, Henriette d'Angleterre." Also studies contributions of La Fontaine and Pascal to "l'éloquence."

CANEPA, NANCY L., ed. Out of the Woods: The Origins of the Literary Fairy Tale in Italy and France. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1998.

Review: n.a. in VQR 74.3 (1998), 88: "This thought provoking book explores the history of fairy tales in Italy and France in the 17th and 18th centuries. It successfully places the fairy tale genre in the context of a complex social, cultural, and literary history. Comprised of an introduction and 11 essays, the collection offers an interesting analysis of the initial origination and later modification of the fairy tale.

Review: Andrew Waurn in TLS 4963 (15 May 1998), 25: Favorable but very general review. Treats Mme d'Aulnoy and two tales, Jack Zipes on fairy tale cats before and after Perrault, and Catherine Velay Vallantin's "fascinating" treatment of "Little Red Riding Hood," themes (among which the creative intersection of classicism and baroque), and recurrent literary terms.

CHARRON, JEAN and MARY LYNNE FLOWERS. Actes de Lexington. Pierre Charron. Autour de l'année 1715 dans les Memories de Saint-Simon. La Mort dans la littérature du XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 87 (1995).

Review: G. Rooryck in RF 109 (1997), 359–61: R. praises the volume, celebrating the 25th anniversary of NASSCFL, for its "pistes prometteuses" and "perspectives éclairantes." R. would have liked more elaboration in certain cases, but strictures imposed by editors/organizers explain disparity of length among the essays. Volume presents Charron in an ecumenistic light.

CHARTIER, ROGER, ALAIN BOUREAU et CECILE DAUPHIN. Correspondence: Models of Letter Writing from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.

Review: n.a. in VQR 74.3 (1998), 88–90: "This volume comprises four brief essays ... on various aspects of the historical development of letter forms.... Read together, they provide a selective interpretation of certain stages in the long and continuous tradition of the model letter, both public and private, which first took shape in the 12th century. There are perceptive comments on the spread of literacy and standardized grammar and spelling, on the emergence of the notary and the jurist in a genre once dominated by rhetoricians, and on the importance of epistolary rules which were not only a reflection of social hierarchy and a means of political control, but a silent invitation to assert one's individuality by ignoring them."

Review: CR in TLS 4940 (5 Dec. 1997), 31: Contains long essay by Chartier on l7th century secretaries and the introduction to the collection of the three essays. Reviewer has reservations that "there are not enough concepts offered, let alone conceptions made, to enable any sort of reader to get a grip on a fascinating subject."

CHAUVEAU, JEAN-PIERRE. Lire le Baroque. Paris: Dunod, 1997.

Review: Françoise Graziani in CTH 19 (1997), 59: An "initiation claire et documentée," situated culturally and historically. Biographical introductions to each author, lexicon of themes, detailed chronological table, and appended documents from his history of critical reception.

Review: J.-C. Vuillemin in PFSCL 15 (1998), 284–286: An excellent guide directed at a student readership.

CHEVALIER, TRACY, ed. Encyclopedia of the Essay. London/Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.

Review: A. C. Labriola in Choice 35.8 (1998), 1347: "The essay, a varied literary genre whose authors cut across all cultures and national boundaries, at last has its own comprehensive reference book. While acknowledging the variety of forms essays may take, this encycopedia gives specific but not rigid definition to the heterogeneous enterprise of essayistic writing. Its more than 500 entries classify entries as generic (e.g., moral, travel, autobiographical), as variations thereon (aphorism, chapter, feuilleton, sermon), as national (French...), as individual... and as periodical.... Especially useful are entries on individual essayists, wich are divided into four sections: commentary on the author's use of, and contributions to, the genre; biographical data; selected titles of the author's essays, editions or collected works in the genre, and bibliographies of critical and interpretive analyses; and recommendations for further reading... 275 contributors."

CLARKE, DAVID. "'User des droits d'un souverain pouvoir': Sexual Violence on the Tragic Stage." SCFS 18 (1996), 103–21.

Analyzes the politicization of erotic conquest in three plays of the 1630s, which differ from Hardy's dramatic exploitation of the horror of rape in Scédase, without explicit political significance. Rotrou's Crisante and both Du Ruyer's and Chevreau's Cléôpatre in the wake of Grotius's treatise on war and peace, in varying ways and with differing degrees of success, give the historical "fable" a principled political pisition.

COMEDIA. URL: http://listserv.arizona.edu/comedia.html.

Review: O. B. Gonzalez in Choice 35.11/12 (1998), 136: "Developed by James I. Abraham and Vern G. Williamsen, this multi-purpose resource is a dream come true for students and professors of Golden Age drama. It includes a bulletin board for those intersted in ongoing comedia discussions; an easy-to-access collection of unannotated primary texts that can be read on screen or downloaded; [and] a database with graphics.... The Center for Links connects the browser with more than 20 sites useful in comedia studies. Written in English, Spanish, and French, many of the links originate in other countries. Links range from world theater to Spanish language dictionaries...."

DALLA VALLE, DANIELA. Aspects de la pastorale dans l'italianisme du XVIIe siècle. Paris: Champion, 1995.

Review: F. Lavocat in PFSCL 15 (1998), 288–291: Nine articles on the pastorale dramatique, especially Italy's influence on France at the beginning of the century: "L'axe essentiel de l'oeuvre de Daniela Dalla Valle est . . . l'affirmation d'un lien consubstantiel entre la pastorale et l'âge baroque."

DANDREY, PATRICK. L'éloge paradoxal de Gorgias à Molière. Paris: PUF, 1997.

Review: S. Poli in PFSCL 15 (1998), 292–295: An important comparative literature study (including Pascal and Molière)that the reviewer describes as "vaste et complexe."

DEJEAN, JOAN. Ancients against Moderns. Culture Wars and the Making of a Fin de Siècle. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977.

Review: J. Lyons in PFSCL 15 (1998), 295–298: Reviewer deems this a "meticulously-researched, informative, important revisionist account of the Querelle des anciens et des modernes."

DUBOIS, CLAUDE-GILBERT ed. L'isle des Hermaphrodites. Geneva: Droz, 1996.

Review: Richard Crescenzo in RHL 98.4 (1998), 653: Favorable evaluations in which reviewer states that, "Dubois s'est attaqué à ce texte avec sa perspicacité coutumière, et son introduction très dense permet d'éclairer quelque peu ce livre difficile." With respect to the allegorical dimension of the text (by most accounts published in 1605), the reviewer states that the metaphor of hermaphroditism "évoque à la fois un épicurisme sensuel et un libéralisme économique égoïste." As a political statement, the book "proclame donc la fin d'une époque dominée par une idéologie de la nature et de la liberté et le début d'une ère fondée sur la triple allégeance au Roi, à la Foi, et à la Loi.

Review: I. A. R De Smet in BHR 60.1 (1998), 253–59: Edition critique d'un pamphlet anonyme dont le texte "n'était accessible que dans ses éditions contemporaines parues autour de 1605 ou dans des rééditions presque aussi rares du XVIIIe siècle. . . . Or, les questions qui ont retenu l'attention des critiques et que M. Dubois réexamine dans son introduction, se divisent en trois catégories. Elles concernent, d'abord, l'identité de l'auteur, puis le genre et les traditions littéraires dans lesquels s'inscrit le texte, et, enfin, le but de sa pointe satirique. Des analyses de l'imaginaire remarquable de ce texte sont liées à ces deux dernières questions."

DUBU, JEAN. Les églises chrétiennes et le théâtre (1550–1850). Grenoble: Presses Universitaires de Grenoble, 1997.

Review: J. Emelina in PFSCL 15 (1998), 302–303: According to the reviewer, a "travail remarquable" providing a general survey of the conflicts between religion and the theater. Dubu also compares the situation in France to those in England and Italy.

DUBU, JEAN. "Les Plaideurs et Corneille." PFSCL 15 (1998), 233–239.

Studies Racine's borrowings from Corneille and the former's "réglement de compte" with regard to the latter.

DUNN, KEVIN. Pretexts of Authority: The Rhetoric of Authorship in the Renaissance Preface. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.

Review: J. Brady in RenQ 50 (1997), 923–24: Descartes is included among exponents of the new science as Dunn examines rhetorical forms and their reception among 16th and 17th c. authors (Luther, Milton, Bacon, Sprat, etc.). B. would have preferred a tighter organization and clearer definition of "preface"; in D.'s work on Descartes the idea expands to what Dunn calls "interlocking" works, "each serving as a preface to the next." Considers tangential, yet admires D's pages on Descartes' fascination with Amsterdam.

EMELINA, JEAN. "La mer dans la tragédie classique." SCFS 19 (1997), 161–73.

Fine analysis of the ways in which evocations of the sea, in the plays of Corneille and especially Racine, in which there might be poetic expansions are (in contrast to Greek tragedies, Seneca, Garnier) mythologized, idealized, interiorized, reduced to "illusion réferentielle." Contrasts the lyricism of poets, painters, engravers, and the spectacle of ballet sets and costumes when the sea is the setting, to emphasize this "dénouement"/"carence." For a complement, see Nina Ekstein on Mithridate (PFSCL/Biblio 17, 111 (1998), 103–13).

ERICKSON, ROBERT A. The Language of the Heart, 1600–1750. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997.

Review: Choice 35.4 (1997), 635: "E.'s topic is the heart, both the organ and the metaphor the driving force in the cirulatory system and the perceived seat of the thoughts and emotions. After surveying ancient theories on circulation, E. ... devotes a series of chapters to close readings of five important early modern works, examining the rhetorical function of the heart in each.... He argues convincingly that Galenic theories survived in popular consciousness long after early modern physicans and scientists adopted Harvey's system; and he relates this slow paradigm shift to gender and sexuality."

Review: Rob Iliffe in TLS 4977 (21 Aug. 1998), 7: New historicist study that offers a "fascinating account" of the heart's multiple significations and metonymic possibilities in early modern language, discourse, and imagery. Primarily centers on English texts.

FOWLER, ELIZABETH and ROLAND GREENE, eds. The Project of Prose in Early Modern Europe and the New World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Review: E. D. Hill in Choice 35.6 (1998), 986–987: "F. and G. have assembled ten original essays by as many American scholars on prose of the 16th and 17th centuries. Six treat English writing, and one each is devoted to Portuguese, Italian, French and Spanish. The essays stress what one contributor calls 'prose license' ways in which prose responds with unique flexibility to the multiple demands and conflicting impulses that act on early modern writers."

FUMAROLI, MARC, PHILIPPE-JOSEPH SALAZAR ET EMMANUEL BURY, eds. Le loisir lettré à l'âge classique. Genève: Droz, 1996.

Review: B. Bray in PFSCL 15 (1998), 309–312: A valuable collection of sixteen studies. Index.

GAILLARD, AURELIA. Fables, mythes, contes. L'esthétique de la fable et du fabuleux (1600–1724). Paris: Champion, 1996.

Review: P.-J. Salazar in PFSCL 15 (1998), 313: Reviewer deems this a work that is "intéressant, documenté, fourmillant d'informations."

GAINES, JAMES F. "The Comic Heir from Corneille to Molière." PFSCL 15 (1998), 247–254.

Studies the evolution of heirship and the conflict between heredity and money.

GAMBELLI, DELIA, ed. Arlecchino a Parigi, II: Lo Scenario di Domenico Biancolelli. Roma: Bulzoni, 1997.

Review: C. Mazouer in PFSCL 15 (1998), 314–316: A much awaited edition of the personal notebook of the Italian actor who played the role of Harlequin on the French stage. Sheds much light on the development of the commedia dell'arte in France.

GENDRE, ANDRE. Evolution du sonnet français. Paris: PUF, 1996.

Review: M. Clément in RBPH 75.3 (1997), 858: "L'ouvrage d'André Gendre . . . présente une double orientation: à la fois dissémination—anthologie de sonnets—et condensation-synthèse sur l'évolution d'une forme poétique." Poètes privilégiés du XVIIe siècle: La Ceppède, Malherbe, Tristan et Gombauld.

GENETIOT, ALAIN. Poétique du loisir mondain, de Voiture à La Fontaine. Paris: Champion, 1997.

Review: P. France in MLR 93 (1998), 829–30: Study of the culture of galanterie as seen through the poetry of Voiture, Sarasin, Pellisson, Benserade, and La Fontaine. "Génetiot prefers a thematic approach, wherein the poems, and sometimes the prose, of these and other writers are made to illustrate central features of salon culture: the discreet blending of many traditions, classical, medieval, and modern; the place of the poet in polite society; the galant redefinition of love as an elegant game, neither tragic nor vulgar; the closeness of poetry to ephemeral conversation and letter-writing; the golden image of a leisured and amorous Arcadia."

Review: S. Guellouz in PFSCL 15 (1998), 316–317: A study which places "en valeur tout ce qui, relevant d'une esthétique de la grâce et du je ne sais quoi, confère au classicisme un équilibre que sa seule dimension doctrinale—de règles et de raison bardée—n'aurait évidemment pu lui donner."

GILOT, MICHEL, and JEAN SERROY, eds. La comédie à l'âge classique. Paris: Belin, 1997.

Review: Emmanuel Minel in RHL 98.4 (1998), 657–58. Generally favorable review of a book which "passe en revue le théâtre comique de la Renaissance à la Révolution française." With respect to the seventeenth century, the reviewer notes the absence of Corneille, but does discuss the attention given to Molière, as well as the "notions essentielles" of neoclassical drama which he cites as "le spectacle comique, la comédie religieuse, et la comédie de moeurs." In addition, reviewer mentions the study of farce as a vital feature of the work. With respect to "l'importante question des règles, le chapitre 4 insiste comme il faut sur leur rentabilité plutôt que sur leurs limites." Reviewer also mentions the usefulness of the chronology, bibliography, and index.

GOODKIN, RICHARD E. "Nicomède 1 and 2: The Fraternal Heritage of Pierre and Thomas Corneille." PFSCL 15 (1998), 255–265.

Studies evolving 17th century notions of inheritance: "Pierre and Thomas Corneille's tragedies of fractured primogeniture should be read not as the solution to a problem, but rather as an expression of a problem: the problem of the unfairness of primogeniture itself, as well as the conflicts that inevitably arise from its gradual erosion."

GUITTON, EDOUARD, ed. La culpabilité dans la littérature française. Paris: Klincksieck, 1995.

Review: Katherine Kolb in FR 71.2 (1997), 284–89: 27 essays, on subjects from the Middle Ages through the 18th century, whose collective richness in self reckoning is a tribute to the vitality of literary study, the reviewer affirms. Contains pieces on Racine by Olivier Pot, on Corneille's Médée and Cléopâtre by Marie Odile Sweetser, and by Louise de Donville on polemics on fashion. To be followed by a second volume.

• See French 17 (1997)

GUTLEBEN, MURIEL. "Scène, cercles et seuils: les lieux d'effroi dans quelques pièces du grand siècle." SCFS 19 (1997), 175–84.

Ably demonstrated, with telling examples from La Calprenède, Rotrou, Mairet, among others in addition to Corneille and Racine, of the sacralization of the stage space scenically set as "cavernes et grottes," prisons, labyrinths to flesh out Roland Barthes's general remarks on space in Racine's tragedies.

HARRISON, HELEN. Pistoles/Paroles: Money and Language in Seventeenth Century French Comedy. Charlottesville: Rookwood Press, 1996.

Review: B. Rubidge in CompD 31.3 (1997), 464–466: "Examining most of Corneille's comedies, two plays by Scarron, one by Thomas Corneille, and several of Molière's comedies, H. studies how they serve both to represent the reality of contemporary life and to suggest improvements in the social body. H.'s main subject is how the theater, which she views as a 'political instrument' that may embody, even within a single play, the ideologies of separate groups, treats the problem of social organization and hierarchy.... H. argues... that money is not the only system of representation used as an indicator of one's proper status. Language, too, is a sign system revealing merit.... The argument is made that from the 1630s through the early 1670s money and language frequently appear as rival grounds for assigning rank. H. outlines an evolution in their opposition that corresponds to political and economic changes in seventeenth century France." H. also "examines how playwrights sought success by pleasing various segments of the audience, including patrons, through their representation either of the reality of seventeenth century French society or of the way that society might be improved." Sound historical documentation of arguments. However, "the argument about the plays' own project of justifying theater as an 'ideological tool' is less compelling."

HERMANN, JAN et PAUL PELCKMANS, éds. L'épreuve du lecteur. Livres et lectures dans le roman d'Ancien Régime. Actes du VIIIe colloque de la société d'analyse de la Topique romanesque. Louvain-Anvers (19–21 mai 1994). Louvain-Paris: Peeters, 1995.

Review: P. Hourcade in OeC 23.1 (1998), 138–39: Travaux portant sur le XVIIe siècle: A. Niderst sur les discours des moralistes à propos des dangers de la lecture des romans; M. Vernet sur Jean-Pierre Camus; M. Bareau sur Descartes et Cervantès; D. Maher sur La Précieuse; W. de Vos sur le Roman comique; D. Godwin sur les recueils de nouvelles encadrées, de 1657 à 1691; M. Teixeira Anacleto sur le Roman bourgeois; D. Kuizenga sur les Mémoires de la vie d'Henriette-Sylvie de Molière; G. Verdier sur Perrault et Mme d'Aulnoy; M. Weil sur les Illustres Françaises.

Review: W. de Vos in PFSCL 15 (1998), 321–333.

HOLM, BENT. "Picture and Counter Picture: An Attempt to Involve Context in the Interpretation of Théâtre Italien Iconography." ThR 22.3 (1997), 219–233.

Readings of Théâtre Italien iconography aimed at understanding the "probable, if not entirely provable reception" of representations of the King in his symbolic identity. Includes discussions of the night scenes showing the Cour des miracles (1653) in La Nuit, Grand Carrousel (1662), Bérénice, as well as studies of four engravings from Arlequin Protée (L. Biancolelli) and le Tombeau de Maistre André (Anne Maudit de Fatouville). Article traces the "increasingly indecent" references to the royal figure juxtaposed with the King's becoming progressively more devout. "Whereas the Ruler, Louis XIV, from mid century, had a symbolic identity (Apollo, le Roy Soleil, together with his opposite, the nocturnal King, or even his satirical image in Harlequin as court jester and mock hero), in the last decades of the century, the position of the King was shifting from a symbolic/mythological stance to a divine figure in his own right, where his only model is the Christian God. The symbolic and real identities have merged, there is no further need for negative counter pictures to be performed and the court jester loses his raison d'être and must, therefore, be sacrificed." Excellent illustrations.

IZENOUR, GEORGE C. Theater Technology. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.

Review: M. Carlson in TJ 49.4 (1997), 537–538: A republication of works from 1977 and 1988. "There is a vast amount of information in the discursive material in these volumes, which includes, among other things theatre history, aesthetics, philosophy, autobiography, analysis, and technical explanation, but perhaps most stunning are the magnificent illustrations... The non technical reader probably will find Theater Design the most generally useful... especially in its lavishly illustrated second and third chapters, which provide a historical and graphical development of theatre design from 300 B.C. to 1977.... More technical but equally informative [is] a chapter tracing different seating systems and auditorium arrangements through history .... Theater Technology['s] ... first three chapters, tracing the technology from seventeenth century Italy to the present, provide an excellent supplement to the two graphic history chapters in Theater Design."

IZENOUR, GEORGE C. Theater Design. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.

Reviewed together with I's book, see above, Theatre Technology (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997).

JAOUEN, FRANÇOISE. De l'art de plaire en petits morceaux. Pascal, La Rochefoucauld, La Bruyère. Saint-Denis: Presses Universitaires de Vincennes, 1996.

Review: J.-P. Dens in PFSCL 15 (1998), 323–324.

JARRETY, MICHEL, éd. La poésie française du Moyen Age jusqu'à nos jours. Paris: PUF, 1997.

Review: BCLF 598–99 (1997), 1457: ". . . il s'agit d'un manuel pour étudiants du premier cycle supposés connaître assez peu les grandes oeuvres poétiques." On y trouve "des pages éclairantes sur les notions de baroque et de maniérisme . . . . Les chapitres sur la période classique, dus à Alain Génetiot, sont très riches et très denses, mais l'auteur tombe dans un travers bien usuel en ne consacrant ni page ni même alinéa au poète Maynard qui eut pourtant son importance."

JENSEN, KATHARINE ANN. Writing Love: Letters, Women, and the Novel in France, 1605–1776. Carbondale/Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1995.

Review: J. H. Stewart in FrF 22 (1997), 110–11: J's original study, driven by her thesis about a certain masochistic ideal of feminine epistolarity, receives much praise despite its neglect "to engage pertinent recent publications on women and the novel." J. treats Marie-Catherine Desjardins de Villedieu, Anne Ferrand, Françoise de Graffigny, Marie-Jeanne Riccoboni and Julie de Lespinase. S. finds the chapter on Graffigny "most compelling;" J. "succeeds here in making her own cogent case for the stature of Graffigny's novel."

JOUANNY, SYLVIE, dir. Théâtre européen, scènes françaises: culture nationale, dialogue des cultures. Actes du Colloque international organisé par le Groupe de Recherche Théâtrale de l'Université de Paris XII-Val de Marne les 6 et 7 novembre 1992. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1995.

Review: M. Lazzarini-Dossin in LR 51 (1997), 144–48: Although any unity of the volume is difficult to discern, reviewer appreciates its "intéressant panorama du théâtre contemporain." 17th c. specialists will benefit from analyses such as that of Molière on the German stage as well as from its "mine précieuse d'information, à la fois techniques, chronologiques, historiques et esthétiques."

KELLER, EDWIGE. "Mort et mimesis: le corps à l'épreuve de la description dans le roman classique." Tra Lit 10 (1997), 149–61.

Consultation of dictionaries and treatises complement this close analysis of the dying body in the 17th c. novel. Constrained by the bienséances, the novelists nevertheless attain "une force expressive maximale avec une très grande économie de moyens." References to La Calprenède, La Fayette, Villedieu, and Bernard.

KINTZLER, CATHERINE. Poétique de l'opéra français de Corneille à Rousseau. Paris: Minèrve, 1991.

Review article: Buford Norman in EMF 4 (1998), 215–220: Favorable review in which N. states that K.'s book demonstrates that the operas of Lully and Rameau "give us insights into seventeenth-century theater that we can never have if we limit our experience to tragedy, comedy, and tragi-comedy." K.'s theoretical base is Aristotelian, and the book contains "an excellent discussion of mimesis," as well as an interesting examination of "the reintegration of lyric poetry by seventeenth-century thinkers." Of note also are the work's exploration of "the relation between truth and fiction, and the ethical nature of theater," which include Bossuet's and Nicole's arguments "against the theater," and "its defense by Corneille along Cartesian principles."

KIRSOP, WALLACE AND JOAN LINDBLAD, eds. Seventeenth-Century Studies in Honour of H. Gaston Hall. AJFS 33.3 (1996).

Review: M.-C. Canova-Green in PFSCL 15 (1998), 324–326.

KLEINAU, ELKE and CLAUDIA, eds. Geschichte der Mädchen und Frauenbildung. Vol 1: Vom Mittelalter bis zur Aufklärung. Frankfurt am Main/New York: Campus, 1996.

Review: N. Hammerstein in HZ 264 (1997), 415–16: Despite some reservations, H. has much praise for this generally well done study, the first of two volumes which will fill an important lacuna in Medieval and Early Modern Studies on portraits of women and girls.

LAFOND, JEAN. L'homme et son image. Morales et littérature de Montaigne à Mandeville. Paris: Champion, 1996.

Review: F. Lagarde in PFSCL 15 (1998), 326–328: 30 studies, 29 of which were previously published on the general topic of spirituality and worldliness: Descartes, Balzac, La Rochefoucauld, Méré, Saint-Evremond. Reviewer finds this to be an "indispensable ouvrage de référence."

Review: Roger Zuber in RHL 98.1, 144–46: Volume brings together thirty articles published between 1970 and 1995, including a previously unpublished article on La Rochefoucauld entitled, "Mme de Sablé, La Rochefoucauld, et Jacques Esprit: un fonds commun, trois oeuvres." Many of the articles center on La Rochefoucauld, while others deal with "l'écriture discontinue propre au discours moral depuis Montaigne." Balzac and Descartes are included, and become part of the argument on Augustinism, Epicureanism, and neo-Stoicism. Z. welcomes the volume, stating, "Remercions Jean Lafond d'avoir pris la peine de réunir cette vigoureuse réédition. Elle rendra incontestablement de grands services."

LAGARDE, FRANÇOIS. La persuasion et ses effets. Essai sur la réception en France au dix septième siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 91 (1995).

Review: Wolfgang Matzat in ZFSL 108.2 (1998), 187–89: Highly laudatory review that outlines the model of "mimésis intérieure" that functions here to set the effects of theatrical performance, and Pascal, with a view to developing a "persuasion essentielle."

Review: P.-J. Salazar in PFSCL 15 (1998), 328–329: Reviewer finds this to be a very important study. Lagarde, presenting a dual thesis ("'la littérature a des effets', elle est 'puissance'; 'l'homme est un sujet mimétique' pour qui . . . il convient 'd'entendre en soi ce que l'autre dit'."), "conclut sur un constat d'échec de la persuasion au 17e siècle ou, plus exactement, sur la hiérarchie des effets dans la culture classique. Concluding chapter deals with Descartes and Pascal.

LANGER. ULLRICH. Perfect Friendships: Studies in Literature and Moral Philosophy from Boccaccio to Corneille. Geneva: Droz, 1994.

Review: S. Murphy in RenQ 50 (1997), 924–26: Organized in three sections, "Theoretical Challenges of Friendships," "Friendship in Literary Worlds," and "Friendship and the Political Life," L.'s erudite and rich volume emphasizes "friendship as interiority and as the locus of ethical dilemmas." 17th c. scholars will appreciate the examination of female disappointment and masculine discourse on friendship chez Mme de LaFayette as well as that of friendship in the absolutist state (Cinna and Rodogune).

LAVOCAT, FRANÇOISE. Arcadies malheureuses. Aux origines du roman moderne. Paris: Champion, 1998.

Review: BCLF 600 (1998), 1697–98: L. "nous présente une étude probe, minitieuse, bien informée, souvent éclairante sur la naissance et la disparition du sous-genre du roman pastoral en Europe entre le milieu du XVIe siècle et la fin du premier tiers du XVIIe siècle. Ce qui rend son travail particulièrement attachant est l'hypothèse parfaitement étayée et exploitée selon laquelle les contradictions du roman pastoral ayant amené le sous-genre à sa perte seraient finalement à l'origine des formes modernes du genre romanesque."

LEEMING, DAVID ADAMS, ed. Storytelling Encyclopedia: Historical, Cultural, and Multiethnic Approaches to Oral Traditions Around the World. Phoenix: Oryx, 1997.

Review: A. K. Wilson in Choice 35.7 (1998): "L.'s [book] successfully combines in one volume information on classic stories, well-known storytellers, important scholars in the field, recurrent themes and motifs, and significant characters. The text represents as well the oral traditions of many cultures and geographic areas and provides historical context for the entries. The book contains a small section of articles on various aspects of storytelling and a second, much larger section of more than 700 encylopedic entries arranged alphabetically. A brief bibliography at the end of each entry guides readers to more complete sources. A complete bibliography of the main sources used by the contributors is included at the end of the volume. Entries are cross-referenced."

LESTRINGANT, FRANK. Cannibals: The Discovery and Representation of the Cannibal from Columbus to Jules Verne. Trans.Rosemary Morris. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1997.

Review: Choice 35.4 (1997), 643: "L. provides a careful survey of firsthand accounts and commentaries of cannibalism during the Renaissance." Authors studied range from Montaigne to Géricault. "The author analyzes cannibalism as a symbolic eating of body parts for secular purposes or for revenge, and as allegorization in rituals such as baptism and the Eucharist."

Review: Claude Rawson in TLS 4935 (31 Oct. 1997), 3–4: Although most of this book, translated from Le Cannibale: grandeur et décadence (1994) concerns the Renaissance and Montaigne and his famous essay, attitudes important for 17th century discussions are outlined, especially for Cardano. Some 17th-century travelers are cited.

LEVER, MAURICE. Romanciers du grand siècle. Paris: Fayard, 1997.

Review: Maya Slater in TLS 4908 (25 April 2997), 13: Provides an excellent synthesis from D'Urfé on (some 350 works). While scholarly, it is an enjoyable read, providing plot synopses and adequate individual biographies, while bringing out the patterns of evolution of this "woefully neglected genre." Reviewer does not comment on the relation of this work to Lever's earlier history.

LOCKWOOD, RICHARD. The Reader's Figure: Epideictic Rhetoric in Plato, Aristotle, Bossuet, Racine, and Pascal. Geneva: Droz, 1996.

MCMAHON, ELISE N. Classics Incorporated: Cultural Materialism and Seventeenth-Century French Literature. Birmingham: Summa, 1998.

Seeing literature as a cultural practice and drawing upon such sources as cookbooks, medical treatises, dance manuals, etc., M. offers innovative readings of works by Corneille, Molière, Racine and La Fontaine.

MENAGER, DANIEL. La Renaissance et le rire. Paris: PUF, 1995.

Review: Jerry Nash in FR 71.2 (1997), 286–87: Organized around Petrarch, Rabelais, Shakespeare, and begins with the theories of humanist physicians and their claims for the affects of laughter. Shakespeare best exemplifies their theory of "le propre de l'homme:" "[T]he most interesting discussion is in the last chapter's discussion of "le sourire" as an "art bien supérieur au rire."

MENKE, ANNE. "The Widow Who Would be Queen: The Subversion of Patriarchal Monarchy in Rodogune and Andromaque." CdDS 7.1 (Spring 1997) 205–14.

Article deals with "the advent of the Absolutist monarchy and of the modern family, through an analysis of the representation of the royal widow in plays by Corneille and Racine." For M., the widow becomes "the site of resistance to the political and sexual economies that subtend these early modern institutions." Rodogune and Cleopatre in Corneille's play represent "two power hungry women [pitted] against one another," while Racine's work presents "the very model of femininity as it is constructed in seventeenth-century France." These differences influence the outcomes of each play in that Corneille "took great pains to ensure our horrified response to Cleopatre's will to power," whereas Racine "offer[s], apparently without shocking la bienséance, a positive portrayal of a Queen Regent."

MOREL, JACQUES. Histoire de la littérature française. T. III: De Montaigne à Corneille. 1572–1660. Paris: Flammarion, 1997.

Review: BCLF 598–99 (1998), 1458–59: Réédition (1986, Arthaud) précédée "d'un avant-propos qui fait le point sur la 'problématique de l'époque baroque'; la table des matières analytique trace un panorama et permet d'orienter une recherche intelligente. Une chronologie et une bibliographie complètent cet utile ouvrage . . . ."

MURATORE, MARY JO. Mimesis and Metatextuality in the French Neo-Classical Text: Reflexive Readings of La Fontaine, Molière, Racine, Guilleragues, Madame de La Fayette, Scarron, Cyrano de Bergerac, and Perrault. Geneva: Droz, 1994.

Review: Suzanne Toczyski in CdDS 7.1 (Spring 1997) 259–61: Generally favorable evaluation where the reviewer applauds M. for dealing with the difficult issue of imitation in seventeenth-century literature by looking at both conventional and "less conventional" texts. Reviewer claims that while the binary nature of the "battle...between mimetic and anti-mimetic models of literary representation is perhaps exaggerated," she nonetheless welcomes the book as "put[ting] an interesting spin on our understanding of the classical aesthetic and its limitations."

NICOLETTI, GIANNI. Le forme e il senso. Fasano: Schena, 1994.

Review: Rémi Lanzoni in FR 71.2 (1997), 282: Collection of essays by an influential theatre critic and historian includes one on the Italian background of Molière's plays and on "Beltrame."

NORMAN, BUFORD, ed. French Literature in/and the City. Amsterdam: Rodolpi, 1997.

Review: James McNab in FR 71.6 (1998), 1054–55: General praise for the collection of essays and singles out Russell Ganim's "tightly argued scholarly analysis of La Ceppède's Théorèmes and William Goode's "masterly reading" of Molière, "Molière au bureau des merveilles: Moliere's Paris." Both entries are listed separately in this issue of French 17.

PARENTE, JAMES A. JR. "Tragoedia Politica: Strasbourg School Drama and the Early Modern State, 1583–1621." ColG 29 (1996), 1–11.

Persuasive argument for the reevaluation of "our conception of late humanism in the [Holy Roman] Empire, and the place of Strasbourg school theater in early modern intellectual and literary history." Focus is on German theater but 17th c. French specialists will note P.'s remarks about the Strasbourg humanists bringing ancient Greek tragedy and comedy in the original Greek to the school stage" and about the contribution these theaters made "to the education of such grand vernacular writers as . . . Pierre Corneille." Notes are a rich source of reference.

PARKER, PHILIPPE. "Définir la passion: corrélation et dynamique." SCFS 18 (1996), 49–59.

Suggestive analysis of the composition and dynamics in themselves rather than the ethical/moral contexts of the passions (distinguished from but correlated with the humors) seen through the treaties of Coëffeteau, Cureau de La Chambre, Senault, and Descartes. Interesting diagrammatic representations of relationships.

PAVEL, THOMAS. L'art de l'éloignement. Essai sur l'imagination classique. Paris: Gallimard, 1996.

Review: J. Pedersen in RevR 33.1 (1998), 133–37: "Pour Pavel, les mondes décrits par les auteurs de l'âge classique s'éloignaient considérablement de la réalité vécue à l'époque. Ceci par choix délibéré des écrivains. Rejetant l'idée d'une 'cohérence culturelle' pour le classicisme, Pavel voit trois manières différentes d'imaginer la présence du moi: le recueillement chrétien, la maîtrise du moi selon le modèle romain, et, finalement, l'alliance romanesque entre le moi et la Providence. Il s'agit donc d'une approche thématique, où seront abordés, à tour de rôle, l'imaginaire religieux, politique et privé."

• See French 17 (1997).

PETRUCCI, ARMANDO. Writing the Dead: Death and Writing Strategies in the Western Tradition. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998.

Review: n.a. in VQR 74.4 (1998), 122: "This richly learned account traces the development of memorial writing in the West, by focusing on those genres of inscription that commemorate the dead. P. is a world-renowned paleographer who brings to his examination of 'written death' the intimacy with script that has characterized his previous scholarship. ... [He] examines tomb-writings, funeral remains and markings, scrolls, manuscripts, and printed books in order to reconstruct carefully the motivations and technologies employed across the ages to represent the dead."

QUEMADA, BERNARD, éd. Les préfaces du Dictionnaire de L'Académie française, 1694–1992. Paris: Champion, 1997.

Review: BCLF 597 (1998), 1182–83: Q. "fait le point sur le Dictionnaire de L'Académie française, ses origines, son destin, et sur le dessein général du présent ouvrage . . . . Le plus gros de l'ouvrage est . . . consacré à l'édition des dites fameuses préfaces. Chacune des neufs sections—prise en charge par un responsable particulier—se compose d'une présentation historique et générale qui met le texte en perspective idéologique et socioculturelle; puis interviennent les textes de l'Académie: préface proprement dite, éventuellement ceinte d'une dédicace, d'un envoi, d'une adresse et, en postlude, du récit des circonstances annexes de la publication. Un appareil de notes, fort précis, ajoute à chaque texte présenté un nombre appréciable de références et de précisions complémentaires, notamment en ce qui concerne les conditions de réception des diverses éditions du dictionnaire académique."

REISS, TIMOTHY. "Utopie versus état de pouvoir, ou prétexte du discours politique de la modernité: Hobbes, lecteur de La Boétie?" EMF 4 (1998) 31–83.

Author claims that while little to no evidence exists to suggest a direct link between Hobbes and La Boétie, the discursive climate of La Boétie's sixteenth century formed the basis of Hobbesian thought. R. states: "L'atmosphere intellectuelle que respirait Hobbes fut créée par ce seizième siècle, elle permettait certaines questions théoriques et pas d'autres, et un certain style de questions. En un sens précis, elle produit la pensée de l'état libéral." La Boétie shapes his political thought within the framework of utopic and dystopic universes. It is this format that influences Hobbes's theories of the modern state.

RICOEUR, PAUL. "La marque du passé." RMM (1998), 7–31.

Argues that the plural memory retained by a number of individuals, upon which historical knowledge depends, cannot simply be derived from the traditional perception of the conservation of the past by memory, but needs witnesses and their confrontation, which produces trustworthiness. Part II analyzes the temporality of the remembered past, questioning the synthesis of three modes of time (past, present, future).

RIZZA, CECILIA. Libertinage et littérature. Paris/Rome: Schena/Nizet, 1996.

Review: L. Godard de Donville in PFSCL 15 (1998), 334–335: The republication of a collection of studies that "renouvelle[nt] la réflexion sur l'ensemble du phénomène." Includes studies of Théophile de Viau, Saint-Amant and Cyrano de Bergerac.

RONZEAUD, PIERRE, ed. L'irrationnel au XVIIe siècle. Paris: Klincksieck, 1995.

Review: W. de Vos in PFSCL 15 (1998), 335–336: A valuable group of studies arguing in favor of the obverse face of the Grand Siècle.

RUBIN, DAVID LEE. "Fable: Tentative Profiles." Hypotheses: Neo-Aristotelian Analysis 23 (Fall, 1997), 10–13.

Applies Walter Watson's version of Richard McKeon's critical pluralism to the analysis and interpretation of La Fontaine's Fables as well as selected Greco-Latin and Indic sources.

RUSSELL, DANIEL S. Emblematic Structures in Renaissance French Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995.

Review: F.T. Bright in RenQ 50 (1997), 1248–49: Though R.'s admirable volume focuses on the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, 17th c. theoreticians find their way into discussions, such as the one on allegory and metaphor in chapter two. A final section "explores implications of the emblem for the analysis of other cultural phenomena ...'applied emblematics'." Rich and highly useful with fine bibliography and notes.

Review: A.L. Gordon in FrF 22 (1997), 107–08: Praised for its beauty as well as its erudition, R.'s work situates Renaissance France's emblems in both historical and cultural context. While focusing on the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, 17th c. scholars will benefit from this stimulating and masterful study which examines a pervasive feature of "a mentality which marks the transition from late medieval allegory to Romantic metaphor."

SALAZAR, PHILIPPE-JOSEPH. "Temps, peinture et champ historique chez Roger de Piles." CdDS 7.1 (Spring 1997) 121–31.

S. applies Roger de Piles's theories of representation to tackle the issue of how "la littérature peut prendre en charge une doctrine ou une pratique de la peinture," especially in the novel. For Piles, notions of representation become indissociable from the representation of time. Concepts of duration, as they relate to the depiction of words and images, inform Piles's ideas about rhetoric and invention, which he categorizes as either 1) historic, 2) allegorical, or 3) mystical. It is this historical aspect which seems most prevalent in the seventeenth century, since painting, or "la pratique picturale entre ainsi dans le champ de la valeur culturelle, et, partant, se donne telle une représentation de son présent, de son temps, de son moment." With respect to Lafayette's novel, S. discusses the princess's contemplation of Nemours's portrait within the context of Piles's criticism.

SALAZAR, PHILIPPE-JOSEPH. Le culte de la voix au XVIIe siècle. Formes esthétiques de la parole à l'âge de l'imprimé. Paris: Champion, 1966.

Review: Peter France in TLS 4893 (10 Jan. 1997), 23: "Offers a remarkable window onto the vanished world" of orality. Dense resurrection of an ancient culture of the voice subsisting through the first half of the century (before the scientific print culture assimilates voice to accoustics) "lovingly rich" in detail and sometmes in nostalgic escapes as voice becomes the voice of power in the theories of monarchy.

SAYRE, GORDON M. Les sauvages américains: Representations of Native Americans in French and English Colonial Literature. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.

Review: B. Hans in Choice 35.7 (1998), 1194–1195: "S. examines an impressive range of French and English Colonial writings — travel accounts and ethnographies — in which explorers and travelers negotiate their relationship with Native peoples and their own place in the new landscape... [C]areful textual analysis and comparison of the materials provides a number of interesting insights into Native life during the Colonial period and into the complex relationship of Europeans and Native peoples. Sayre employs contemporary critical theories to discuss diverse subjects, for instance, body tattooing as a form of writing, captivity narratives as a record of cultural negotiation, rhetoric employed in Colonial discourse, etc... [S.] quotes extensively from English and French primary sources."

SCHLUMBOHM, CHRISTA. "Devisenkunst im Dienste Öffentlicher Anklage: Dekor und Dekorum bei Gouffier, Bussy Rabutin und Mlle de Scudéry." RJ 46 (1995; pub. 1997), 99–121.

Thorough and suggestive illumination on the transformation of heroic devises used decoratively by the aristocrats, Gouffier and Bussy, then in the imaginary space of Scudéry's Ibrahim (1641).

SCOLNICOV, HANNA. Woman's Theatrical Space. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Review: R. E. Evitt in CompD 31.4 (1997/8), 601–604: S. "explores the social and cultural implications of the traditional structural division of theatrical space into the interior and exterior of the house... and suggests that we examine ... how 'gender roles are spatially defined in relation to the inside and outside of the house'. She suggests that theatrical space in Western Tradition from its inception provides 'a gender charged environment,' naturally fitted for acting out the drama of man and woman." "The progressive encasement of woman mapped out in chapters 4 and 5 culminates, S. argues in chapter 6, in Molière's transformation of the interior of the house formerly 'woman's stronghold' into a 'female prison'. Here she describes how dramatic representations of the heroine's involuntary incarceration revolve around two forms of male control implicit in the 'useless precaution' scenario: either 'premarital subjection of the girl to the father' or marital 'tyranny of the husband', both motivated by male characters' fear of cuckoldry. M.'s work proves a pivotal point in dramatic representations of the dynamics between interior and exterior space.... The remaining chapters are devoted to exploring Molière's move indoors, specifically the alienation woman experiences within the house."

SEIFERT, LEWIS C. Fairy Tales, Sexuality, and Gender in France, 1690–1715: Nostalgic Utopias. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Review: M. R. Pukkila in Choice 35.1 (1997), 134: "At the end of Louis XIV's reign, the bourgeois of the salons, the majority of whom were women, had published 114 contes de fées, or literary fairy tales. These tales gave women access to public and literary space as the state and church began more actively to confine them to the family sphere even as the tales gave the mondain culture a place to demonstrate its own morality, distinct from its moralist critics but rooted in the salon and indigenous folk cultures of France. By using the marvelous (fairies, magic, etc.), the contes could depict a variety of sexualities and gender expressions, thus challenging their supposed 'naturalness,' a naturalness that society was beginning to regulate and codify. By emphasizing the 'norm' of the 'natural,' the marvelous in the tales made the body the purveyor of social meaning, even as it revealed the possibility of multiple meanings, the ways in which sex, gender, and the body are all socially constructed, and the ways that society fails to control completely all its own constructions. These are the conclusions S. draws from his own study of the tales, supported by the writings of Flahault, Raymonde Robert, Judith Butler, Karen E. Row, Bettelheim, and Marina Warner."

SENIOR, MATTHEW. In the Grip of Minos: Confessional Discourse in Dante, Corneille, and Racine. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 1994.

Review: Nancy McElween in FR 71.4 (1998), 657–58: Considers the history of confessional discourse from the watershed Lateran Council of 1215 and Dante's structural echo of it through the figure of his judge, Minos, then through the 17th century, where the development of new confessional practices is contemporary with playhouse refittings and new discursive forms. Considers Corneille's heroes, from Médée through Polyeucte in their unity as spoken selves. Analyses of Britannicus, Bajazet, Iphigénie, and Phèdre demmonstrate that Racine's tragic inner truth is achieved by the tragic hero's obligation to confess. Well researched and well written.

• See French 17 (1995).

SERROY, JEAN. "Des histoires comiques au roman comique." CdDS 7.1 (Spring 1997) 169–77.

S. discusses the marginalized position of the "histoire comique" within the definition of the seventeenth-century novel. It is thanks to this marginalization that novelists of this genre experimented with various forms, with "liberté" being "la première règle." Freedom, in turn, becomes the essence of the novelistic genre. The article then discusses Sorel's theoretical work, La Bibliothèque françoise, and summarizes Sorel's argument that comic novels should be accorded a literary status commensurate with other forms of fiction such as fables, allegories, and heroic novels. S. points out that often, as is the case of Du Souhait's Histoires comiques, the work dealt with the one-dimensional exploits of a single character. The "roman," however, evokes a plurality with respect to the real and the writer's view of the world. Quoting Henri Coulet, S. sees the novel as bringing about "une unité du comique et du sentimental, du banal et de l'exceptionel, unité d'une vision du monde que le roman doit recréer."

STENZEL, HARTMUT. Die französische 'Klassik'. Literarische Modernisierung und abolutistischer Staat. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1995.

Review: J. Pedersen in RevR 33.1 (1998), 133–37: Partant "d'un examen extrêmement précis du concept de 'classicisme,' dès son essor dans l'histoire littéraire naissante au XIXe siècle, ... S. "démontre comment le 'discours' littéraire se dépolitise en raison, précisément, de la politique absolutiste de Louis XIV. Stenzel voit là ce qu'il appellera par la suite la modernisation de la littérature." En conclusion, l'auteur "nous convainc . . . que l'autonomie littéraire, but vivement recherché par les 'modernes' du début du XVIIe, n'était possible que dans un rapport étroit avec l'acceptation d'un idéal esthétique relevant du classicisme."

Review: W. Matzat in Archiv 234 (1997), 455–57: Valuable literary historical perspectives by one of the most knowledgeable Germanic critics of 17th c. French literature. Praiseworthy as a reflection on genesis of "classicism" and the concept itself, rather than as a consideration of representative authors as the title might suggest. Less an analysis of individual literary works than a situating of their authors within political and cultural contexts.

• See French 17 (1996).

STONE, HARRIET. The Classical Model: Literature and Knowledge in Seventeenth-Century France. Ithaca, NY/London: Cornell University Press, 1996.

Review: H. Phillips in MLR 93 (1998), 220–21: S. "argues that classical literature, in the same way as science, speaks to us about knowledge and demonstrates a 'hunger for pattern' where, however, there is always an excess that transcends the codifying system at work and eludes the model designed to frame it in representation." Reviewer finds that "the model she proposes of history, science, and religion in the seventeenth century is in many ways defective."

• See French 17 (1997).

STROUP, ALICE. "French Utopian Thought: The Culture of Criticism." EMF 4 (1998) 1–30.

Article examines the work of French "practitioners" of utopian literature, including Garnier, Sorel, Gabriel de Foigny, and Denis Veiras. Among the issues explored are the reasons why France "produc[ed] more authors and editions of utopian literature than any other country" in the early eighteenth century, and how the "Frenchness" of utopian literature comes into play "given the diaspora of persons and ideas that characterize early modern European literature and philosophy." From a political standpoint, S. speaks also of the community of utopian writers in Europe at the time, calling utopian discourse, "a critical and subversive pattern of thought" that "became a vehicle for dissent."

SUOZZO, ANDREW. "Le parasite Mormon or the 'Heretical Novel'." CdDS 7.1 (Spring 1997) 161–68.

S. begins article by stating that Le Parasite, while attributed to La Mothe le Vayer, "is the creation of multiple authors, including Sorel and Scarron." The value of the work lies in its ability to "attack traditional writing across several genres while simultaneously weaving tales which illustrate nearly the whole gamut of styles typical of the histoires comiques." S. calls the work "heretical" in that 1) it "repudiates conventions of seventeenth-century writing [by] placing itself beyond received truths about style and subject matter," and 2) the charges against Mormon include sodomy and atheism, with the former charge considered "héresie en amour."

VAN DELFT, LOUIS. Littérature et anthropologie. Nature humaine et caractère à l'âge classique. Paris: PUF, 1993.

Review: P. Hourcade in PFSCL 15 (1998), 339–341: Previously published studies of the "moralistes" that link the genre with disciplines other than literature and cultures other than French.

Review: Margot Kruse in RJ 47 (1996), 242–44: Thorough description of contents, place of research in author's earlier work on the moralistes, and enthusiastic approval of the syntheses and the new borders given in this study.

• See French 17 (1996).

WATSON, WALTER. "Fables: Stories That Are Arguments." Hypotheses: Neo-Aristotelian Analysis, 24 (Winter, 1998), 15–20.

Response to and rhetorical elaboration of Rubin, "Fable: Tentative Profiles." (Neo-Aristotelian Analysis, 23, see above).

WILSON, KATHARINE M., PAUL SCHLUETER and JUNE SCHLUETER, eds. Women Writers of Great Britain and Europe: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 1997.

Review: M. H. Loe in Choice 35.2 (1997), 274: "The authors survey some 445 women writers of Great Britain and Europe, from Sappho to contemporaries.... About one third of the subjects are British, ... but the European authors are less known and less accessible to US readers. Genres range from poetry and novels to journalism, letters, and works of mysticism. The essays are uniformly well written and are packed with useful information, giving appropriate attention to gender issues and balance." All entries have appeared in other works by these editors.

WINN, COLETTE H., ed. The Dialogue in Early Modern France, 1547–1630: Art and Argument. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 1993.

Review: T. Hampton in RenQ 50 (1997), 295–97: Judged both useful and authoritative, W.'s collection contains two sections, on theory and practice. Reviewer finds all the essays interesting, singling out quite a few which are especially helpful as the modern reader/scholar investigates language and communication.

WOLFZETTEL, FRIEDRICH. Le discours du voyageur. Pour une histoire littéraire du récit de voyage, du Moyen-Age au XVIIIe siècle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1996.

Review: S. Requemora in PFSCL 15 (1998), 341–343: Reviewer calls this "une excellente synthèse de l'évolution littéraire du genre et du discours du récit de voyage."

ZACZEK, BARBARA MARIA. Censored Sentiments: Letters and Censorship in Epistolary Novels and Conduct Material. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1997.

Review: K. P. Mulcahy in Choice 35.5 (1998), 824: Z. "examines epistolary fictions ranging in time from Lettres portugaises (1669) to Dacia Maraini's Lettere a Marina (1981), including works in French, Italian, and especially English. She reads these novels in light of conduct books, notions of literary decorum, and Foucault's concept of disciplinary practice. Literary theories during the time of the flowering of the epistolary novel claimed a strict dichotomy between men and women. Women could only write from the heart, without art or rationality. Thus, familiar letters were a genre allowing women spontaneous sentiment while confining them to the private sphere. Even as women's letters were praised (and simultaneously dismissed) for the untrammeled flow of feeling, conduct books cautioned women to guard against the encroachment of seducers who threatened the stability of the bourgeois family. Z. traces the evolution from early celebrations of feeling to Clarissa... and she reveals how the 'censor' moves from without to within the text, as women writers submit to a rigid new set of conventions."

ZAISER, RAINER. Die Epiphanie in der französischen Literatur. Zur Entmystifizierung eines religiösen Erlebnismusters. Tübingen: Narr, 1995.

Review: J. Marmier in OeC 22.2 (1997), 231–34: "R. Zaiser, pour nous convaincre de l'efficacité hermeneutique du concept [de l'épiphanie], le met à l'épreuve sur une série d'exemples empruntés à des créateurs de premier plan . . . . Le Memorial de Pascal, premier exemple français abordé, enregistre l'exceptionnelle expérience du 'Dieu sensible au coeur' survenue le 23 novembre 1654. Il satisfait parfaitement aux critères d'une épiphanie dont la transcendance est d'ordre religieux. R. Zaiser l'analyse ligne à ligne, après l'avoir situé dans la biographie de Pascal."

ZUBER, ROGER. Les émerveillements de la raison. Classicisme littéraires du XVIIe siècle français. Paris: Klincksieck, 1997.

Review: J. Marmier in PFSCL 15 (1998), 346–348: A festschrift of Zuber's writings published in his honor and arranged chronologically in three sections: the period of Henri IV, the 1650s and the end of the century.

• See Part IV: Biondi, C.

ARNAULD, ANGELIQUE

GASTELLIER, FABIAN. Angélique Arnauld. Paris: Fayard, 1998.

Review: L. Theis in Le Point 1338 (1998), 91: "A travers la biographie de cette personnalité, F.G. retrace les grandeurs et les misères du double établissement campagnard et parisien [de Port Royal] dont l'histoire est liées à celle du règne de Louis XIV."

ARNAULD, ANTOINE

KREMER, ELMAR J., ed. Interpreting Arnauld. Toronto/Buffalo/London: University of Toronto Press, 1996.

Review: H. Phillips in MLR 93 (1998), 507–08: Useful collection of essays explores the relationship of Arnauld's work to that of Descartes and Thomas Aquinas. "While many of the discussions here are highly technical for the non-philosopher, they none the less persuade us of the degree to which there are simply no shortcuts to an adequate account of intellectual debate in seventeenth-century France."

• See French 17 (1997).

KREMER, ELMAR J., ed. The Great Arnauld and Some of His Philosophical Correspondents. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994.

Review: D. Scott in PhQ 49 (1998), 261–263: "This is a collection of essays subdivided into four sections which deal with, respectively, Arnauld's contribution to logic and the scientific method, Arnauld's relation to Malebranche on the subject of ideas, the Arnauld Leibnitz correspondence and Arnauld's views on grace and free will." Articles include Jill Vance Buroker's "Judgement and Predication in the Port Royal Logic," Fred Wilson's "The Rationalist Response to Aristotle in Descartes and Arnauld," a study of scientific methodology, Monte Cook's "Malebranche and Arnauld: The Argument for Ideas," Elmar Kremer's "Arnauld's Philosophical Notion of an Idea," Steven Nadler's "Malebranche's Theory of Perception," Norman J. Wells' "Objective Reality of Ideas in Arnauld, Descartes, and Suárez," Richard Watson's "Arnauld, Malebranche, and the Ontology of Ideas," Graeme Hunter's "The Phantom of Jansenism in the Arnauld Leibnitz Correspondence," Jean Claude Periente's "The Problem of Pain: A Misunderstanding Between Arnauld and Leibnitz," and Elmar Kremer's "Grace and Free Will in Arnauld."

• See also Part II: Force, Pierre
• Part III: Yolton, John W.

AUVRAY

DEBAISIEUX, MARTINE. "La Pourmenade de l'Ame dévote de Jean Auvray: du 'Triomphe de la Croix' au triomphe de l'écrivain." Tra Lit 10 (1997), 119–33.

Focuses on the presence of author as he affirms his identity and yet remains sufficiently humble in order to point his reader to Christ. D. discovers three principal stages (from "analogie" to "différence") in the author's progressive presence in the text and concludes, "sous le couvert de la tradition, le recueil de Jean Auvray ne retracerait-il pas en fin de compte le trajet de l'auteur du mont Calvaire au mont Parnasse?"

BALZAC

ZUBER, ROGER, ed. Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac, Oeuvres diverses (1644). Paris: Champion, 1995.

Review: B. Bray in PFSCL 15 (1998), 343–345: Termed a "remarquable publication."

• See also Part I: Pauphilet, Albert
• Part IV: Biondi, C.
• Lafond, Jean

BARRE, NICOLAS

• See Part III: Dupuy, Michel

BAYLE

• See Part III: Gros, Gerard
• Labrousse, Elisabeth
• Magdelaine, Michelle
• Schobinger, J.-P.
• Solé, Jacques

BENSERADE

• See Part IV: Génetiot, Alain

BERNARD, CATHERINE

EKSTEIN, NINA. "Appropriation and Gender: The Case Study of Catherine Bernard and Bernard de Fontenelle." Eighteenth-Century Studies 30.1 (1996), 59–80.

Article deals with how various works of Catherine Bernard (especially her tragedy Brutus) came to be attributed to Bernard de Fontenelle. The scope is broadened to include discussion of how authorship may be ascertained as well as the position of women authors in various rewritings of literary history.

EKSTEIN, NINA. "A Woman's Tragedy: Catherine Bernard's Brutus." Rivista di letturatura moderne e comparate 48.2 (1995), 127–139.

A discussion of how Catherine Bernard inscribed a female voice within what appeared to be a traditionally male tragedy. Reflecting the double-voiced nature of the play (the male voice of dramatic tradition and female voice of Bernard) are numerous doubles on all levels, doubles which convey not duplication, but more often disproportion and difference. Bernard incorporates both the voice of the patriarchy and a critique of it, strong male values and their dissolution.

PIVA, FRANCO, ed. Catherine Bernard/Jacques Pradon: Le Commerce galant ou lettres tendres et galantes de la jeune Iris et Timandre. Fasano/Paris: Schena/Nizet, 1996.

Review: G. Berger in RF 109 (1997), 363–65: Admirable edition, reliable, accurate, with detailed introduction and notes. Edition is based on a copy of the original publication in comparison with other later ones and the 1696 one of Lyon.

Review: Roger Zuber in BSHPF 143 (1997), 293: Identified by Piva as the letters of an 18-year-old Bernard, exchanted with Jacques Pradon, this early example of the epistolary novel, à deux, in an annotated edition with glossary continues to enhance the stature as writer to which Piva has richly contributed.

BEROALDE DE VERVILLE

KENNY, NEIL, et al. Béroalde de Verville, 1556–1626. Paris: Presses de l'Ecole Normale Supériure, 1996.

Review: E. Rassart-Eeckhout in LR 51 (1997), 156–59: Twelve specialists confront B de V's "textes souvent denses" in this volume of Acts of the first colloque devoted to the author. Rich and stimulating anaylses treat epistemological preoccupations (Terence Cave), textual production (André Tournon), V.'s Sérodokimasie and an "esthétique du chaos" (Michel Renaud), as well as several other perspectives of the author's life and work.

MATHIEU-CASTELLANI, GISELE, éd. Pour une lecture du Moyen de parvenir de Béroalde de Verville. 2e éd., revue. Paris: Honoré Champion, 1997.

Review: BCLF 595 (avril 1998), 742–43: "Cette seconde édition [réed. 1984, Association des Publications de la faculté des lettres de Clermont-Ferrand] ne modifie pas la première; elle permet d'aborder avec des notions plus justes la lecture même du texte, toujours jubilatoire, mais un peu stupéfiant." Bibliographie, index des noms propres, notes bibliographiques.

• See also Part III: Maillard, Brigitte
• Part IV: Keller, Edwige

BERULLE

DUPUY, MICHEL, éd. Oeuvres complètes. Pierre de Bérulle. T. II: Courts Traités. Paris: Cerf, 1997.

Review: BCLF 596 (mai 1998), 1086: "Ce volume appartient à la série des Oeuvres complètes dont plusieurs tomes sont déjà parus. Il s'agit de la première édition critique des oeuvres de Pierre de Bérulle, fondateur de l'Oratoire en France. Ici sont rassemblées des oeuvres de jeunesse: le Bref Discours de l'abnégation intérieure, le Traité des énergumènes, trois discours de controverse: De la mission des pasteurs en l'Eglise, Du sacrifice de la messe célébré en l'Eglise chrétienne et De la Présence du corps de Jesus-Christ en la Sainte Eucharistie et, enfin, d'autres oeuvres de controverse."

• See French 17 (1997, 95).

FERRARI, ANNE. Figures de la contemplation. La "rhétorique divine" de Pierre de Bérulle. Paris: Cerf, 1997.

Review: BCLF 597 (1998), 1212–13: F. "a choisi de centrer sa recherche sur l'étude du style de Bérulle, et, par cette recherche, d'éclairer le rapport entre la spiritualité du cardinal et son style. Au départ de cette recherche, il y a une hypothèse qui, à la fois, la fonde et l'oriente: celle du lien nécessaire entre une spiritualité aussi exigeante que celle de Bérulle et la forme dans laquelle cette spiritualité s'exprime."

BOILEAU

CORUM, ROBERT T. Reading Boileau: An Integrative Study of the Early Satires. W. Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1997.

A careful reassessment of the first nine Satires which makes a convincing case for Boileau as a gifted poet and not just as a commentator for French classical doctrine.

BOSSUET

CREPU, MICHEL. Le tombeau de Bossuet. Paris: Grasset, 1997.

Review: J. P. Amette in Le Point 1312 (1997), 112: "Non seulement on se familiarise avec cette oeuvre abrupte et marmoréenne, mais une vie se dessine. Pas seulement le prédicateur et ses grands effets de manche mais aussi le polémiste qui se méfie comme de la peste des jansénistes .... Ce qui nous touche, dans ce livre, c'est que le tableau clair obscur s'allume. Il y a des taches, des couleurs flamades, des lueurs de rideaux, des profils ... Condé, Turenne, Pascal... Le livre, qui se veut un traité de réflexion littéraire, devient petit à petit une fête funèbre, un enterrement aux flameaux, une galerie murmurante de courtisans fantomatiques, devenus posthumes, dans leurs soucis religieux difficilement épuisables... [C'est] une construction de civilisation si étonnante de tensions et d'acharnement qu'on reste ébahi. La si bizarre familiarité de C. pour les hommes de ce temps ... demeure un spectacle surprenant.... Loin de nous faire entrer dans un musée, C. nous a rallumé les lustres du Grand Siècle."

Review: J.-C. Esslin in Esprit (novembre 1997), 214–15: "Lecture vivante et perspicace" de Bossuet. "Ce qui attire M. Crépu, semble-t-il, c'est une idée du théâtre social, le théâtre du monde sur lequel Bossuet se bat chaque jour de sa vie durant. Il réussit parfaitement à l'évoquer pour nous." Pour l'auteur, Bossuet joue le rôle "d'un médiateur indispensable entre 'le pôle des Ecritures et la scène historique'. Il permet d'estimer les moments où les fils de la tradition se rompent, où le nouveau ne peut plus entrer dans l'ancien, mais où s'impose la tâche de se saisir des questions abandonnées, de s'aventurer dans les 'friches' théologiques."

Review: F. de Martinoir in QL 724 (1997), 12–13: "Approche neuve des idees qui cerne l'oeuvre de Bossuet et peut aider à la situer ou à la comprendre." Centers upon "le mouvement des idées que [Bossuet] n'a pas voulu ou pas su mesurer. Ainsi, le Dehors que Crépu fait entrer dans son étude, c'est Spinoza, Descartes, Malebranche, Richard Simon, Pierre Bayle, qui vont modifier le champ d'études des connaissances et que Bossuet a voulu réduire, dans un combat perdu à l'avance... Aux Grands, Bossuet montre leur néant face à cette comédie [de la Cour] et l'on ne peut qu'admirer son courage." Also treats "la querelle du Quiétisme": "Pour la première fois ici, la signification ontologique de Bossuet est mise en rapport avec son écriture qui est avant tout écriture de l'Incarnation, la métaphore n'étant pas chez lui une sorte d'indication, mais en elle même un acte.... Pour Bossuet, ... lorsqu'on se trouve devant ce que l'on ne peut nommer, on doit constater et attendre, c'est alors 'l'épreuve de l'indicible', ...." C. "constate que l'héritage de Bossuet est sans doute un sens inouï de la limite."

Review: Anne Pons in L'Express 2418 (11 June 1997), 72: "Travail savant et minutieux," by literary editor of La Croix, enhanced by an informing sense of contemporary painting, this biography squarely faces Bossuet's forbiddingness in polemic and the distance that separates his unfolding career and authority from the present.

• See also Part I: Bayley, Peter
• Part IV: Bredin, Jean-Denis
• Kintzler, Catherine

BOYER

SERGENT, LAETITIA, ed. Tyridate, tragédie. Genève: Droz, 1998.

First new edition since the original publication of 1649, followed by Le Fils supposé (1672), with 50 page introduction.

BUSSY-RABUTIN

• See Part IV: Schlumbohm, Christa

CAMUS, JEAN-PIERRE

DE BAECQUE, SYLVIE. "L'Eloge des Histoires dévotes, ou l'apologétique romanesque de Jean-Pierre Camus." CdDS 7.1 (Spring 1997) 31–45.

Author discusses numerous religious texts published between 1620 and 1644 that Camus labelled "Histoires dévotes." Often, these texts took the form of novels in which Camus intended to expand his audience and reform literature. De Baecque describes the "programme" of the "Histoires dévotes" as "celui d'une conversion des Belles Lettres ... qui mimerait leurs procédures pour les combattre en leur sien, et retourner en un sens religieux leurs effets sacrilèges." Unlike his mentor François de Sales, Camus privileges the book as the space in which virtuous solitude may be reached.

• See also Part II: Giraud, Yves
• Part III: Maillard, Brigitte
• Part IV: Hermann, Jan

CHALLE

DELOFFRE, CHARLES, éd. Robert Challe. Mémoires; Correspondance complète; Rapports sur l'Acadie et autres pièces. Genève: Droz, 1996.

Review: C. J. Betts in MLR 93 (1998), 225–26: Deloffre "adds ample contemporary and documentation, with bibliography, illustrations, index, and so on, giving the volume considerably more value than the bare content of Challe's own writings."

WEIL-BERGOUGNOUX, MICHÈLE, ed. Séminaire Robert Challe, "Les Illustres Françaises." Montpellier: U Paul Valéry-Montpellier III, 1995.

Review: P. Malandain in RF 109 (1997), 361–63: Praises W.-B. and the contributors for a volume which succeeds "à faire signifier ensemble les diverses composantes du roman." Studies by eminent specialists such as Bernard Bray illuminate strategies of narration while other essays situate C. in a literary-historical context. Particularly singled out for praise are contributions on juridical practices (F. Deloffre and J. Goldzink).

• See also Part IV: Bertaud, Madeleine
• Hermann, Jan

CHANTELOU

• See Part III: Maillard, Brigitte

CHARPENTIER

• See Part II: Porter, Andrew

CHARRON

ERSKINE, ANDREW. "'Combien est grande la'foiblesse humaine'; Pierre Charron's View of the Human Condition." SCFS 19 (1997), 49–59.

Following the calls of other Charron scholars M. Adam (1991) and C. Belin (1995) to reject the Garrassian distortion of the priest Charron as a subversive libertine and to return to his texts, this useful, concise presentation places the De la sagesse in the context of Charron's earlier Les trois veritez and the doctrinal soundness to which Saint Cyran is a guarantor. The author finds in Book V the grounds for qualifying Charron as a Christian skeptic and late humanist in the line of Erasmus.

• See also Part IV: Charron, Jean

CHEVREAU

• See Part IV: Clarke, David

COEFFETEAU

• See Part IV: Parker, Philippe

COLBERT

• See Part II: FRUHE NEUZEIT-REVOLUTION-EMPIRE 1500–1815
• Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy

CORNEILLE, PIERRE

ANDRE, GEORGES. "Le contexte historique de Polyeucte." IL 50.1 (1998), 3–8.

G. claims that in this play, C. "a cherché plus que dans n'importe laquelle de ses tragédies, à reconstituer le cadre historique de l'action." Specifically, the contextual details of the play "font souvenir que l'on est dans l'empire romain, sous Dèce, en 250, lors de la persécution déclenchée par celui-ci contre les chrétiens." From a religious standpoint, G. suggests that C. evokes a period in Roman history in which "traditional Roman cults," along with "mysterious oriental cults," combined to create an atmosphere of oppression against Christians. Among the historical themes which make their way into C.'s text are the obstinance of Christians, various cults of martyrdom, and the premonitory power of dreams.

AUCHINCLOSS, LOUIS. The Roman Empire of Corneille and Racine. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997.

Review: MS in TLS 4920 (18 July 1997), 33: Reviewer finds this short book that explores the parallel through "gloire" more interesting for what it reveals of its author, most tellingly in the commentary on the playwrights' two Bérénice plays. "Overall, Racine gets short shrift, though we sense that Auchincloss prefers him. A pity he is not more uninhibited about exploring his own lively, quirky personal responses.

BELLENGER, YVONNE. "La dérobade devant l'amour: Ronsard et Montaigne précurseurs d'Alidor." PFSCL 15 (1998), 113–127.

"Il faut . . . apprécier la puissante originalité de C. dont la trouvaille, dans La place royale, consiste à prendre comme sujet un des éléments qui participent de la loi du genre (le mariage d'inclination) et à déclencher toute l'intrique à partir de cette situation, en la dissociant et en la transformant en dilemme."

DANDREY, PATRICK, ed. Corneille, Polyeucte. Paris: Gallimard, 1996.

Review: M. Margitic in PFSCL 15 (1998), 291–292: An excellent edition providing a "fascinating new reading" of the work.

DOSMOND, SIMONE. "Les confident(e)s dans le théâtre comique de Corneille." PFSCL 15 (1998), 167–175.

Concludes that, except for the character Lyse, the role does not really exist in C.'s theater: main characters confide in one another and the servant class fulfills other functions.

FORESTIER, GEORGES. Essai de génétique théâtrale. Corneille à l'oeuvre. Paris: Klincksieck, 1996.

Review: C. Carlin in RF 109 (1997), 357–58: "La tragédie cornélienne produit le sens par la forme" according to F. and this is a formula which the reviewer finds "heureuse." Indeed F. reminds the modern reader that Corneille himself had undiscovered form in his 1660 letter to l'Abbé de Pure as he described poetics as essential and other concerns (moral, political, etc.) as secondary. Praiseworthy for its systematic elaboration of a major tenet of Corneille criticism.

Review: Marie-Odile Sweetser in FR 70.5 (1997), 732–34: This "important ouvrage qui fera date dans les études cornéliennes et plus généralement dans celles du théâtre classique" is a rigorously systematic and "impeccable" examination of Corneille's evolving dramaturgy in terms of contemporary treaties and aesthetics. "Très stimulant et novateur."

GEORGES, ANDRE. "Les conversions de Pauline et de Félix et l'évolution religieuse de Sévère." LR 51 (1997), 34–51.

Careful and persuasive analysis demonstrates that, contrary to numerous critics, it is not theater or rhetoric that explains the conversions but the nature of grace itself, operating in different manners (sudden or progressive). Rich notes correct misperceptions such as that of J. Boorsch, by careful attention to C.'s original text.

GOSSIP, C.J. "Cinna and the Marais Company in 1642–43." SCFS 19 (1997) 149–59.

Careful examination of Georges Forestier's proposed redating (Cinna Folio ed., 1994) of the first public performance as soon after Easter rather than in July 1642. After very useful summary of Corneille's practice from Médée on with publication after first performance, patterns of Corneille, Racine, Moliere of first performances in summer are surveyed. Adequate composition of the Marais troop for staging, research suggests, leaves no compelling reason to move the first performance to the spring.

GOSSIP, C. J. "The Unity of Horace." MLR 93 (1998), 344–55.

From factual, text-based arguments as well as more subjective, interpretive ones, Gossip concludes that the death of Camille in Horace does not constitute "'une disparité dans la construction d'un caractère cornélien'" as Georges Forestier maintains. "Before the modern reader or spectator follows him in accepting readily Corneille's self-criticisms of an unbridgeable structural split between le péril public and le péril particulier, between what is héroïque and what is infâme, he or she would perhaps be wise to reflect, not just on the elastic nature of the first of these epithets but on the remarkable unity of purpose and tone Corneille achieves in his masculine yet elegiac presentation of events, decisions, dilemmas, and emotions and on what this tells us about the cohesion of the various parts."

HOWE, ALAN. "La publication des oeuvres de Pierre Corneille (1637–1649): sept documents inédits." RHL 98.1 (1998), 17–42.

Article seeks to inform the reader about the dates and order of publication of the first editions of Corneille's early "tragi-comédies." Author explains "la nature et la durée de la collaboration entre deux éditeurs parisiens, Augustin Corbé et François Targa," whose names appear on the title pages of the 1637 editions of La Galerie du Palais, La Place royale, La Suivante, and Le Cid. H. researches the market value of the editions when they were first published. The fact that the first three plays together equaled 70% of the Cid's worth reflects "non seulement les intentions lucratives des éditeurs, mais aussi, indirectement, la réputation glorieuse de l'auteur du Cid."

HUBERT, JUDD D. "Corneille ou le mélange des genres." PFSCL 15 (1998), 225–231.

Studies the insertion of comic scenes in C.'s "serious" plays: ". . . l'auteur de Rodogune et de Suréna a répandu trop de lucidité dans ses ouvrages pour les besoins de la tragédie et . . . il a créé des personnages intelligents capables de saisir tout ce qu'une situation malencontreuse peut comporter de ridicule et d'absurde."

LASSERRE, FRANÇOIS. "La raison d'être des a parte dans Le Menteur." PFSCL 15 (1998), 203–211.

Studies C.'s reflections on theater and the playwright's complicity with the spectator: C. "a voulu ce sujet du Menteur, il a voulu les a parte pour rendre exactement ce qu'il voyait dans ce sujet, une fable de la création dramatique, ou plutôt de la micro-société formée par la représentation dramatique, dans laquelle la part de chacun, auteur, spectateur, groupe des acteurs, est définie avec une grande précision."

LE GALL, ANDRE. Pierre Corneille en son temps et en son oeuvre: enquête sur un poète de théâtre au XVIIe siècle. Paris: Flammarion, 1997.

Review: Maya Slater in TLS 4961 (1 May 1998), 9: Conscientiously solid research offered in a vivid style and with a "fine feeling for drama." But there are gaps, almost perversely as though from a general tendency to refuse to repeat the general and banal, sometimes on main issues (e.g.,, a global view of the "querelle du Cid" or on that play itself), As biography, this one "fails to do justice to this misjudged, undervalued, magnificient playwright."

LYONS, JOHN D. The Tragedy of Origins: Pierre Corneille and Historical Perspective. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996.

Review: D. Clarke in MLR 93 (1998), 221–22: "Drawing on Timothy Reiss's reflections on tragedy and history (Tragedy and Truth [New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1980]), and on George Huppert's account of late renaissance and Early Modern historiography (The Idea of Perfect History [Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970]), John Lyons suggests that Corneille's tragedies offer evidence of the underground survival of a cultural and historical relativism peculiar to the critical and comparative traditions of late sixteenth-century jurist historians." Reviewer cites occasional summary assertions regarding seventeenth-century political and ideological contexts but finds considerable merit in the textual commentary of the plays, particularly Polyeucte.

Review: Pierre Ronzeaud in RHL 98.4 (1998), 656–57: Highly favorable evaluation in which R. claims that L's work "fera date dans la critique cornélienne." For the reviewer, "l'apport premier du livre réside dans ce choix méthodologique de superposition du référent (Histoires), et du texte (histoire) et du contexte (esthétique théâtrale et pratique politique contemporaines)." Reviewer mentions L.'s analysis of Cinna, Horace, Polyeucte, Sertorius, and Attila. Of note is the way in which L's definitions of "Histoire" and "histoire" highlight Corneille's "modernity," both "past" and "present."

Review: R.J. Nelson in FrF 22 (1997), 246–48: Reviewer questions certain concepts of tragedy (versus tragicomedy) but is highly appreciative of L's "lively, intriguing contribution" in these analyses of Horace, Cinna, Polyeucte, Sertorius, and Attila which are useful "lessons in history and historography."

Review: B. Rubidge in CompD 31.4 (1997/8), 607–610: In Corneille's theater, "the peripeteia ... occur ... when there is a change in circumstances. [This change is] often one which the characters could not foresee and which, even at the conclusion, they have trouble assimilating. In The Tragedy of Origins, J. L. proposes rich, stimulating readings of several of Corneille's plays that fit this pattern. He examines the intersection of history and tragedy as ways of explaining unexpected change in social, political, and cultural circumstances." Readings of Le Cid, Horace, Cinna, Polyeucte, Sertorius and Attila. "'Within these plays a present, a moment of Roman history, is confronted with its past. The thesis of The Tragedy of Origins is that this confrontation, which requires the recognition of an irreversible transformation is, for the protagonists, a wrenching dislocation.... Such a transformation is, in historical terms, an origin, and in dramatic terms, a tragedy.' L.'s introduction and conclusion, offering insightful reflections on the nature of origins, emphasizes the point that an origin can only be identified retrospectively. People living through an event that will later be recognized as the origin of a new order are inevitably blind both to the new order and to the nature of the events they are experiencing. For the author this blindness constitutes a tragic structure... L. connects Corneille's treatment of origins to a relativist tendency in Renaissance historiography and invokes Donald R. Kelley's and George Huppert's accounts of 'historicism'... Corneille thus seems to be described as a kind of ethical relativisit, sensitive to the way values change." Strongest chapters are those on Horace, Cinna and, slightly less so, Polyeucte; later chapters require modification of the initial thesis of the book. "L.'s provocative, original argument will interest even those readers who are not persuaded that these plays represent moments in which ethical systems are overturned.... This book rests on a subtle discussion of the role of time, continuity, and change in the construction of Corneille's tragedies. The discussion of the characters' own understanding of their place in history relative to the past, present, and future is exceptionnaly rich and is sustained by sensitive readings of the texts."

• See French 17 (1997).

MARGITIC, MILORAD. "Humour et parodie dans les comédies de Corneille." PFSCL 15 (1998), 157–165.

Sees in C.'s sense of humor a skeptical detachment indicating a strong self-confidence, esthetically a manifestation of the baroque phenomenon of illusion created and destroyed, and ideologically a desire to subvert accepted values.

MAZOUER, CHARLES. "L'épreuve dans les comédies de Pierre Corneille." PFSCL 15 (1998), 145–156.

Studies the origins, reality and the effects of ordeal on Cornelian characters. The ordeal has a positive value in C.'s theater and represents an important link between the comedies and the tragedies.

MINEL, EMMANUEL. "Du Menteur à sa Suite: de la valeur comme vaine sociabilité à la valeur en liberté surveillée ou d'une théâtralité problématique à une théâtralité autonome." PFSCL 15 (1998), 213–224.

Studies the theater-audience relationship.

MURATORE, MARY JO. "Strategies of Containment: Repetition as Ideology in Horace" RF 109 (1997) 252–63.

Convincing close analysis demonstrates the plays "gendered resistance to a mimetric imperative that sustains Rome's obsession with political 'unity'." As she carefully inventories the variety of terms used to name or to characterize gender in Horace and discusses "heroic behavior [as] determined by behavioral conformity," M. wonders "what masterpieces might have been written if ideological conformity [Richelieu] had not silenced the rebellious voices of unconventional poetry."

NERSON, JACQUES. "Véronique Olmi acclamée en Avignon." RDM (septembre 1998), 160–65.

Impressions du festival d'Avignon de 1998: "Rodrique lui-même n'a plus de coeur, au sens XVIIe siècle du mot, mais des états d'âme. Dans le Cid mis en scène par l'Irlandais Declan Donnellan, il nous est présenté comme un puceau pleurnichard, intimidé par le moindre jupon. Il n'y a plus que les femmes (Chimène, l'Infante . . .) qui aient le droit de se montrer viriles." Malgre le succès de ce spectacle, "on ne peut pas dire qu'il soit original, il ressemble trait pour trait au Cid monté la saison dernière par Thomas Le Douarec au théâtre de la Madeleine."

POIRIER, GERMAIN. Corneille, témoin de son temps. II: "Le Cid" (1636). PFSCL/Biblio 17, 84 (1994).

Review: D. Blocker in RF 109 (1997), 548–49: Sees in Le Cid a kind of panegyric to the glory of the Jesuites. P.'s interpretation rests on a complex system of allegories which fails to persuade the reviewer. B. calls instead for examination of C.'s relationship with the Compagnie de Jésus by careful attention to documents. Despite P.'s considerable erudition, the thesis fails to convince.

RIOU, DANIEL. Lectures de Corneille: Cinna, Rodogune, Nicomède. Rennes: Presses Universitaires, 1997.

RUBIDGE, BRADLEY. "Catharsis Through Admiration: Corneille, Le Moyne, and the Social Uses of Emotion." MP 95.3 (1998), 316–333.

Article seeks to "explain the significance of Corneille's theory of catharsis through admiration by discussing it in the context of explanations of catharsis and related discussions of tragedy's emotional and ethical effect from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries. Corneille's theory of catharsis seems to highlight both the futility and the formlessness of the controversy over catharsis. [R. argues], however, that Corneille's claim [in the préface of Nicomède] marks a pivotal moment in early modern efforts to explain catharsis.... The history of criticism in this case also depends on the history of emotions that is to say, the significant inflections in accounts of tragedy's emotional and ethical effect correspond to changes in the ethical status of the tragic emotions. In different periods, fear, admiration, and pity were assessed in different ways." R. cites Pierre Le Moyne's Traité du poème héroïque as the proximate source for Corneille's account of catharsis through admiration.

RUBIDGE, BRADLEY. "The Code of Reciprocation in Corneille's Heroic Drama." RR 89.1 (1998), 55–76.

For R., Corneille's thematic of "reciprocation" is linked to notions of disinterested generosity. C's characters "construe almost all social interactions as exchanges" and engage in a discourse about "their own and other's behavior" that alludes to "the ideal of uncalculating generosity." Discussing reciprocity in the Cid, Suréna, and Polyeucte, among others, R. concludes that heroism "can be explained in terms of reciprocation since "the hero is set apart because no one can trade with him and make a commensurate return for his services." As a result, an underlying notion of C's "serious plays" is that "noble persons bestow benefits without thought of reward."

SOARE, ANTOINE. "Sur un mensonge du Menteur: 'poudre de sympathie' et 'résurrections' tragi-comiques." PFSCL 15 (1998), 193–202.

Studies the relationship of falsehood to theatrical illusion and imitation.

VUILLEMIN, JEAN-CLAUDE. "Hypocondrie, illusion et dramaturgie: Cloridan, Eraste et autres Orphées baroques." PFSCL 15 (1998), 177–191.

Studies the therapeutic depiction of madness: "Tout en demeurant la source principale de la folie du personnage, l'illusion, dans un processus ressortissant assez bien à celui du pharmakos derridien, ou à celui de la captatio benevolentiae rhétorique, possède la capacité d'être manipulée et retournée contre elle-même afin d'éradiquer l'erreur et de s'ouvrir à l'éblouissement de la vérité."

WAGNER, MARIE-FRANCE. "L'éblouissement de Paris: promenades urbaines et urbanité dans les comédies de Corneille." PFSCL 15 (1998), 129–144.

"Les lieux de mémoire parisiens, réfléchis dans la géométrisation des formes de la ville, se métamorphosent et se métamorphosent en lieu de l'esprit, aboutissement sublime de l'urbanité."

ZUERNER, ADRIENNE. "Disguise and Gendering of Royal Authority in Corneille's Clitandre." FR 71.3 (1997), 757–74.

Able analysis of the transvestism of the play as it exposes one's relationship to the king and therefore to real power.

• See also Part I: Bogliolo, Giovanni
• Part II: Zanger, Abby E.
• Part IV: Assaf, Francis
• Autrand, M.
• Dubu, Jean
• Emelina, Jean
• Gaines, James F.
• Goodkin, Richard
• Guitton, Edouard
• Gutleben, Muriel
• Harrison, Helen
• Kintzler, Catherine
• Langer, Ullrich
• McMahon, Elise N.
• Menke, Anne
• Senior, Matthew
• Part V: D'AUBIGNAC; Hammond, Nicholas

CORNEILLE, THOMAS

• See Part IV: Goodkin, Richard
• Harrison, Helen
• Part V: HARDY; Bertaud, Madeleine

COUPERIN

BAUMONT, OLIVIER. Couperin, le musicien des rois. Paris: Gallimard, 1998.

Review: BCLF 597 (1998), 1381: "Même en format de poche et en 128 pages, le claveciniste Olivier Beaumont présente les divers cadres des activités de François Couperin à Paris et à Versailles, replacées dans leurs contextes historique, organologique . . . , familial et sociologique."

CUREAU DE LA CHAMBRE

• See Part III: Sturdy, David
• Part IV: Parker, Philippe

CYRANO DE BERGERAC

GERMAIN, ANNE. Monsieur de Cyrano Bergerac. Paris/Lausanne: Ed. Maisonneuve Larose, 1996.

Review: P. Billard in Le Point 1222 (1996), 64: G. "s'appuie sur des témoignages des principaux compagnons de Cyrano pour retrouver une réalité historique qui parfois dépasse la fiction. D'abondantes citations restituent le climat de l'époque."

• See also Part III: Darmon, Jean-Charles
• Part IV: Muratore, Mary Jo
• Rizza, Cecilia

D'AUBIGNAC

HAMMOND, NICHOLAS and MICHAEL HAWCROFT, eds. Dissertations contre Corneille. By l'Abbé d'Aubignac. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1996.

Review: D. Clarke in MLR 93 (1998), 221: Convenient edition contains D'Aubignac's three Dissertations on Sophonisbe, Sertorius, and Oedipe, along with republication of the fourth Dissertation which did not appear in Granet's 1739 Recueil de dissertations. Useful introduction provides "resumes of all the pieces constituting the querelle of 1663." Fuller discussion of the core issues on which D'Aubignac and Corneille differed would have been welcome.

• See French 17 (1997).

D'AUBIGNE, AGRIPPA

BANDELIER, GILLES. "Un lecteur catholique de l'Histoire universelle d'Agrippa d'Aubigné; Gabriel Boule." BSHPF 143 (1997), 9–19.

Boule is an unusual transmitter of the history. Treating it respectfully, he recycles it in his work of catholic apologetics, Essay de l'histoire générale des Protestants (1646).

FANLO, JEAN-RAYMOND, éd. La response de Michau l'aveugle suivi de La réplique de Michau l'aveugle: Deux pamphlets théologiques anonymes publiés avec les pièces catholiques de la controverse. By Agrippa D'Aubigné. Paris: Champion, 1996.

Review: K. Cameron in MLR 93 (1998), 502–03: "This is a strange but fascinating collection of pamphlets from 1595–96 that throw an interesting light on the discussions between Catholics and Protestants over the sovereignty of the Pope and whether he can be considered the Antichrist."

LAZARD, MADELEINE. Agrippa d'Aubigné. Paris: Fayard, 1998.

Review: BCLF 600 (1998), 1679: ". . . une bibliographie étincelante, qui ne se substitue pas à l'ancienne et lourde biographie savante d'Armand Garnier (Agrippa d'Aubigné et le parti protestant, Paris, Fischbacher, 1928), mais en utilise l'érudition avec discrétion pour un ouvrage alerte et fervent, au fait des renouvellements critiques qui, depuis quelques années, saluent en d'Aubigné un auteur-somme, et des renouvellements historiographiques qui peuvent aborder l'histoire des guerres de religion de façon moins manichéenne que ne le fait d'Aubigné lui-même."

Review: B. Lambert in RDM (septembre 1998), 134–36: Commentaire assez négatif de cette biographie "sans souffle et même complètement étouffant par ses accumulations de noms farcies d'incidentes inutiles, ses répétitions, ses avancées sans rythme ni couleur (une gageure!), ses vues sans hauteur, sans parler des négligences de correcteur . . . ."

• See also Part I: Nicolas-Pecceu, Martha
• Part III: Lestringant, Frank

D'AULNOY

• See Part IV: Canepa, Nancy
• Hermann, Jan

DE PURE

JAOUEN, FRANÇOISE. "Civility and the Novel: De Pure's La prétieuse ou le mystère des ruelles." YFS 92 (1997), 105–125.

Exploration of the interdependence of civility and literature in De Pure's novel La Prétieuse ou le mystère des ruelles which "combines all the various characteristic elements of preciosity and introduces the 'mystery' as ultimate origin and cause of both the phenomenon and the text . . . and also provides some insight into the genre itself."

• See also Part II: Russo, Elena

DESCARTES

AUBRY, CLAUDE. "Performance Review of Jean-Marc Chotteau's Le jour où Descartes s'est enrhumé, performed at the Théâtre 13 in January 1998." Le Point 1320 (1998), 83.

"Le spectateur assiste, en bâillant légèrement, à des ragots de cour, de sombres histoires d'espions, des apparitions de la méchanceté souveraine qui affectionne les termes viriles et joue la désinvolture sophistiquée." Based on Descartes' fatal trip to visit la reine Christine.

AUTOUR DE DESCARTES: Exposition du Quadricentenaire (12 avril-10 mai 1996). La Flèche: Publication du Prytanée national militaire de La Flèche, 1996.

Review: Marc Escola in RHL 98.1 (1998), 139: Reviewer states the purpose of the book is to "catalogue" the works by and about Descartes that exist in the library at La Flèche. Each entry is composed of a brief bibliographical notice where the pages pertaining to Descartes are indicated. E. finds the catalogue "assez pauvre en ouvrages philosophiques contemporains des grands textes de Descartes, mieux fourni pour le XVIIIe siècle." In addition, "la liste des 112 titres recèle peu de surprises."

BIARD, JOEL and ROSHDI RASHID, eds. Descartes et le Moyen Age. Paris: Vrin, 1997.

Acta of the Fourth Centenary Sorbonne Colloquium. Contents listed in Isis 89.3 (1998), 589.

BITBOL HESPERIES, ANNIE and JEAN PIERRE VERDET, eds. Le monde, 1'homme. Paris: Seuil, 1996.

Review: Roger Ariew in Isis 88.3 (1997), 539–40: Fine edition of the two works posthumously published in 1664, 1667, With the diagrams of the 1667 (Clerselier) edition, "some astonishing figures," notably our part of the solar system revealingly dynamic when juxtaposed with contemporary geostatic diagrams. Numerous extracts from Caspar Bauhin's Theatrum anatomicam that D. consulted. Works are reunited and edited with the intention of showing the unity of D's vision across the two. Modernized punctuation and orthography, ample introduction, rich annotation. "It is impossible to recommend it too highly."

CHAPPELL, VERE. Descartes's Meditations: Critical Essays. Oxford: Rowan and Littlefield, 1998.

COTTINGHAM, JOHN, ed. and trans. René Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy with Selections from the Objections and Replies. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Review: C. Bonnen in PFSCL 15 (1998), 286–287: A revision of interest to undergraduate students of philosophy, of more limited value to advanced readers in the histories of science, theology and ideas. Overall, a "nice introduction to Descartes' metaphysical thought . . . ."

DEKENS, OLIVIER. "Métaphysique et morale de Descartes à Kant." RMM (1998), 219–37.

Descartes' rationalism is examined in the relation between ethics and metaphysics, seen as archetectonic since based on the sciences and teleological as far as knowledge. The play of this relationship within rationalism, and its position in respect to empiricists, shows the originality of Kant's position for the supremacy of practical reason.

DICKSON, WILLIAM J. "Descartes: Language and Method." SCFS 19 (1997), 61–72.

Explores the rhetorical nature of the Discours (and the illusion of its absence) whereby D. works to persuade readers of the truth of his discovery through three of its aspects: imagery, which serves as argument by analogy; lexis in "ethically loaded vocabulary"; syntax of Ciceronian design that represents and enforces the "longues chaînes de raisonnement." A skillfully argued case for rhetoric.

GAUKROGER, STEPHEN. Descartes: An Intellectual Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Review: Susan James in SCFS 18 (1996), 21–31: Revisionist study which asserts the primacy of the natural philosopher over the metaphysician, revaluates the nature of Cartesian dualism, and traces a sinuous connection between mechanism and divine transcendence. Interpretation that "will vastly improve our understanding of Descartes' intellectual motivation," although some danger is felt in its possible limitation of appreciation of the breadth of his originality in mathematics and mechanics or in supposing that because metaphysics is motivated as a vindication of mechanics that its importance is therefore subservient.

Review: M. Wilson in PhQ 49 (1998), 258–261: "An important contribution to Descartes scholarship... [a] unique, erudite and in many respects effective volume... G. makes the most of what information is available from contemporary reports, correspondence, and so on, about Descartes' personal history. His account of Descartes' adult life proceeds year by year, and sometimes month by month... G. integrates with the biographical material extensive exposition of much of Descartes' writing.... The book's main flaws ... have to do with issues of clarity and rigour in the accounts of more properly philosophical issues ... however, ... overall this is a work of exceptional scholarship, especially in the scientific dimension ... with many nice pictures and diagrams."

• See French 17 (1996).

HALLYN, FERNAND, ed. Les Olympiques de Descartes. Geneva: Droz, 1995.

Review: Boris Donné in RHL 98.1 (1998), 137–139: D. asks the initial question of what do with this text, written during Descartes's youth, in which he recounts and explains three "visionary" dreams. Reviewer describes an approach that interprets the Olympiques from a standpoint of 1) philology, 2) rhetoric, 3) symbolism, and 4) the integration of this text into D.'s corpus. With respect to this particular edition, reviewer states, "si ce recueil mérite d'être lu pour l'image complexe et nuancée qu'il offre de la pensée de Descartes, il intéressera un public plus large que celui des seuls philosophes." The reason for this larger appeal is that the Olympiques "jettent un éclairage indirect sur l'imaginaire et la littérature du temps."

HAUSMAN, DAVID B. and ALAN HAUSMAN, eds. Descartes's Legacy: Minds and Meaning in Early Modern Philosophy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997.

Review: W. F. Desmond in Choice 35.6 (1998), 1002: "'Descartes ... has in the Third Meditation given all the machinery he needs to escape the circle of ideas... without turning to God. The Meditations is not circular but secular.' This is the main theme of the authors' book. They distinguish three demons in Descartes: (1) that our ordinary judgments about the world are mistaken; (2) that there is no external world merely a set of possible worlds that a demon uses to create in us the false belief that we are in contact with an actual world; (3) that ideas are not at all what they seem we only believe they are. According to the Hausmans, in order to solve the third demon problem Descartes needed intentional objects, ideas, and this required a new substance nonphysical. The Hausmans argue that a proper understanding of the semantics of Cartesian ideas is not at odds with a functionalist theory of mind. Indeed, they argue that Descartes's legacy can only help foster a proper understanding of a theory of mind. After more than 350 years of Cartesian commentary, it is exciting to read something new. This original and cogently argued book will ensure that Descartes will be discussed for another 300 years. It should become required reading for all Descartes scholars and philosophers of mind."

MENN, STEPHEN. Descartes and Augustine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998,

RIBE, NEIL M. "Cartesian Optics and the Mastery of Nature." Isis 88 (1997), 42–61.

Presents the Dioptrics as a practical work whose instrumental character provides a readily mathematizable model that requires no consideration of light's "true nature." Descartes extensively points out the possibilities of improving vision by artificial means. This critique is held to be the source of his doctrine that the purpose of sensory perception is to preserve the mind-body composite rather than to provide knowledge of the essential nature of things. The ultimate goal of the Dioptrics is then to master human vision by raising it from a mere means of self-preservation to an instrument of scientific knowledge.

RODIS-LEWIS, GENEVIEVE. La morale de Descartes. Paris: PUF, 1998.

Review: BCLF 597 (1998), 1282: Réédition (1957) bien venue: "Décomposé en quatre moments (la jeunesse de Descartes, morale et métaphysique, les passions, la personne et la communauté), l'ouvrage retrace avec art le parcours de Descartes, et sa conceptualisation spécifique."

SEPPER, DENNIS L. Descartes's Imagination: Proportion, Images, and the Activity of Thinking. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.

Review: Enrique Chávez-Arvizo in Isis 88 (1997), 143–44: Revisionist work on imagination "well worth reading." The tripartite thesis: imagination plays a central cognitive role in the early writings, that role becomes restricted from Le Monde on, is ignored altogether from the Méditations on. But claims also a career-long preoccupation with imagination as a key part in thinking through the nature of thinking. Descartes's psychology is held to be more closely entertwined with premodern than modern. Reviewer expresses some misgivings on a certain blurring of theory and practice in this account.

SUTTON, JOHN. Philosophy and Memory Traces: Descartes to Connectionism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

VERBEEK, THEO, ed. Descartes et Regius: autour de 1'explication de l'esprit humain. Atlanta/ Amsterdam: Rodopis, 1993.

Review: Dennis Des Chene in Isis 88.2 (1997), 337–38: Almost all new material offering a fine case study in the reception of Cartesianism (in Utrecht) with no oversimplification. Verbeek describes the reception during the decade of D's friendship with Regius (1637–47). The pitch of dispute was raised to the point that both the stadtholder and French ambassador had to intervene. A useful point of entry is discussion of the participants, the course of the quarrel and by 1650 the penetration of Cartesianism into the University. Geneviève Rodis Lewis and Gilles Olivio both examine the problem of the unity of body soul and together provide a good introduction to the problem, importantly focusing on unity, rather than interaction. Annie Bitbol Hespéries explores the differences on physiology.

VINCI, STEPHEN. Cartesian Truth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

• See also Part I: Durand-Sendrail, Beatrice
• Part II: Kelly, Van
• Mande, Barry
• Part III: Cottingham, John
• Coudert, Allison
• Darmon, Jean-Charles
• Des Chene, Dennis
• Devillairs, Laurence
• Flasch, Kurt
• Garber, Daniel
• Gawande, Atul
• Mancuso, Paolo
• Moser, Paul K.
• Russo, Elena
• Schobinger, J.-P.
• Senior, Matthew
• Simon, Gérard
• Timmermans, Benoit
• Verene, Donald P.
• Yolton, John W.
• Zinguer, Ilana
• Part IV: Badiou-Monferran, Claire
• Dunn, Kevin
• Hermann, Jan
• La Fond, Jean
• Parker, Philippe
• Part V: ARNAULD; Kremer, Elmar J.
• GASSENDI; Sarasohn, Lisa
• PASCAL; Bouchilloux, Hélène Magnard, Pierre

DESTOUCHES

DUNKLEY, JOHN, ed. L'Irrésolu. Paris: Société des Textes Français Modernes, 1995.

Review: D. F. Connon in MLR 93 (1998), 225: Valuable critical edition of an early, relatively obscure play by Destouches which reworks and reverses the theme of Molière's L'Ecole des maris.

DE TROY, FRANÇOIS

BREME, DOMINIQUE. François de Troy, 1645–1730. Paris: Somogy, 1997.

Review: BCLF 597 (1998), 1385: Né à Toulouse en 1645, François de Troy représente l'un des grands oubliés de la prestigieuse école de portraitistes qui encensèrent le règne de Louis XIV. . . . Cet ouvrage constitue le pendant d'une importante exposition organisée par le musée Paul-Dupuy de Toulouse, la première manifestation française d'envergure consacrée à ce portraitiste attachant malgré le caractère quelque peu compassé de ses modéles."

DU BOIS-HUS

• See Part I: Pauphilet, Albert

DUPLEIX, SCIPION

• See Part III: Des Chene, Dennis

D'URFE

HENEIN, EGLAL. Protée romancier: les déguisements dans l'Astrée d'Honoré d'Urfé. Fasano/Paris: Schema/Nizet, 1996.

Review: Boris Donnée in RHL 98.1 (1998), 136–37: Reviewer applauds the author for exploring "en détail le labyrinthe des histoires de l'Astrée, sans que les narrations enchâssées éclipsent la trame principale." While D. does quibble with the book's organization, saying that, "Le plan aurait peut-être pu procéder d'un dessein plus ferme," he calls the work "un précieux guide dans l'univers des fictions d'Honoré d'Urfé."

MEDING, TWYLA. "Diana's Domain: The Displaced Center of Feminine Utopia in Honoré d'Urfé's L'Astrée. EMF 4 (1998), 84–124.

M. strives to "contribute to a better understanding of utopia in early seventeenth-century France by showing how a number of traits borrowed from the tradition of utopia are transformed in L'Astrée." With respect to the article's title, M. argues in Part One that "utopia is equivalent to the domain of the goddess Diana: a sort of aquatic island-in-reverse, a primitive sea surrounded by impenetrable mountains." She then gives a "detailed study of Céladon's 'awakening' in the Palais d'Isoure," and discusses how the travestied Céladon (as Alexis), "becomes subsumed into the feminine world which censures and then incorporates him." Part Two of the essay explores how the "structure of emblem combines narrative and ekphrasis in order to suggest an allegory of the fall of the golden age."

RENDALL, STEVEN,trans. Honoré d'Urfé. Astrea. Binghamton, N.Y.: MRTS, 1995.

Review: J. Harrie in RenQ 50 (1997) 922–23: First translation into English since the 17th c., R.'s publication of the unabridged first part of L'Astrée is greatly appreciated. Based on H. Vanay's French edition, R.'s volume, accompanied by a useful introduction, allows for wider diffusion of a work critical to literature and culture of the 17th c.

ROSSETTO, PAULE. "La rêverie aquatique dans l'Astrée." Tra Lit 10 (1997), 101–17.

Persuasive study demonstrates importance of "water"-it fascinates the characters, structures and organizes the intrigue, and invites the readers to reflect. Of particular interest is R.'s analysis of an intense mystical episode (III, 3).

SANCIER-CHATEAU, A. Une esthétique nouvelle: Honore d'Urfé correcteur de l'Astrée (1607–1625). Geneva: Droz, 1995.

Review: Wendy Ayres-Bennett in SCFS 18 (1996) 177–80: Given the 1,000 corrections identified and considered to move in the same direction as Malherbe's corrections of Desportes and Vaugelas' remarks, the reviewer discusses the historical position and consequent historical revision that should be accorded to d'Urfé. Troubled by quantification, absent here, and by the reversibility of some later corrections, as well as the absence of effect on Vaugelas, the reviewer would maintain the present historical narrative and add this new material as documentation of a tendency she has herself already lengthened in her research on Vaugelas' translation of Quintus Curtius.

• See French 17 (1996).
• See also Part IV: Lever, Maurice

DU RYER, PIERRE

JAMES F. GAINES and PERRY GETHNER, eds. Lucrèce, tragédie. Geneva: Droz, 1994.

Review: William Brooks in CdDS 7.1 (Spring 1997), 255–57: Favorable review in which B. praises, among other things, the introduction's "good sections on political themes of the play, and on Du Ryer's rather allusive poetic style." Reviewer "welcomes" the editors' contributions, and commends the Textes Littéraires Français series for its "textual reliability and judicious exegesis."

• See also Part IV: Clarke, David

ESPRIT, JACQUES.

QUIGNARD, PASCAL, ed. La faussetés des vertus humains. Paris: Aubier, 1996.

Review: M. Schneider in Le Point 1238 (1996), 110: New edition of key work of the forgotten Jansenist who inspired La Rochefoucauld and others. Jacques Esprit was a "tombeur des masques et auteur d'un traité dont la descendance se retrouverait de Kierkegaard à Nietzsche ... Ce 'livre noir' dispense plus d'éclat que bien des élucidations des encyclopédistes." "C'est à P. Quignard ... que revient le mérite d'avoir exhumé ce beau livre mélancolique, accompagné d'une longue préface, en fait un traité en soi, qui donne à celui d'Esprit sa portée moderne."

FENELON

DEREGNAUCOURT, GILLES, et al.,eds. Fénelon, évêque et pasteur en son temps (1695–1715). Lille: Université Charles de Gaulle, 1997.

Review: Michel Dupuy in RHEF 84 (1998), 188–89: Excellent collection of papers offered at a colloquium at Cambrai in 1995, arranged under "Un évêque au carrefour de diverses influences," concentrated around Cambrai; "Pastorale et écclésologie;" "Fénelon les pouvoirs et la société de son temps;" Fénelon après Fénelon." Reviewer gives a complete listing of titles and participants that constitute "une grande richesse."

LE BRUN, JACQUES, ed. Oeuvres. Tome II. Paris: Gallimard, 1998.

Review: Peter Bayley in TLS 4961 (1 May 1998), 8: Second and final volume of the Pléïade selected works, from 1699, not incorporating the correspondence edited in Orcibal's edition but the Lettre à l'Académie is here, as is the Réfutation du système du père Malebranche promised for vol. 1 (1983). Meticulous annotation based on "scholarship of the highest order." The vast range of writings, some edited critically for the first time, should not be overshadowed by Télémaque (edited here in the line of Albert Cahen's edition), and makes even sharper the pivotal position between centuries that F. occupies and his intellectual rigor (e.g. the Plans du gouvernement of 1711). Bayley offers a judicious and suggestive commentary on the fortunes of F. as a writer.

Review: N. Casanova in QL 725 (1997), 15 + 18: New volume includes the "Lettre à Louis XIV" (1693) and Les Aventures de Télémaque. "Quand nous lisons ces pages souvent d'une poésie racinienne, ce n'est pas l'image d'un brûlot qui nous vient à l'esprit. Nous songeons plutôt à ce que l'on appelle la lutte écologique... Dans le Télémaque, Fénelon a inoculé avec suavité au concept de 'gouvernement', la substance propre à désintégrer l'espèce 'roi'... sans doute n'y a t il pas de 'bon roi', sans doute Fénelon aida t il nombre de ses lecteurs à s'en apercevoir. Un degré de plus, eût il été moins aristocrate, et il inventait la démocratie."

• See also Part II: Rex, Walter
• Part III: Blet, Pierre
• Flasch, Kurt

FERMAT, PIERRE DE

• See Part III: Mahoney, Michael S.
• Singh, Simon

FLAMEL, NICOLAS

• See Part III: Dixon, Laurinda

FLECHIER

VIDAL, DANIEL, ed. Esprit Fléchier, fanatiques et insurgés du Vivarais et des Cévennes. Récits et lettres, 1689–1705. Grenoble: J. Millon, 1996/97.

Review: Jacques Solé in RHEF 84 (1998), 189: Anthology of pieces beginning with the 1680 polemic with Jurieu and the Bishop's information on Languedociens at the turn of the century, finally the horrified chronicle of the Cévennes, 1702 5. The elegance of the writer is as clear as is his lack of comprehension of the depth of feeling and religious "mysticism" seen in the Cévennes.

FOIGNY, GABRIEL DE

STROUP, ALICE. "Foigny's Joke." EMF 4 (1998), 165–93.

Article examines Foigny's La Terre australe connue in terms of authorial strategies, Foigny's ideas on physical and human nature, sexuality, language, religion, and various philosophical schools, particularly neo-Stoicism. S. claims that the originality of her essay lies in unearthing "the natural theology that permeates the work." Specifically, she refers to the text's uniqueness in emphasizing "sexuality as the link between nature and society." With respect to the article's title, S. states that "hermaphroditism is the key to Foigny's joke," because by portraying "Australians" as hermaphrodites who attribute their "rational, learned, and equitable society" to their hermaphroditism, F. "privileges the abnormal" in European society, and therefore subverts western mores concerning sexual and political norms.

FONTENELLE

MARCHAL, ROGER. Fontenelle à l'aube des Lumières. Paris: Champion, 1997.

Review: R. Howells in MLR 93 (1998), 835: Study of Fontenelle's work from the 1670s to the 1750s "treated broadly by genre"—poetry, fiction, theater, critique morale et philosophique, scientific vulgarization. Reviewer regrets lack of index and chronology, cursory bibliography and minimal notes, but finds that the study "offers a comprehensive and judicious account, while quietly developing an interpretation, of the works of this remarkable figure."

FOURIER, SAINT PIERRE

TAVENEAUX, RENE., ed. Saint Pierre Fourier, La Pastorale, l'éducation, l'Europe chrétienne. Paris: Messene, 1995.

Review: Bernard Chédozeau in RHL 98.1 (1998), 135–36: Favorable review which focuses on Fourier's religious, intellectual, and political background. For C., Fourier "est le représentant d'une religion qu'on pourrait dire baroque, et cet ouvrage, qui honore la riche littérature religieuse qui se publie depuis quelques années, rappelle les valeurs très solides de la première réforme catholique tridentine menée dans l'esprit d'un humanisme dévot."

FRANÇOIS DE SALES

• See Part I: Bayley, Peter
• Part II: Giraud, Yves
• Part III: Maillard, Brigitte

FREMYOT DE CHANTAL, JEANNE FRANÇOISE

• See Part III: Dubois, Elefrieda

FURETIERE, ANTOINE

HOFFMANN, KATHRYN. "Palimpsests of Knowledge, Feast of Words: Antoine Furetière's Dictionnaire universel." CdDS 7.1 (Spring 1997) 47–59.

H. examines Furetière's quarrel with the French Academy over his dictionary. Dealing with the "politics, the methodology, and the pleasures of education in language" offered by the dictionary, H. sees the work not only as a social document and as an "inventory of words," but as "an encyclopedic revelry around the thing." Taking the example of the definition of "chocolate," H. argues that F.'s work, unlike the Academy's dictionary, becomes "an exercise in palimpsest lexicography" that "exposed the essential problematics of knowledge and its transmission to the public."

• See also Part IV: Hermann, Jan

GASSENDI

MURR, SYLVIA, ed. Gassendi et l'Europe (1592–1792). Actes du Colloque International de Paris "Gassendi et sa postérité." Sorbonne, 6–10 octobre 1992. Paris: Vrin, 1997.

Important collection of 26 papers, including M. Osler, "Volonté divine et vérité mathématique: le conflit entre Descartes et Gassendi sur le statut des vérités éternelles;" Marianne Schaub, "Naudé et Gassendi;" Jean Charles Darmon, "Le Gassendisme frivole de Saint Evremond;" S. Murr, "Bernier et Gassendi;" T.M. Lennon, "Gassendi et Pierre Bayle, deux acolytes de Clio;" R. Popkin, Gassendi et les scientifiques anglais." Complete listing in Isis 88.3 (1997), 588–89.

SARASOHN, LISA T. Gassendi's Ethics: Freedom in a Mechanistic Universe. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996.

Review: Roger Ariew in Isis 88 (1997), 338–39: Analysis mainly of Part 3 of the Syntagma philosophica. Introductory chapters on biography and on the relationship of ethics and natural philosophy are followed by others treating pleasure, freedom of will (a separate chapter on astrology and freedom), the roles of pleasure and freedom in state and society. A running dialogue with Descartes, Hobbes, and Molina is maintained. "Sound analyses" and interesting rapprochements. Reviewer questions the relationship of the Exercitationes to the Syntagma, the latter not representative of the earlier allignment of natural philosophy, Epicurean revival, and ethics of the former. Further research in comparison of Gassendi's two books with earlier schooltexts (which they resemble) is called for.

• See also Part III: Darmon, Jean-Charles
• Garber, Daniel
• Schobinger, J.-P.

GOMBAULD

• See Part IV: Gendre, André

GOMBERVILLE

• See Part I: Glasgow Emblem Studies

GOULAS, NICOLAS

HEPP, NOEMI. Mémoires et autres inédits de Nicolas Goulas, gentilhomme ordinaire de la chambre du duc D'Orléans. Paris: Champion, 1995.

Review: Natalie Grande in RHL 98.1 (1998), 147: Reviewer discusses the need for this work, saying that it fills a gap left by the incomplete edition of Goulas's Mémoires published in the nineteenth century. The previous edition did not include the first thirteen chapters of the manuscript in which G. discusses his origins and youth. Two other heretofore unpublished works are included which "éclaire la conception qu'avait Goulas du travail du mémorialiste."

• See also Part IV: Bertaud, Madeleine

GOURNAY

WORCESTER, THOMAS. "Defending Women and Jesuits: Marie De Gournay." SCFS 18 (1996), 59–73.

Examines in defense of Jesuits the Adieu de l'âme du Roi de France (1610) viewing its parallels with the Eqalité des hommes et des femmes (1622). A parallel is seen between the defenses of the two minorities, the Jesuits being defended for their nurturing of the young, preaching, and especially their fight against heresy, utility to the state that women have shared according to the exemplary models of the preaching of Mary Magdalen.

GUILLERAGUES

• See Part IV: Muratore, Mary Jo
• Zaczek, Barbara M.

HARDY

BERTAUD, MADELEINE. "Deux Ariane au XVIIe siècle: Alexandre Hardy et Thomas Corneille." SCFS 19 (1997), 135–48.

Contrasts, through differences in dramaturgy and tone, the tragicomedy of Hardy (publ. 1625) and Corneille's elegantly constructed, high toned tragedy (1672). Shows that the latter's dramatic interest, even at its time from the source, derives from Scudéry's "Carte du tendre."

HENRIETTE D'ANGLETERRE

• See Part II: Duchene, Jacqueline

HEROARD

• See Part II: Becchi, Egle
• Foisil, Madeleine

HOPIL

• See Part I: Pauphilet, Albert

HUET

• See Part III: Schobinger, J.-P.

JURIEU

• See Part III: Labrousse, Elisabeth

LA BRUYERE

ESCOLA, MARC. Jean de La Bruyère. Paris/Roma: Editions Memini, 1996.

Review: Nathalie Grande in RHL 98.1 (1998), 150: Reviewer praises the volume which appears in the "Bibliographie des écrivains français" collection of Memini. The work contains "pas moins de 967 références, dont 848 entrées critiques au sujet de l'auteur des Caractères." The bibliographical selections include entries on manuscripts, editions and translations, as well as biographical and general studies. Thematic sections contain notations on Theophrastus, La Bruyère's aesthetics, and morality. Author concludes by mentioning, "les différentes index [qui] complètent parfaitement le volume."

JAMES, EDWARD. "La Bruyère on Values in Practice." SCFS 19 (1997), 73–82.

An elegant commentary on LB's varying judgments of the discrepancy between men's principles/ intentions in their practices/actions amusement, irony, resentful satire all take on "non classical" expressions leading us to believe that all depends on circumstances and temperament, as these lead to severity or humanity. A very valuable enumeration of recent critical writings on LB is included in the notes.

KEAVENEY, COLIN. "La Bruyère and the 'Civilizing process'." SCFS 19 (1997), 83–95.

Examines the ways in which N. Elias uses citations from LB in the elaboration of his theories, then concludes with questions of LB's assimilation to the society with which the Caractères set up an apparently adversarial relationship.

LANDRY, JEAN-PIERRE. "La Bruyère et les prédicateurs." PFSCL 15 (1998), 27–40.

Studies the relationship between the arts of the moralist and the preacher, touching on La B.'s spirituality. Concludes that the author is "un représentant exemplaire de ces laïcs chrétiens du XVIIe siècle, . . . ."

LAVOREL, GUY. "Ponge et La Bruyère: deux hommes de caractères." PFSCL 15 (1998), 41–53.

Studies the notion of character in the two authors using Van Delft's concept of the openness and the closedness of character.

LEPLATRE, OLIVIER. "La Bruyère ou le livre de curiosités." PFSCL 15 (1998), 55–67.

According to the author, "la collection, modèle spatial et architectonique, métaphore épistémologique, structure le livre."

RICORD, MARINE. "La mélancolie du langage dans les Caractères de La Bruyère." PFSCL 15 (1998), 69–80.

"Car que fait le moraliste, sinon combler le vide du langage en le désignant par l'écriture en cherchant à lui substituer un ajustement plus grand des signes? Dire l'écart, c'est déjà le compenser, l'orienter vers une plénitude possible, une vérité divine, une vérité morale."

ROUKHOMOSKY, BERNARD. L'esthétique de La Bruyere. Paris: Sedes, 1997.

Review: BCLF 598–99 (1998), 1444: "Cet ouvrage, qui selon le principe même de la collection dans laquelle il figure, fait suivre l'étude critique de l'oeuvre envisagée de nombreux extraits de celle-ci, présente, avec brio et clarté, le style et l'esthétique de l'auteur des Caractères."

SANCIER-CHATEAU, ANNE. "L'art du parallèle dans les Caractères de La Bruyère." PFSCL 15 (1998), 81–88.

Studies parallel construction and antithesis in the work: "Il donne à voir des êtres lisses, inaccessibles au changement, mus par une passion ou une ambition dominantes qui leur donnent cohésion et unité."

THIROUIN, LAURENT. "La dénonciation du jeu dans les Caractères de La Bruyère." PFSCL 15 (1998), 89–106.

La B's condemnation of gambling and his ambivalence before play and playfulness.

VAN DELFT, LOUIS. La Bruyère ou du spectateur. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 96 (1996).

Review: Margot Kruse in RJ 47 (1996 publ. 1997), 244–45: K. points out, with approval, how these essays develop the lines of the author's Chapter 9 of his Littérature et anthropologie..., opening LB's world up through the "world is a stage" topos.

• See also Part I: Escola, Marc
• Part IV: Badiou-Monferran, Claire

LA CALPRENEDE

• See Part IV: Gutleben, Muriel
• Keller, Edwige

LA CEPPEDE

GANIM, RUSSELL. "Locus amoenus vs. locus terribilis: The Spatial Dynamics of the Pastoral and the Urban in La Ceppède's Théorèmes." FLS 24 (1997), 201–213.

The appropriated classical pastoral retreat transformed for the meditant into the Mount of Olives in the first 100 sonnets alternates with the space of Jerusalem/Sodom. The poet as spiritual guide draws the reader into repeating Christ's journey, then ultimately to be able to undertake that mediation within the trials of the city.

PLANTIE, JACQUELINE, ed. Les Théorèmes sur le sacré mystere de nostre redemption. Paris: Champion, 1996.

Review: Richard Crescenzo in RHL 98.2 (1998), 288: C. mentions the exclusion of La Ceppède's annotations in the edition, but in general praises the volume, calling it, "un instrument de travail fort précieux pour tous ceux qui s'intéressent à cette période exceptionnelle pour la poésie 'théologienne'." Reviewer points out the usefulness of P.'s lexicon, bibliography, and numerous indices. From a bibliographical and thematic standpoint, the edition emphazises La Ceppède's reading of Panigarola, as well as the relationship between mystery and the concept of the "figure."

• See also Part IV: Gendre, André
• Norman, Buford

LA FAYETTE

CAMPBELL, JOHN. Questions of Interpretation in La Princesse de Clèves. Amsterdam/Atlanta: Rodopoi, 1996.

Review: A. Green in MLR 93 (1998), 224–25: "Campbell's own balanced, sympathetic, and detailed contribution to this flood of criticism is particularly welcome as it condenses a mass of critical opinion into a form that students and specialists will find invaluable. He identifies the main areas of controversy, reviews a wide range of critical responses that have been made to them, and then proceeds to suggest plausible readings based on a close analysis of the novel's language."

• See French 17 (1997).

GEVREY, FRANÇOISE. L'esthétique de Madame de Lafayette. Paris: SEDES, 1997.

Review: Bettina L. Knapp in FR 72.1 (1998), 124–25: Solid and scholarly as well as readable and even engrossing study in four parts: "Un auteur dans son temps," collecting portraits by contemporaries on gallantry, developed through imagined dialogue into an "esthétique du lien social," and opening out literary genres related to conversation; "La Disposition," considering contemporary practices and "rules" for narrative; "L'esthétique des personnages," concentrating on the ways LF sheds the Aristotelian rules. A "sensitive exploration."

GREEN, ANNE. Privileged Anonymity: The Writings of Madame de Lafayette. Oxford: Clarendon Press-Legenda Paperbacks, 1996.

Review: Maya Slater in TLS 4893 (10 Jan. 1997), 23: This first monograph in a new series of the European Humanities Research Center is a collection of separate essays chronologically arranged on each of the texts, examined through a few important themes: the complex interplay between public and private persona (La Comtesse de Tende), sexual relationships as a battleground for mastery (La Princesse de Montpensier(, communication between the sexes (Zayde), and the tension between silence and speech (La Princesse de Clèves). Book is best when closely examining texts. Some comparison between texts and those of contemporaries would have been illuminating.

LETTS, JANET. Legendary Lives in La Princesse de Clèves. EMF Critiques. Charlottesville: Rookwood Press, 1998.

Letts studies Mme de La Fayette's knowledge and artistic use of historiographic materials.

• See also Part IV: Keller, Edwige
• Langer, Ullrich
• Muratore, Mary Jo
• Salazar, Philippe-Joseph

LA FONTAINE

BACCAR, ALIA, ed. La Fontaine et l'Orient: réception, réécriture, représentation. Actes du colloque de Tunis. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 98 (1996).

Review: T. Alliott in MLR 93 (1998), 504–05: Welcome investigation highlights the enigmatic and the paradoxical in La Fontaine's Fables. Studies focus on such topics as "the interplay of literary convention and factual reality" in the poet's work, the influence of the translated version of Pilpay's fables, and the "impact of La Fontaine on Arabic literature."

Review: Boris Donné in RHL 98.2 (1998), 298–99: Most of the articles in this compendium focus on "les fables du second recueil inspirées du Livre de Lumières de Pilpay." The work is divided into three sections: 1) Représentation et écriture, 2) Réécriture, conception du monde, and 3) L'orient. L'histoire et ses images." D. cites the originality of many articles, and highlights the way in which the volume demonstrates the subsequent influence of the Fables on Arab literature and art.

Review: O. Leplatre in PFSCL 15 (1998), 281–282: Studies of themes related to the Orient presenting elements of esthetic diversity, echos of the theme in La Fontaine's relations with other writers, and the importance of the fable in Eastern cultures and its role in images of the East.

• See French 17 (1997).

BIRBERICK, ANNE L. Reading Undercover: Audience and Authority in Jean de La Fontaine. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1998.

Focusing on the Fables, Les Amours de Psyché, and the Contes, B. examines author/audience relations and demonstrates how La Fontaine remains a largely subversive artist even while he seeks to establish himself within a conventional system of literary patronage.

BIRBERICK, ANNE L., ed. Refiguring La Fontaine: Tercentenary Essays. Charlottesville, VA: Rookwood Press, 1996.

Review: M. Slater in MLR 93 (1998), 223–24: Nine thematically grouped essays in four sections. The first section, "Context and Pretext," contains articles by Marie-Odile Sweetser, Michael Vincent, and Martine Debaisieux which "revaluate the poet in different contexts." The second section, "Writing, Reading and Perspective in the Fables," focuses on the texts themselves and offers analyses from Richard Danner, Russell Ganim and Catherine Grise. The third section, "Narrative Loss and Figuration in Psyché and the Contes," contains articles by Twyla Meding who explores how the cliches of the pastoral novel are subverted in Psyché and Anne Birberick who examines the six Contes portraying nuns. In the final section, "Refabulations," David Rubin discusses translations of research.

• See French 17 (1996).

BRODY, JULES. Lectures de La Fontaine. EMF Monographs 1 Charlottesville: Rookwood Press, 1994.

Review: Sylvie Dangerville in FR 70 (1997), 734–35: An "oeil expert vers des découvertes textuelles inédites" in I,5,22; II,15; VII,7; VIII,4 and l'Adonis in the spirit of "diversité c'est ma devise." Particular attention to narrative turns, mixture of styles.

• See French 17 (1996).

BURY, EMMANUEL. L'esthétique de La Fontaine. Paris: Sedes, 1996.

Review: J.-P. Collinet in PFSCL 15 (1998), 282–283: Reviewer calls this work, directed especially at a student readership, an "élégante synthèse." Includes anthology of important texts.

Review: Boris Donné in RHL 98.2 (1998), 297: Book is organized into two parts: 1) une anthologie d'une soixantaine de textes de La Fontaine pertinents pour l'étude de son esthétique," and 2) the explanation of La Fontaine's work as "une poésie ancrée à la fois dans la société mondaine du XVIIe siècle, et dans de profondes traditions rhétoriques et poétiques." Among other topics dealt with are "le renouvellement et l'appropriation du genre par La Fontaine," as well as "l'évolution de son art au fil des recueils."

DANDREY, PATRICK, ALAIN GENETIOT, et BORIS DONNE, éds. Le Fablier, Revue des Amis de Jean de La Fontaine, 7. Chateau-Thierry: La Société des Amis de Jean de La Fontaine, 1995.

Review: M. Slater in MLR 92 (1997), 973–74: Reviewer cites several important contributions in this first of two volumes commemorating La Fontaine's tercentenary in 1995. J. P Collinet in collaboration with R. Josse provides detailed historical research on contemporary documents relating to La Fontaine in "La Fontaine au fil des jours"; "De l'art des devises à la poétique de l'apologue", by P.Dandrey, "examines the parallels between the Preface to the first "Recueil" of La Fontaine's Fables (1668) and le Père Le Moyne's De l'Art des Devises of 1666. . . . The volume is completed by a bibliographical revision, a lively evocation of the poet's birthplace by Colette Prieur, and four short articles written for the national press by Marc Fumaroli, covering the musicality of La Fontaine's verse, his late conversion, philosophical origins, and debt to Italian literature bibliographical revision."

• See French 17 (1996, 95).

DE LEY, HERBERT. Fixing Up Reality: La Fontaine and Lévi-Strauss. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 97 (1996).

Review: Boris Donné in RHL 98.2 (1998), 297: Largely unfavorable review where D. states that while most readers would expect a well-reasoned, rigorous, structuralist reading of La Fontaine by De Ley, what emerges is an "isole[ment] plus ou moins arbitraire de quelques fables, [qui] glisse l'une à l'autre par analogie pour tisser un long commentaire aux conclusions sans surprises." Especially disappointing is De Ley's reliance on Lévi-Strauss, who, according to D., "n'a jamais parlé de La Fontaine."

Review: M. Slater in MLR 93 (1998), 505–06: Exploration of the "parallels between the anthropological writings of Lévi-Strauss and the Fables and Contes of La Fontaine." De Ley "picks out patterns analysed by Lévi-Strauss and applies them to La Fontaine. The result is a series of new and varied insights, many of which are original and fruitful."

Review: O. Leplatre in PFSCL 15 (1998), 298–300: Reviewer calls this study a "lecture des Fables . . . profonde et somme toute neuve . . . .": De Ley "nous montre la fable au travail avec le réel . . . ."

• See French 17 (1997).

FUMAROLI, MARC. Le poète et le roi: Jean de La Fontaine en son siècle. Paris: Des Fallois, 1997.

Review: Peter France in TLS 4908 (23 April 1997), 12: Fine appreciation of Fumaroli's career, and recent polemical as well as celebratory writings on French culture, give nuanced consideration to this "expansive and distinctly personal book." The "case of La Fontaine" is above all used to evoke a larger vision of the development of culture in post-Renaissance France. This "dernier poète de la Renaissance" serves also as "an ideal synthesis of Frenchness." There are many illuminating comments on individual poems but these stop short of full-scale analysis, though they are invariably in the context of social life. Argues that the fall of Foucquet made the poet by freeing him to explore, with more discipline, other forms of poetry and to solidify a "tragic vision" based on awareness of the impossibilty in the new world of Versailles of the incorporation of his own visions, of Psyché and Adonis, that enrich the fables. Personally, it began a life-long detachment from the center of power. Reviewer has some misgivings about the starkness of the opposition of poetry and Realpolitik, near mythic treatment of the Foucquet-Colbert confrontation, and the value of the salon as a cultural ideal for the end of the 20th century.

Review: Françoise Graziani in CTH 19 (1997), 60: Brief presentation of the book as the first to work out the continuity of La Fontaine's Renaissance aesthetics. Signals also the "fraternité quasi-idéologique" shared with Tristan l'Hermite.

GRIMM, JURGEN. Le "dire sans dire" et le dit: études lafontaniennes II. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 93 (1996).

Review: T. Alliott in MLR 93 (1998), 222–23: Sixteen articles, most of which date from the past five years, focus primarily on the Contes of La Fontaine. Grimm rejects formalist interpretations which ignore the personal, social, and political contexts of La Fontaine's works in favor of "reading the text in breadth and depth." Volume continually challenges traditional assumptions and suggests new areas of research.

Review: O. Leplatre in PFSCL 15 (1998), 318–320: A second volume of 16 studies completed between 1972 and 1976 and using the scholar's social criticism approach to the poet.

• See French 17 (1996).

GRISE, CATHERINE. Cognitive Space and Patterns of Deceit in La Fontaine's Contes. EMF Critiques. Charlottesville: Rookwood Press, 1998.

Grisé applies Goffman's "frame analysis" to structure in the Contes.

LANDRY, JEAN-PIERRE, ed. Présence de La Fontaine. Actes de la Journée La Fontaine. Paris: Champion, 1996.

Review: M. Slater in PFSCL 15 (1998), 329–330: Several studies: the poet's attitude toward women, the theme of withdrawal, the conflict between characters and their speech, and La F. the dreamer. According to reviewer, a volume characterized more by enthusiasm than innovative ideas.

LE FABLIER 8, 1996. "La Fontaine 1695–1995." Colloque du Tricentenaire.

Review: M. Ricord in PFSCL 15 (1998), 304–306: A collection of articles from the tricentenial observance that represents a "bilan critique" of La Fontaine studies. Both an excellent introduction to the poet and a reference work.

LESAGE, CLAIRE, ed. Catalogue de I'Exposition, Bibliothéque Nationale, 1995–1996. Paris: Seuil, 1995.

Review: Jean Marc Chatellain in BB, 1997, 184–85: Generously illustrated and generally organized around the place of image in the fables and in culture. Long introductory essay by M. Fumaroli on the Epicurean poetics of LF; Michel Couan on their rapport with real gardens; Michel Pastoureau on blasons; Claire Lesage on Court spectacles. One part is given to illustrators. J-P. Collinet on "un cycle du reflet" sets the subtle "jeux de miroirs" that are the fables themselves.

MEERHOFF, KEES and PAUL J. SMITH, éds. Fabuleux La Fontaine. Amsterdam/Atlanta: Rodopi, 1996.

Review: T. Alliott in MLR 93 (1998), 503–04: Well-produced collection of articles divided into four sections. The first section contains essays by P. Pelckmans on the theme of death, M. Slater on the presentation of the pagan gods, and J.-P. Collinet on the theme of delusion. The second section explores the emblem tradition in contributions by D. Russell and L. Grove. In the final section, S. Houppermans analyzes the Les Lunettes; P. Smith explores "the mystery of a French translation of the Latin fable, Gallus (1673) by Commire; G. Parussa examines a 1670 collection of fables by Saint-Glas "that develops the text of La Fontaine and also reuses the engravings of Chauveau"; and K. Meerhoff "provides a very interesting picture of the fortunes of La Fontaine in eignteenth-century criticism."

Review: Alain Génetiot in RHL 98.2 (1998), 299: The goal of the compendium is to "désigner en La Fontaine le 'fabuliste'," and to "place[r] les Fables sous le signe d'une rhétorique savante." The first three articles deal with representations of death, while the following essays focus on the relationship between the Fables and the emblematic tradition. One article is centered on the Contes. G's impression is quite favorable, as he states that, "ce recueil met ainsi en évidence les intentions complexes et raffinés qui ont présidé à l'écriture de ce livre adulte que sont les Fables."

RONZEAUD, PIERRE AND PATRICK DANDREY, eds. La Fontaine: Adonis, Le songe de Vaux, Les amours de Psyché. Actes . . . du 30 novembre 1996 et . . . du 25 janvier 1997. Paris: Klincksieck, 1997.

Review: M.-O. Sweetser in PFSCL 15 (1998), 337–339: Important studies devoted to the poet's "oeuvres galantes." Includes a "choix bibliographique."

SHAPIRO, NORMAN R.,trans. Fifty More Fables of La Fontaine. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998.

Review: N. B. Palmer in Choice 35.11/12 (1998), 1860: Shapiro "once more reproduc[es] in English both 'the tune and the tone'... of the original.... Shapiro's translation re-creates the intimacy, the naturalness, the chattiness, the digressions, the rhyme, and especially the wit of La Fontaine.... A handsome book—beautiful paper, delightful illustrations, nicely bound, with good notes and bibliography."

Review: n.a. in VQR 74.4 (1998), 132: "S. is most successful with the fables that deviate least from Greco-Roman objectivity, linear organization, and insistence on eternally recurring traits. But when his source texts are most Lafontainian—skeptical or epicurean in viewpoint, dense, resonant, and conflictual in method as well as radically creative with genre norms—S. corrects the French poet's eclecticism by skillful massaging, tweaking, and pruning. The result is an undeniably delicious read—fluent, lively, and transparent—but like Fifty Fables of La Fontaine, Fifty More is less a translation than a thorough-going and backward-looking adaptation, as remote in profile from the original as La Fontaine's fables are from their classical models."

SLATER, MAYA. "La Fontaine's Hidden Images." SCFS 18 (1996), 91–103.

Similar to the trick focus of some Flemish and Italian paintings that superimpose a human and an inanimate shape, some fables may appear to play on human images and inanimate contexts, most often to satirize or mock some kind of human distortions. Special attention is given to XI,4 and II,16 in which a dreamlike suggestiveness presents a new perspective on the world subtle enough to represent La Fontaine "at his most original."

WALDMAN, GUIDO,trans. Forbidden Fruit: Selected Tales in Verse. London: Harvill, 1998.

Review: Maya Slater in TLS 4963 (15 May 1998), 25: 12 of the 70 contes adapted rather than translated, in the spirit of Ogden Nash. "Fun to read and attractively illustrated."

• See also Part I: Bogliolo, Giovanni
• Part III: Darmon, Jean-Charles
• Senior, Matthew
• Part IV: Assaf, Francis
• Biondi, C.
• Bredin, Jean-Denis
• Génetiot, Alain
• McMahon, Elise N.
• Muratore, Mary Jo
• Rubin, David L.

LA MOTHE LE VAYER

MCBRIDE, ROBERT, ed. Lettre sur la Comédie de l'Imposteur. Durham: University of Durham, 1994.

Review: S. Bamforth in MLR 93 (1998), 831–33: "The question of the authorship of the text is the central focus of the edition. The name of La Mothe Le Vayer has been mentioned before as possible author, but McBride breaks new ground by ascribing the work definitely to him. The arguments are a combination of the thematic and the stylistic, and are clearly set out in the introduction." Reviewer remains unconvinced but finds McBride's contribution to the debate "a stimulating one, and the edition he has produced of the Lettre is excellently and thoroughly documented."

• See French 17 (1996, 95).

• See also Part III: Charles-Daubert, Françoise.
• Part IV: Biondi, C.
• Suozzo, Andrew

LA ROCHEFOUCAULD

CLARK, HENRY C. La Rochefoucauld and the Language of Unmasking in Seventeenth Century France. Genève: Droz, 1994.

Review: O. Roth in Archiv 234 (1997), 196–201: Detailed review places C.'s various critical interpretations in context of La R. criticism by Jean Lafond, Louis Van Delft, Corrado Rosso and others. C.'s conclusions are, in R.'s view, in harmony with the analysis of H. Scheffers on the sociogenesis of the concept of honnêteté. "Mondain" impulses dominate in C.'s analysis and La R. is portrayed as a forerunner of the liberal Enlightment moral system.

HODGSON, RICHARD G. Falsehood Disguised: Unmasking the Truth in La Rochefoucauld. West Lafayette; Purdue University Press, 1995.

Review: Edmund Campion in FR 71.5 (1998), 840: Analyzes, with great insight, LR's ambiguous reflection on truth and falsehood in developing the central moral ambiguity of the Maximes. An important contribution to the study of the reception of the work.

• See French 17 (1997).

• See also Part I: Pauphilet, Albert
• Part II: Force, Pierre
• Part IV: LaFond, Jean

LARIVEY, PIERRE

CAMERON, KEITH et PAUL WRIGHT, éds. Les Tromperies. Pierre de Larivey. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1997.

Review: BCLF 595 (avril 1998), 742: Larivey "publie sous son nom six comédies en 1579, puis trois autres en 1611 alors qu'il est chanoine à Troyes, toutes traduites et transposées dans le contexte français de l'époque. Les Tromperies, la meilleure des trois pièces du second recueil reprend ainsi Gl'Inganni de Niccolo Secco (1509–1560) . . . . L'édition critique se repose sur l'édition originale de 1611, la seule connue, parue chez Pierre Chevillot à Troyes." Bibliographie et glossaire.

Review: M. Lazard in BHR 60.2 (1998), 579–80: "La collection des Textes littéraires dirigée par Keith Cameron, fidèle à sa tradition, s'est enrichie d'une pièce non réeditée depuis sa parution au XIXe siècle dans l'Ancien théâtre français (Bibl. alzévirienne, Paris, 1856). Les Tromperies sont l'une des Trois comédies des six dernières de Pierre de Larivey, Champenois, publiées en 1611 à Troyes, et restées, d'ailleurs sans suite malgré la promesse du titre."L. trouve ce volume "révélateur du talent du chanoine de Troyes et de son rôle dans l'évolution de la comédie en France."

LA TOUR, GEORGES DE

BONFAIT, OLIVIER, ANNE REINBOLD, et BEATRICE SARRAZIN. L'ABCdaire de Georges de La Tour. Paris: Flammarion, 1997.

Review: BCLF 598–99 (1998), 1616: "Publié dans la collection 'L'ABCdaire' de Flammarion, à l'occasion de l'exposition Georges de La Tour aux galeries nationales du Grand Palais, ce vade-mecum n'apprendra rien aux connaisseurs et aux spécialistes; conçu à partir d'une sélection de mots clés, il ambitionne de parcourir certains thèmes propres au contexte culturel de quelques grands artistes."

CUZIN, JEAN-PIERRE et PIERRE ROSENBERG. Georges de La Tour. Paris: Réunion des musées nationaux, 1997.

Review: BCLF 598–99 (1998), 1637: Catalogue d'exposition, Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, Paris, 3 oct. 1997–26 janv. 1998, [qui] "fera . . . date, et dont les notices ont été complétées et remises à jour en ce qui concerne les provenances, l'historique des expositions, les bibliographies . . . . Il remplacera enfin dignement le catalogue fondamental de l'exposition de 1972, d'autant qu'une seconde édition est prévue, avec davantage de précisions et avec quelques nouvelles découvertes."

Review: G. Raillard in QL 725 (1997), 16–17: In this retrospective, "Les oeuvres actuellement reconnues autographes sont mêlées aux copies, les séries sont présentées à la suite, en leur entier, de quelque main qu'elles soient.

FOHR, ROBERT. Georges de La Tour. Le maître des nuits. Metz: Adam Biro, 1997.

Review: BCLF 598–99 (1998), 1617–18: "Articulé en six chapitres, l'ouvrage explore le contexte historique et culturel de cet oeuvre magique qui reflète les passions de l'époque . . . . Fort bien documenté, cet essai constitue un excellent complément au catalogue de l'exposition parisienne."

FRAISSE, BERNARD. "La Tour toujours redécouvert." RDM (novembre 1997), 168–171:

"L'exposition du Grand Palais, organisée par Jacques Thuillier, Pierre Rosenberg et Jean-Pierre Cuzin, rassemble quarante-deux toiles de l'artiste et des copies anciennes d'oeuvres disparues, certaines sans doute lors de l'incendie de Lunéville en 1638."

• See also Part II: Chauvin et Olivier, Françoise
• Giraud, Yves

LOUIS XIII

• See Part II: Chartier, Roger

LOUIS XIV

MALETTKE, KLAUS. Ludwig XIV. von Frankreich. Leben, Politik und Leistung. Göttingen: Muster-Schmidt, 1994.

Review: I. Mieck in HZ 264 (1997), 487–88: Welcome biographical treatment in the German language (filling a major lacuna) by prominent and trustworthy historian. Demographics and social structure of France are treated, as well as ruling practices of Louis XIV. Reviewer would have appreciated more critical apparatus, but notes the considerable account taken of controversy in current scholarship.

• See also Part II: Goubert, Pierre
• Schmale, Wolfgang
• Sturdy, David
• Van Schlosser, Julius

LULLY

• See Part IV: Kintzler, Catherine

MAIRET

• See Part IV: Gutleben, Muriel

MALEBRANCHE

ONG VAN CUNG, KIM SANG. "Malebranche et l'exemplarisme médiéval." RMM (1997), 343–63.

Malebranche's affirmation that we see everything in God does not figure in the main sources of exemplarism, Augustine and Aquinas. The role of exemplarism in the noetic of Aquinas in fact implies the efficacy of the secondary cause that the notion of occasional cause in Malebranche refutes. The doctrine of vision in God is nonetheless seen as an attempt to apply exemplarism to the new conception of matter and knowledge held with a view to conserve a more classical conception of creation than Descartes's.

PINCHARD, BRUNO, ed. La légèreté de l'être: études sur Malebranche. Paris: Vrin, 1998.

14 papers including A. Robinet,"Un siècle d'études malebranchistes: courants dominants,' and B. Pinchard, "Sensibilité de Malebranche: l'occasionalisme au delà du tragique?" Full contents listed in Isis 89.3 (1998), 597.

• See Part I: Durand-Sendrail, Beatrice
• Part III: Schobinger, J.-P.
• Yolton, John W.

MALHERBE

• See Part I: Ayers-Bennet, Wendy
• Part IV: Gendre, André
• Part V: D'URFE; Sancier-Château, A.

MANCINI, MARIE DE

LEVER, MAURICE, ed. Cendre et poussière: mémoires de Marie de Mancini. Paris: Le Comptoir, 1997.

Review: François Crouset in FL (3 July 1997), 8: Republication of the 1683 La Princesse Colonna. Special praise for the brilliance of Lever's introduction.

MARESCHAL

JOHNSON, STEPHEN. "André Mareschal's La Crysolite: From Preface to Text." SCFS 19 (1997), 185–97.

Valuable examination in Mareschal's sole narrative fiction (1626) of the author's play with contemporary anti heroic or "realist" claims for fiction. Probative use of contemporary instances of the strategy shows how it is played upon from the preface to the text in a manner to install a permanent ambiguity.

MARIE DE L'INCARNATION

• See Part IV: Davis, Natalie Z.

MAYNARD

GRISE, Catherine. "La clôture dans les Odes de François Maynard." CM 19 (1998) 23–34.

Finds that the complexity of Renaissance odes reappears in M.'s last lines, or "clausules." Referring to studies by Bahti, Hamon and others, author analyzes a number of the odes to,reveal corresponding "procédés sémantiques de clôture." The ode to Racan puts a new twist on the Horatian exegi monumentum (Bk. III, 30). But sometimes M. has written in a surprise ending, to offer the reader a very different conclusion than he might anticipate. Despite their structural stability, odes exhibit a tension between the Malherbian prescription to close, and the desire to escape that discipline and not "clôturer."

MANSAU, Andrée. "Loin d'Oriane et de Dulcinée? Nouvelles amours et poésie moderne de Maynard." CM 19 (1998), 35–38.

Links M. to Don Quixote, which he read and which influenced him; compares M.'s search for a contemporary poetic form to Cervantès' struggle for the modern novel against the roman de chevalerie. Both authors finally reject Montalvo's Amadis de Gaula. Turning away from academic, courtly, foreign and even antique sources, M. "recherche dans l'exil et dans la souffrance, loin des muses vénales, la force de l'inspiration ...l'exilé veut être le nouvel Orphée," and he compares himself to Balzac.

ROBERTS, WILLIAM. "Maynard and the Death of a Daughter." CM 19 (1998), 39–59.

Six prefatory paintings recall the importance given to 17th c. children, whose survival was always problematic, and establish other ties with M.'s ode (or elegy) "L'Astre du jour." The much regretted teen-age daughter is presented affectionately, as sweet, virtuous, and a sort of Cornelian heroïne. Close analysis reveals a strong influence of Malherbe's Consolation à Du Périer, and of preciosity. Poet rails against this Divine, but "unnatural," injustice and calls for his own death. At the end he steps outside the poem, and points to a father so distraught that his very reason has departed. Yet the text itself is very carefully constructed.

SWEETSER, MARIE-ODILE. "La Belle Vieille comme éloge paradoxal." CM 19 (1998), 9–23.

In a perspicacious reading of the prevailing circumstances and [the] poetic techniques used, author traces the history of the genre "éloge paradoxal" and illustrates in detail how M. follows its format of "hommage ambigu & attitude ambivalente." Although "le vocabulaire du service amoureux est systématiquement utilisé", M. follows an underlying logic akin to that of Malherbe, and also introduces unexpected, surprising developments. The widow's situation is compared to those of Madame de Clèves and Andromaque, and to social norms of the time. The protagonists seem to be archetypes, the poem's last stanza raises questions about M's basic sincerity. S. sees here a "parodie légère d'une situation amoureuse essentiellement littéraire"; suggests that this was M.'s last-ditch effort to rival with the younger salon poets, and regain his faltering reputation. Praises this "excellent artisan du vers...[cet] artiste conscient qui vise à perfectionner son texte."

MENAGE

• See Part I: Ayers-Bennett, Wendy

MERE

• See Part IV: La Fond, Jean

MOLIERE

BAMFORTH, STEVEN. "Jacques Lassalle et sa mise en scène de Dom Juan." OeC 22.2 (1997): 164–180.

L'auteur établit des points de comparaison entre la mise en scène de Dom Juan de Jacques Lassalle pour le Festival d'Avignon en juillet 1993 et celle sur le plateau de la salle Richelieu de la Comédie Française le 9 octobre 1993.

BIET, CHRISTIAN. "La veuve et l'idéal du mari absolu: Célimène et Alceste." CdDS 7.1 (Spring 1997) 215–26.

B. suggests that the portrayal in the theater represents transformations occurring in drama as a whole. Widows embody "de nouveaux héros...[qui] dépassent le statut du motif pour devenir les pièces essentielles du schéma fictionnel et acquérir une profondeur psychologique et sociale encore ignorée jusqu'alors." Author applies notions of "le droit de la veuve" during the Ancien Régime to the Misanthrope, arguing that the freedom granted to widows explains Célimène's audacious nature, making her a "véritable danger public." Yet, her freedom is not absolute, as society will eventually force her to remarry or gradually lose what authority she has as a libertine. B. concludes, "la veuve est libre d'être libre, libre de ne pas choisir un mari..., de rester menacée par le temps qui s'écoule...et d'être condamnée et réléguée pour avoir trop exercé cette liberté."

BILLARD, P. "Les femmes savantes. Compte-rendu de la mise en scène de Simon Zine à la Comédie-Française." Le Point 1360 (1998), 127.

Dans cette mise en scène, Trissotin "est un parfait Tartuffe. L'éclairage s'avère enrichissant, sans rien gommer des multiples facettes de la pièce. Loin de toute caricature, le raffinement de l'interprétation, aux bords de la perfection, traduit toutes les subtilités des contradictions morales, psychologiques, sociales qui tétanisent la famille de Chrysale."

BILLARD, PIERRE. "Performance Review of Les Fourberies de Scapin directed by Jean-Louis Benoît at the Comédie-Française, December 1997. Le Point 1316 (1997), 143.

"Jean-Louis Benoît instaure un équilibre miraculeux entre ce guignol époustouflant et la gravité mélancolique, voire désespérée, sous-jacente chez Scapin. Il dispose, pour exprimer cette approche si neuve et si riche, de deux instruments virtuoses: la troupe déchaînée des jeunes Comédiens-Français, qui endiablent rythme et caricatures, en parfaits saltimbanques. Et Philippe Torreton qui impose un intrigant Scapin, aventurier recru de cicatrices et d'ingratitude, qui met à secourir les autres une ingéniosité désabusée. Son regard féroce décape la farce de toute gentillesse et dénonce la bande de salauds et de crétins où, en grand valet-maître de comédie, il rétablit un ordre sans illusions."

BLUM, BILHA. "Behind Closed Doors. Tartuffe at the Tel Aviv Gesher Theatre." OeC 22.2 (1997): 20–30.

Analysis of Yevgeny Arye's staging of Tartuffe at the Gesher Theatre in 1995–96 concentrates on the set and the use of language "as essentiel to the understanding of the performance's thematic implications."

CAMPOS, CHRISTOPHE et MICHAEL SADLER. "La ville à l'assaut de la maison: Tartuffe au Soleil Levant." OeC 22.2 (1997): 54–72.

Analyse de la mise en scène de Tartuffe par Ariane Mnouchkine en 1995 à la Cartoucherie. "Dans ce Tartuffe, l'exotisme est inattendu. La cabale, dans le monde contemporain, c'est pour elle [Mnouchikine] l'intégrisme, islamique ou autre, c'est à la fois le radicalisme religieux et l'intolérance. La rencontre qui inspire à Ariane Mnouchkine cette création est celle d'un constat d'intolérance et une manifestation de sympathie morale et politique pour les peuples mediterranéens qui en sont victimes."

CARMODY, JIM. "Molière in America." OeC 22.2 (1997): 73–82.

Analysis of two Molière productions, the first directed by Robert Falls using a British translation/adaptation of Le Misanthrope by Neil Bartlett at the La Jolla/Goodman Theatre, and the second a staging of Les Fourberies de Scapin directed by Andrei Belgrader (1992–93) at the Classic Stage Company in New York and based on the Belgrader/Berc translation and adaptation. The author concludes: "These two productions are, I think, important landmarks in recent American theater history. They offer evidence that the new generation of American theater artists is less in awe of Molière's canonical status and therefore less inhibited in its desire to bring the plays to contemporary life. Both of these productions make Molière American, but they do not do so by attempting to cover over the very real differences between his dramaturgy and those to which American theater artists and audiences have become accustomed. Instead, they do so by going back to the original and trying to effect theatrical rather than literary translations."

CARMODY, JIM. Performance review of The School for Wives. La Jolla Playhouse, San Diego. 9 July 1997. TJ 50.2 (1998), 251–252.

"With its powerful central focus, its playful foregrounding of the theatricality of the scenic space, and the dollhouse dimensions of Agnes's living quarters, Mark Wendland's scenography recalls Christian Bérard's famous designs for Louis Jouvet's 1936 production.... Director Neel Keller... entices the audience into a kind of conversation with Arnolf that continues virtually unbroken until the end of the play at the same time as he uses the scenery, costumes, and the entire opening sequence to frame his version of The School for Wives as a deliberately tongue in cheek exploration of a French classic. Keller sustains the emphasis on the 'Frenchness' of the play with inventive ways of marking the beginnings of each act.... Along with this frivolity, and perhaps because of it, Keller manages to produce a School for Wives that effectively hits almost every note in Molière's tonal scale. Keller gives us broad farce and near tragic emotional intensity as well as most of what lies between in a production that seems delighted to take on the play's notoriously difficult mixture of dramatic genres and theatrical styles. He is helped enormously in this by an outstanding performance by Tom McGowan as Arnolf, leading a very strong cast, as well as by Paul Schmidt's superb new translation, which emerges in Keller's production as more attractive and stageworthy than the version by Richard Wilbur that has been the standard translation for the last thirty years or so."

COTTIS, EILEEN. "Les Molière de Red Shift." OeC 22.2 (1997): 156–63.

C. se propose "d'examiner deux mises en scène de comédies de Molière par l'une des meilleures compagnies indépendentes de la scène britannique contemporaine. Il s'agit du Misanthrope (1988) et de George Dandin (1995) par la Compagnie Red Shift."

EDNEY, DAVID. "Molière in North America: Problems of Translation and Adaptation." MD 41.1 (1998), 60–76.

E. shows "that modern North American audiences and theatre people do not see the French playwright as their counterparts in France do and that translators are partly responsible for this different perception, which has led to the creation of a distinctively North American Molière." Includes analysis of his own translations as well as those of Richard Wilbur. Addresses various difficulties of translation: humor, verse, modernization, proper names. E. concludes: "The division between the earnest French approach and the no-holds-barred North American one is by no means absolute: wit, fantasy and boisterous comedy can be found in the French performances of Molière; human content and substance are not absent from North American productions. It is a question of balance; and a question of basic attitudes, which stem from the different place the dramatist occupies in the cultural heritage of France and of North America. Translators, whether willing or reluctant, aware or unwitting, have had an important role to play in this scenario; by emphasizing the comic, witty elements of the text, by making them stylized rather than realistic, they have fuelled the movement towards an unrestrainedly theatrical Molière that I see as distinctively North American."

EMELINA, JEAN. "La mise en scène du Misanthrope par Jacques Weber (Nice et Paris, 1990–91)." OeC 22.2 (1997): 103–114.

Analyse du Misanthrope créé le 14 décembre 1989 au Nouveau Théâtre de Nice: le décor, le jeu des acteurs et l'interprétation des personnages. "L'inconséquence (Alceste) et l'inconstance (Célimène) sont devenus déchirements de coeurs vrais. Dès lors, même quand on sourit, on adhère. Weber nous invite à vibrer pour des amants qui ne sont plus mal assortis. La comédie est devenue drame. Rousseau aurait (enfin!) aimé ce Misanthrope."

FLECK, STEPHEN. "Enjoyment and Subversion in the Comedy-Ballets." CdDS 7.1 (Spring 1997), 1–9.

F. states that the article "will address certain aspects of the comedy-ballets'" theatrical workings in order to suggest that the enjoyment of the late comedy-ballets came to be linked with an implicit subversion of ... the prevalent social order." Article deals mainly with comparisons between Le Bourgeois gentilhomme and Le Malade imaginaire, although mention is made of Les Fâcheux and Monsieur de Pourceaugnac. Among the major themes involved are transformation of identity, carnivalization, and the "undermining and eventual dissolution of the comedic." F. concludes with a paradox: "...the more the work pleased the court, the more subversive it became of the world view which upheld that court."

GAINES, JAMES F. "L'eveil des sentiments et le paradoxe de la conscience dans l'Ecole des femmes." FR 70 (1997), 407–15.

Starting with the paradox of need for another in the play of passionate feeling, Gaines incisively explores the neatly formulated preposition that "L'identité individuelle repose sur la science des autres." Arnolphe's over systematized "prêt-à pensée" contrasts essentially with the openness to risk of the "jeunes Amoureux" in a "comédie molièresque" that underlines its phenomenological complexity.

GOODE, WILLIAM O. "Molière au bureau des merveilles: Molière à Paris." FLS 24 (1997), 189–20.

Lively evocation of "behavioural urbanization" of Paris according to Colbert's dream of its eminence, the spending of money and the sharing in the comedy of city life.

GRIFFITHS, BRUCE. "Les fortunes de Molière au pays de Galles." OeC 22.2 (1997): 95–102.

"En dernière analyse, les fortunes de Molière reflètent, comme il advient, les étapes franchies par le théâtre de langue galloise en général. Au début, des morceaux traduits pour des raisons purement littéraires, au moment où le théâtre n'existait guère; puis, des pièces entières traduites, souvent dans un style livresque peu convenable à la scène, et montées par des troupes de lycéens ou d'acteurs amateurs, dans des locaux mal équipés; tout dernièrement, à la radio, à la télévision ou dans des théâtres bien équipés, ont lieu des représentations ambitieuses, traditionnelles ou innovatrices, devant des auditoires acquis au grand comique."

JANVIER, SOPHIE. "Performance Review of Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme directed by Jean-Denis Vivien at the Château de Grignan, summer 1998." Le Point 1350 (1998), 74.

"Un Bourgeois gentilhomme surprenant! Jean-Denis Vivien et Viviane Theophilides ont choisi de respecter l'extravagance baroque de la comédie-ballet originale, mais se jouent de l'unité de lieu. De la façade Renaissance à la cour des ruines, en passant par la galérie des Adhémar et la cour du puits, le specateur visite le joli château de Grignan en même temps qu'il suit le spectacle. Une désambulation qui permet des variations de registre plutôt réussies: commedia dell'arte, marionnettes, opéra-bouffe... L'ensemble a de l'allure, et les intermèdes chantés et dansés sont parfaits..."

LAMONT, ROSETTE C. Performance review of Tartuffe. The Maryland State Company/University of Maryland, Baltimore County. Center Stage, Baltimore. 9 June 1997. TJ 50.2 (1998), 249–251.

"Director Xerxes Mehta's Baltimore production of Tartuffe proved both thought provoking and visually opulent... Mehta's production... combines an erudite deciphering of the past with allusions to our contemporary domestic pressures from the conservative far right and the Evangelical movement as well as the proliferation of extremist cults around the world. Mehta's boldest innovations are never gratuitous. They are solidly grounded in the play's structure and text, even when the scenes are wordless." Examples: Orgon's fantasy realm as a dream sequence; Tartuffe wearing a crown of thorns; silent parody of the Last Supper; Tartuffe's eating habits displayed on stage; the near rape of Elmire. "Mehta's set and costume designer, the Romanian born Elena Zlotescu, has erected a cosmic stage setting with its gilded Renaissance cupids and angels hovering high above the stage... A mist of golden veils draped the stage.... Together with Clifford Hall's vaulting, requiem like score, these elements reminded us that a spiritual dimension exists."

LE ROUX, MONIQUE. Performance review of Les Fourberies de Scapin, mise en scène de Jean Louis Benoit à la Salle Richelieu de la Comédie Française. QL 731 (1998), 26.

"L'accueil reçu par Les Fourberies de Scapin n'aurait... rien d'étonnant, si le triomphe actuel ne dépassait largement et le succès assuré à toute pièce de Molière et le cercle du public habituel." L. credits Phillippe Torreton's celebrity, but especially Benoit's mise en scène with this succes, particularly as the latter manages to "exalter tout à la fois la force comique et la férocité de la pièce."

MALLINSON, JONATHAN, ed. Molière: Le Misanthrope. London: Bristol Classical Press, 1996.

Accessible and scholarly critical edition, primarily addressed to students, offers a well-balanced introduction and accompanying sixty-page commentary. Close textual analysis focuses on the exceptional ambiguity of the work.

MCBRIDE, ROBERT. "Le Tartuffe du tricentenaire." OeC 22.2 (1997): 11–19.

L'auteur se sert de deux interprétations du rôle de Tartuffe—celle de Louis Jouvet en 1950 (un Tartuffe qui n'avait rien d'un hypocrite) et celle de Fernand Ledoux à la Comédie-Française en 1951 (un Tartuffe hypocrite voyant)—comme "deux paramètres utiles qui permettent de situer telle ou telle interprétation dans la tradition théâtrale."

PARISH, RICHARD, ed. Le Tartuffe ou l'Imposteur. By Molière. London: Bristol Classical Press, 1994.

Review: S. Bamforth in MLR 93 (1998), 831–33: "The text is based on the Grands Ecrivains de la France edition, itself based on the first edition of 23 March 1669, although . . . the text as it actually appears is a photographic reprint of the Blackwell edition of 1946 . . . ." S. finds that "the originality of Parish's edition lies first and foremost in its preface and notes. To compare his version with the original critical apparatus of 1946 is to see the distance covered in the interim (and rightly so) by Molière criticism . . . ." Parish views religion as the central issue of the play.

PEACOCK, NOEL. "Lectures scénographiques de L'Ecole des femmes." OeC 22.2 (1997): 128–146.

"Cet article a pour but d'examiner de près un aspect scénographique, celui du décor, de L'Ecole des femmes, pièce que la critique n'a pas étudiée d'une facon qui reflète sa place au sein du corpus moliéresque. L'objectif est double: étudier de quelle manière le décor est porteur de sens, et comment l'environnement scénique dans lequel l'acteur parle et se déplace nous aide à lire, et, parfois, à relire la pièce; examiner comment les metteurs en scène et les décorateurs du vingtième siècle ont conçu (visuellement) L'Ecole des femmes, et comment cette conception est liée à la critique et à la culture contemporaine."

POMMIER, RENE. Etudes sur le Tartuffe. Paris: Sedes, 1994.

Review: S. Bamforth in MLR 93 (1998), 831–33: Pommier's study, "which takes the form of three extended explications de texte together with a modified version of the essay 'Un séducteur à titre posthume: Tartuffe' from his Assez décodé, first published in 1978 (Paris: Roblot), might fairly be summed by the the motto 'it is as it is: it can be no other.' Far from offering any new reading of the play, Pommier stakes his claim on stating that 'no new reading of the play is possible'."

• See French 17 (1997).

REYNOLDS, OLIVIER. "That Sun King Feeling." TLS 4959 (17 Apr. 1998), 20.

A review of Peter Hall's Piccadilly Theatre production of Le Misanthrope in a new translation by Ranjit Bolt.

ROCHELEAU, ALAIN-MICHEL. "La présence de Molière dans le théâtre au Québec." OeC 22.2 (1997): 83–94.

" . . .je tenterai de démontrer dans cet article que les plus grandes phases d'évolution du théâtre au Québec ont eu lieu, dans une large mesure, sous l'égide et grâce à la présence des comédies de Molière": Molière et la Nouvelle France (1606–1760); Molière et le Bas-Canada (1760–1867); Molière et le Québec contemporain (1867–1990); Les Compagnons de Saint-Laurent (1937–1952); le Théâtre du Nouveau Monde.

ROY, DONALD. "'Plus heureux que sage'? Imaginant des Malades en anglais et en français." OeC 22.2 (1997): 147–55.

Professeur d'études théâtrales à l'Université de Hull, Roy a trois fois mis la pièce en scène; il a joué le rôle de Polichinelle travesti en vieillard de music-hall; et il a créé sa propre version du Misanthrope intitulée Sick in the Head. "Chaque fois que je me suis immergé de nouveau dans cette comédie, entouré de comédiens différents, elle m'a dévoilé des richesses inaperçues, de nouvelles possibilités ou de nouvelles permutations d'interprétation. Aussi mon affection grandissante pour l'ouvrage est-elle allée de parti avec une perception accrue de la manière instinctive (ou est-ce calculée?) dont Molière l'a composé en vue de le représenter—par quoi je veux dire non seulement, comme on a souvent constaté, qu'il a visé le jeu de sa propre troupe d'acteurs mais qu'il a envisagé en même temps l'expérience totale du spectacle de la part des spectateurs et, pour ainsi, dire, l'herméneutique qui s'ensuit. . . . [C]'est cet aspect de sa dramaturgie que j'ai chosi d'aborder aujourd'hui."

SIMKOVA, SONIA. "Les liaisons dangereuses. Tartuffe sur la scène slovaque dans les années 80." OeC 22.2 (1997): 31–46.

"Parmi les pièces de Molière, la comédie de Tartuffe est celle que l'on préfère en Slovaquie. Elle a souvent été mise en scène et de manières différentes. Tantôt comme satire anticléricale, comme cabaret politique, farce de boulevard, portrait sarcastique de moeurs, tantôt comme tragi-comédie, parfois grotesque. Les mises en scène des années 80 que nous venons d'évoquer sont le résultat de la confiance dans cette polysémie textuelle. Pour ce qui est du modèle de la théâtralité, Pietor et Strnisko avaient l'habitude de le désigner par le mot de Bakhtine: le réalisme grotesque. L'interprétation de Miols Pietor a été ancrée dans le contexte social. Pour être efficace, elle avait besoin de la coopération des spectateurs qui la complétaient par des données politiques. Par certains details, elle faisait penser au Tartuffe de Planchon. La mise en scène de Strnisko au théâtre de Bratislava fut cependant beaucoup plus autonome, plus universelle. Elle n'a rien perdu de son pouvoir de communication, même après la révolution de Velours. Elle fait recette encore aujourd'hui. La concrétisation scénique de Blaho Uhlar se distinguait des autres par son esthétisme sophistiqué, mais elle exprimait les mêmes préoccupations à propos de notre mode de vie. Les quatre mises en scène dévoilaient, chacune à sa manière, les liaisons pragmatiques en tant que liaisons dangereuses."

SNAITH, GUY. "Maîtres et servantes. Possibilités pour 'la Maison' dans Tartuffe." OeC 22.2 (1997): 47–53.

Professeur de français de l'université de Liverpool, S. discute la mise en scène de Tartuffe par la section française pour un public d'étudiants et de professeurs. Ils ont créé une société dramatique appelée "les Marottes" qui a présenté Tartuffe en 1989.

WHITTON, DAVID, éd. Molière mis en scène. OeC 22.2 (1997). Tübingen: Narr, 1997.

Fascicule de 14 articles répartis en trois sections qui traitent de l'histoire performative de Molière. La plupart des contributions sont issues d'un colloque organisé à l'Université de Lancaster en septembre 1995 et qui avait pour objet "de réunir spécialistes du théâtre et spécialistes de Molière autour d'un thème à la fois spécifique et vaste: Molière et la mise en scène. Plus généralement, on espérait favoriser une vaste convergence entre les études moliéresques, encore dominées par une tradition littéraire, et la discipline des études théâtrales. La seule contrainte imposée fut que les contributions devaient traiter de réalisations spécifiques modernes ou contemporaines." Pour les articles de la première section,"Visages de Tartuffe," voir R. McBride ("Le Tartuffe du tricentenaire"), B. Blum ("Behind Closed Doors"), S. Simková ("Les liaisons dangereuses. Tartuffe sur la scène slovaque dans les années 80"), G. Snaith ("Maîtres et servantes. Possibilités pour 'la Maison' dans Tartuffe"), et C. Campos et M. Sadler ("La ville à l'assaut de la maison: Tartuffe au Soleil Levant"). Pour les articles de la deuxième section, "Molière naturalisé," voir J. Carmody ("Molière in America"), A.-M. Rocheleau ("La présence de Molière dans le théâtre au Québec"), et B. Griffiths ("Les fortunes de Molière au pays de Galles"). Pour les articles de la troisième partie, "Pièces et mises en scène," voir J. Emelina ("La mise en scène du Misanthrope par Jacques Weber (Nice et Paris, 1990–1991))", E. Woodrough ("Outre manche, autre langage. The Misanthrope fait peau neuve pour 1996"), N. Peacock ("Lectures scénographiques de l'Ecole des femmes"), D. Roy ("'Plus heureux que sage?' Imaginant des Malades en anglais et en français"), E. Cottis ("Les Molière de Red Shift"), et S. Bamforth ("Jacques Lassalle et sa mise en scène de Dom Juan").

WHITTON, DAVID. Molière: Dom Juan. Plays in Production, ed. M. Robinson, vol.3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Review: J. D. Newman in TheatreS 42 (1997), 104–105: Whitton "traces the play's production history from the script's scandalous premiere under the playwright's direction, past its long obscurity during the nineeenth and twentieth centuries, and through its re emergence on the twentieth century stage. Besides acting as a guidepost for dramaturgs and directors of this particular script, W.'s book may also serve as a primer of twentieth century directing styles." "The author explores the religious, atheistic, Marxist, absurdist, and modernist interpretations of the script with a breadth of understanding of each and philosophical devotion to none." "The study also includes in the appendix an extensive catalogue of European productions of Dom Juan including lists of performers, directors and designers."

WOODROUGH, ELIZABETH. "Outre manche, autre langage, The Misanthrope fait peau neuve pour 1996." OeC 22.2 (1997): 115–127.

Mise en scène du Misanthrope par Lindsay Posner au Young Vic à Londres; traduction par Martin Crimp, le dernier né des traducteurs anglais du Misanthrope. "Comme tant de jeunes metteurs en scène auhourd'hui, Posner souhaite à tout prix être dans l'actualité, mais se veut un surmoderne classique. En employant la technique de la surimpression pour imposer un instantané de la société mondaine et médiatique de l'Angleterre fin-de-siècle sur cette grande comédie de la politesse des moeurs en France au temps de Louis XIV, ce Moliériste branché ne veut pas moins que transposer la date de la première du Misanthrope de 1666 à 1966 sans toutefois diminuer en rien la grandeur de l'oeuvre originale. Ce remake qui, tel un blockbuster américain se déclare la version du Misanthrope, serait donc destiné à faire à sa façon la promotion de la culture française, tout en faisant état de l'évolution de la langue anglaise."

• See also Part I: Bogliolo, Giovanni
• Losada, Jose M.
• Part II: Haentjens, Claire
• Viala, Alain
• Part III: Darmon, Charles
• Russo, Elena
• Part IV: Assaf, Francis
• Autrand, M.
• Dandrey, Patrick
• Gaines, James F.
• Gilot, Michel
• Harrison, Helen
• Jouanny, Sylvie
• McMahon, Elise N.
• Muratore, Mary Jo
• Nicoletti, Gianni
• Normand, Buford
• Scolnicov, Hanna
• Part V: DE PURE; Jaouën, Françoise
• DESTOUCHES; Dunkley, Jo

MOTTEVILLE

• See Part IV: Bertaud, Madeleine

MURAULT

CHARNLEY, JOY. "Béat Louis de Murault: Some Thoughts on the France of Louis XIV." SCFS 19 (1997), 125–34.

Presentation of the Swiss moralist who published a series of letters on the national traits of France (and of England) in 1725, deriving from stays there in 1681 84 and 1694. On France, which is meant to be a warning to his countrymen, he is largely negative, considering the France of Louis XIV to be overpoweringly dedicated to cultivation of "le paraître."

NAUDE

BOITANO, JOHN. "Naudé's Advis pour dresser une bibliothèque: A Window into the Past." SCFS 18 (1996), 5–21.

A fine "mise-au-point" of the principal significance of Naudé's treatise viewed as his concern for primary sources, critical thinking, and public access. Recommendations for the inclusion of Renaissance occult philosophers and hermetic writings are a noteworthy instance. Useful final situation of the Advis in the evolution of Naudé's works and the role played in it by attachment to Mazarin and the influence of political intrigue at the papal court.

• See also Part I: Baratin, Marc

NICOLE, PIERRE

GUION, BEATRICE, ed et trans. Pierre Nicole. La vraie beauté et son fantôme, et autres textes d'esthétique. Paris: Champion, 1996.

Review: P.-J. Salazar in PFSCL 15 (1998), 320–321: ". . . cinq moments de la réflexion port-royaliste sur le Beau . . . ." Nicole, muses the reviewer, may indeed be the Malherbe de Port-Royal rather than the unfeeling thinker he has been said to be.

Review: Laurent Thirouin in IL 50.1 (1998), 41–42: Quite positive review in which T. states, "Quelle satisfaction de voir enfin accessibles à tous des textes fondamentaux, constamment cités de deuxième ou de troisième main, et par bribes plus ou moins cohérentes! En réunissant dans un dense volume les principaux écrits d'esthétique de Pierre Nicole, Béatrice Guion comble une lacune majeure dont souffrait l'histoire littéraire. Elle le fait en outre avec une compétence et une rigueur qui dédommageront amplement de l'attente." Among the texts included in this volume are Nicole's Dissertatio, his preface to the Recueil de poésies chrétiennes et diverses, as well as excerpts of essays such as De l'Education d'un Prince, and du Traité de la Grâce générale."

• See also Part II; Force, Pierre
• Part IV: Kintzler, Catherine

ORLEANS, ELISABETH CHARLOTTE

BROOKS, WILLIAM. "The Significance of Engravings as Examples of Personal Iconography of the Second Madame, Duchess of Orleans, 1672–1722." SCFS 18 (1996), 73–91.

Informative chronicle on the many portraits, prints, engravings that illustrated Madame's fifty-one years' residence in France and commentary on their evolution from "youthful pin-up," via action shots, to unconscious fashion model, first lady of France and finally to a symbol of French dignity on the international state. Illustrated by 13 plates.

BROOKS, WILLIAM and P.J. YARROW. The Dramatic Criticism of Elisabeth Charlotte, Duchesse d'Orléans. With an Annotated Chronology of Performance of the Popular and Court Theatres in France (1671–1722), Reconstructed from Her Letters. Lewiston/Queenston/Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press, 1996.

Review: Buford Norman in FR 70 (1997), 596–97: Part I, "Notes of a Theatre-goer," exhaustively traces over the entire correspondence Madame's comments on plays, playwrights, actors, and her responses to the "querelle du théâtre" in the wake of the attacks of Bossuet and other clerics. The theatrical history of the period is much enlightened by this newly organized source. The longer Part II lists every performance seen, some 2,000—"an excellent job identifying them." Appendices correct misdatings of letters and break down performances by genre and period.

Review: D. Van der Cruysse in RF 109 (1997), 146–48: Warmly welcomed by the preeminent Liselottiste, V.d.C., the volume contains an anthology of German and French passages from the voluminous correspondence as well as a record or calendar of plays seen by Madame, a "travail de bénédictions." This useful tool of research for theater specialists is highly readable.

PASCAL

BOITANO, JOHN. "Le 'point-fixe' judéo-chrétien dans les Pensées de Pascal." CdDS 7.1 (Spring 1997) 61–70.

Article deals with the role Jews serve in Pascal's rhetoric. As B. puts it, "Nous avons plutôt choisi d'examiner ici la question de l'établissement de la preuve par Pascal de la véracité historique autant que spirituelle de la religion chrétienne." Pascal's reliance on "la chronologie judéo-chrétienne" becomes a "point-fixe" in that it undergirds "l'historicité biblique" that lends authority to his writing, especially with respect to "libertine" readers. Through their constancy and prophetic revelation, Jews represent stability throughout human history, a history mostly characterized by corruption, contradiction, and imperfection. By emphasizing the history of the Hebrews, Pascal "tente de faire sortir de ce chaos une synthèse spirituelle assez claire et distincte pour séduire un libertin désorienté."

BOLD, STEPHEN. Pascal Geometer: Discovery and Invention in Seventeenth-Century France. Geneva: Droz, 1996.

BOUCHILLOUS, HELENE. "La portée anti-cartésienne du fragment des trois ordres." RMM (no.1-jan.-mars 1997), 67–84.

With the aid of related fragments the principal function of Pascal's second order is clarified as an attack on a science whose connectors are thought rather than simple Cartesian metaphysics. Bringing J.-L. Marion's interpretation into play, it is permissible to see a central tension between Cartesian metaphysics and the order of Christian charity rather than only the displacement and dismissal of the former in L308.

CARRAUD, VICENT. "Des concupiscences aux ordres de choses." RMM (no.1-jan.-mars 1997), 41–66.

The originality of Pascal's interpretation of the three kinds of concupiscence (1 John, 2:16) is twofold. On the one hand, the pleasures of the senses are no longer in question and the Jansenist doctrine of delectation, based on imitation, is abandoned. On the other, in so far as it is particularized, love of power is transformed into love of riches. The reversal into the three orders of things can only be understood if Pascal's entire meditation is focused through 1 Corinthians, 30. Thus the reading of L933 makes it impossible to assume it as a perfect model or to give it an architectonic role in the construction of the apologia.

COLE, JOHN. Pascal. The Man and His Two Loves. New York: New York University Press, 1995.

Review: Boris Donné in RHL 98.1 (1998), 140–42: D. claims that "l'ambition du livre est de tracer une biographie psychologique et littéraire de Pascal." In sum, this "biographie" deals with various traumas Pascal suffered during his formative years. These traumas, in turn, led to psychological difficulties that bore an indelible stamp on his theology and philosophy. Reviewer states that "le livre de Cole est précieux en ceci qu'il éclaire l'oeuvre pascalienne par les acquis de la médecine moderne sans tomber dans un schéma causal simpliste—la maladie produit l'oeuvre—sans négliger la richesse de l'élaboration des textes."

DUFLO, COLAS. Le jeu: de Pascal à Schiller. Paris: PUF, 1997.

Review: Pierre Sauvanet in RMM (1998), 299–300: Part of a larger project defining the nature of play as human activity. Here the philosophical questions are contextualized historically with a first chapter that includes Pascal, who thus constitutes a founding moment "du renversement entre le divertissement et le pari, qui apparaissent dès lors comme deux types ludiques opposés. The broader work is Jouer et philosopher (PUF, 1977).

FERREYROLLES, GERARD. Les reines du monde. L'imagination et la coutume chez Pascal. Paris: Champion, 1995.

Review: F. Lagarde in PFSCL 15 (1998), 307–308: A study which, according to the reviewer, depicts a Pascal not "en souffrance" but as a dazzling deconstructionist; a study which is itself "éblouissante" but perhaps "falsa." "Ce Pascal malin et content est peut-être une curiosité, mais il reste que la démonstration en est magistrale; le livre est d'une érudition formidable et il n'y a pas meilleur ouvrage sur ces questions passionnantes de l'imagination et de l'habitude au XVIIe siècle."

GUENANCIA, PIERRE. "Quel est l'ordre de soi?" RMM (no.1-jan-mars 1997), 85–96.

Beginning with the distinction of the second order from the first through the conscious act constituting a "soi," attempts are made to distinguish this "soi" from the historically pejorative "moi" and to set its limits.

HAMMOND, NICHOLAS. Playing with Truth: Language and the Human Condition in Pascal's Pensées. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.

Review: Erec R. Koch in FR 71.2 (1997), 288–89: Part I, examining the importance of language and order to the persuasive process, examines textual interferences with any determinate interpretation; II, the representation of the human condition by six key terms: "inconstance, ennui, inquiétude, repos, bonheur-félicité, justice" demonstrates linguistic instability and disorder as part of man's fallen condition; III links this fallenness with "play" as articulated by L. Thirouin and its sense of linguistic unstableness. The linguistic predicament seems undertheorized, especially in respect to the work of Louis Marin, as does the final status of negative theology. But this is "a very important contribution."

• See French 17 (1997, 1996, 1995).

HARRINGTON, THOMAS M. "Le Pari de Pascal," RF 109 (1997), 221–51.

H.'s impressive ability to communicate the mathematical and philosophical underpinning of P.'s pari allows the conscientious reader to grasp more fully its foundations and ramifications. H. distinguishes between P.'s proofs, "de nature mathématique et métaphysique au premier stade," and "au second ... surtout concrètes et expérientielles." Useful bibliography and a curious 6 page section addendum in which H. corrects certain scholars from the 19th c. to the present whose views are not in accord with those in the present article.

LE GUERN, MICHEL, ed. Oeuvres complètes I. Paris: Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, 1997.

Review: D. Descotes in QL 737 (1998), 19: "Le premier mérite de cette nouvelle édition, c'est qu'elle remplace celle de Jacques Chevalier...," particularly in that the new edition presents the scientific works in readable format: "Ce sont donc à la fois le savant et le polémiste, et toujours l'auteur engagé qui apparaissent dans ce premier volume, plus que l'apologiste et le mystique... M. Le Guern a incorporé quelques textes qui, quoique bien connus pour la plupart, n'apparaissent pas dans les éditions omnibus.... On trouvera par exemple, au lieu du texte ordinairement fourni du petit écrit sur la signature du Formulaire, tout l'opuscule de Nicole dont il est extrait, et par lequel il est connu. De même, l'auteur fournit les Réflexions d'un Docteur de Sorbonne... et plusieurs des Ecrits des Curés de Paris en plus de ceux qui sont dûs à Pascal... La Requête des Curés de Nevers figure aussi avec une attribution à Pascal.... L'ordre adopté pour la présentation des textes est difficile à comprendre.... L'établissement des textes profite aussi des progrès considérables effectués par les précédents éditions... les commentaires de fond proposés dans les notices et les notes tiennent aussi compte des importants progrès des recherches pascaliennes des trente dernières années.... Voici donc une édition pleine de substance, mais qui prêtera sans doute dans les temps à venir des discussions de fond...."

Review: Nicholas Hammond in TLS 4984 (9 Oct., 1998), 12: Finds this new Pléïade edition no more successful than the 1954. Criticizes use of Le Guern's own numbering (following his Folio ed., 1977), "essentially a hodge-podge of Lafuma and Sellier." "At times eccentric readings of MS." This first volume of two contains the mathematical writings and religious polemics. Intelligent introduction and endnotes with extensive quotations from counter polemics ("But there still remains a need for the Jesuit responses in full.").

MAGNARD, PIERRE. "Les trois ordres selon Pascal." RMM (no. 1, jan.-mars 1997), 3–18.

The question is whether the doctrine of the three orders, the fruit of a mystical mathematics deriving from Proclus and Dionysius is a Jacob's ladder figure or the radical discontinuity of incommensurable realities. In any case it reveals Pascal's deep alienation from Cartesian dualism and at the same time his distance from Berullian spirituality.

MAGNARD, PIERRE. Pascal ou L'art de la digression. Paris: Ellipses, 1997.

Review: BCLF 597 (1998), 1277: "Après avoir retracé le parcours scientifique dans lequel se dévoile la question de l'infini . . ., l'auteur s'attache à parcourir les considérations de Pascal sur l'homme . . . afin de dégager le point central à partir duquel tout bascule, de la raison à la foi: à savoir la question du péché originel."

MEURILLON, C., ed. Pascal. L'exercice de l'esprit. Paris: Revue des sciences humaines, 1996.

Review: Marc Escola in RHL 98.1 (1998), 143–44: The collection addresses two main questions: 1) Sur quelles bases l'homme peut-il construire son savoir à défaut de pouvoir le fonder? 2) Quelle valeur accorder à l'exercice de l'esprit si celui-ci ne peut pas être à lui-même sa propre fin?" Among the themes covered are the epistemology, anthropology, and irony of P.'s works. Reviewer suggests that the contributions are most noteworthy.

MICHON, HELENE. L'ordre du coeur, philosophie, théologie et mystique dans les Pensées de Pascal. Paris: Champion, 1996.

Review: Hélène Bouchilloux in RHL 98.1 (1998), 138–40: B. calls the book "assurément stimulant," and finds useful that the work "attire l'attention sur une indéniable difficulté: comment départir finitude et culpabilité, dualité ontologique de la créature et dualité théologique du péché et de la grâce dans la créature humaine?" Yet, reviewer states that by introducing the notion of the "coeur" in the book's final section, there lacks "une élucidation de l'épistémologie pascalienne," which detracts from the work.

Review: Philippe Ducat in RMM (no.1/1997), 147–48: Maintains that the search for an order should be a matter of discursive reading rather than an analysis of writing by fragments. A "lecture totale" (and full apologetic design) are discernible in the three modes of discourse that are philosophical (for the "libertin"), theological (for the heretic) and mystical (for the "honnête homme"). Reviewer finds the first demonstraton "discutable" because of an abbreviation of the encounter Pascal-Descartes and reduction to "une recherche morale." The third is "fragile," due to failure to distinguish different kinds of religious discourses clearly. Most suggestive, and the major contribution of the book is the tracing of theological discourse in respect: the suggestion of two Christocentric systems, reformist and Pascalian, would open the line of supposition that the Reform could have found in the "janséniste un allié substantiel."

MOROT-SIR, EDOUARD. La raison et la grâce selon Pascal. Paris: PUF, 1996.

Review: Hélène Bouchilloux in RHL 98.1 (1998), 143: Favorable review of a volume that contains two heretofore unpublished articles, "Pascal et la pédagogie janséniste de la parole," and "Anatomie du Mémorial." B. praises the work, stating that "L'auteur propose ainsi une thèse forte qui permet de mesurer non seulement la modernité de Pascal ... mais encore et surtout son originalité au sein de la pensée classique: la vérité n'est plus adéquation de ce qui est dit et de ce qui est, elle est désormais réception à la fois linguistique et pratique de la parole de Dieu."

Review: Jan Miel in FR 72.1 (1998), 124: Rather than on the theme announced by the title, this is a posthumous collection of seven essays in which Pascal is often refracted off other writers and in comparisons with others in the philosophical tradition. The most constant concern is with language (Chapters 3,,5) on Pascal and Wittgenstein, and the existentialists, which are the most original. The densest and most directly concerned with Pascal treats reason.

Review: D. Wetsel in PFSCL 15 (1998), 332–333: A posthumous collection of the scholar's writings on Pascal in which he continued to contest issues accorded mainstream status in Pascalian studies. Reviewer finds the volume to be a fitting tribute to Morot-Sir.

PECHARMAN, MARTINE. "L'ordre dans les trois ordres et l'ordre des trois ordres chez Pascal." RMM (no.1-jan.-mars 1997), 19–40.

Proposes to distinguish through exegesis of L933 and 308 first two forms of order operating within each of the three Pascalian orders. Once distinguished, the stage is set for identifying the variants among the three. The first form of internal order is by intentional objects, commanded by the prevailing ends of the will. This form reduces the three orders to equality. The second internal order, the means of performing the end, brings to light a judgment of perfection allowing for the conception of a hierarchy as well as an established "disproportion hyperbolique" among the three.

REVUE DE METAPHYSIQUE ET DE MORALE (no.1/janvier-mars 1997).

"Les trois ordres de Pascal." The six articles and one review of this special issue are entered separately in this volume of French 17

VIZIER, ALAIN. "Pascal et l'herméneutique." CdDS 7.1 (Spring 1997) 71–103.

V. reinterprets Pascalian hermeneutics in terms of what he calls "certaines conditions de la perception," defined as "les positions et les perpsectives qui rendent possible une non-saisie du sens (un aveuglement)." Beginning with fragment 274 (Lafuma edition), V. seeks to "interroger les dispositifs démonstratifs pascaliens: le recours à la Bible, aux Juifs et au judaïsme, et sa transformation corrélative du concept de la figure." By relying on perspectives, Pascal challenges notions, or "médiations" or the real, and in so doing, rethinks the longstanding contradictions that define the human condition.

ZARKA, YVES-CHARLES. "Les implications politiques des trois ordres de Pascal." RMM (no.1/jan.-mars 1997), 97–106.

The significant point of the theoretical import of L308 is the reworking and redefinition of political-sociological terms according to its doctrine. The status and function of the political is thus rethought. The play of the city of God, against the city of man, with the guide of a reading of Leibniz brings to light: 1) determination of the nature of political reform; 2) the political function of "critique et légitimation;" 3) the order or degrees of discordance/conciliation between the two cities.

• See also Part III: Bold, Stephen C.
• Schobinger, J.-P.
• Timmermans, Benoit
• Part IV: Assaf, Francis
• Biondi, C.
• Bredin, Jean-Denis
• Dandrey, Patrick
• La Garde, François
• Lockwood, Richard
• Zaiser, Rainer

PASQUIER, ETIENNE

FRAGONARD, MARIE-MADELEINE et FRANÇOIS ROUDAUT, eds. Etienne Pasquier: Les recherches de la France. Paris: Champion, 1996.

Review: Jean Vignes in RHL 98.4 (1998), 654–55: V. celebrates the appearance of the volume which he calls, "l'un des projets éditoriaux les plus ambitieux de ces dernières années." V. describes the text as presenting, "une somme monumentale de la science historique de la Renaissance." He then outlines the chapter headings, the contents of which include: the political and administrative institutions of the Ancien Régime, the relationship between France and the Vatican, as well as the history of French poetry and the etymology of several words with an explanation of proverbs.

PELLISSON

• See Part IV: Génetiot, Alain

PERRAULT

SAUPE, YVETTE. Les Contes de Perrault et la mythologie. Rapprochements et influences. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 104 (1997).

Review: Bernard Chédozeau in IL 50.1 (1998), 32. The work is presented in three parts: "L'univers du conte merveilleux," "les fables milésiennes," as well as a category entitled, "Vers l'épanouissement du burlesque." C.'s remarks are favorable, as he concludes, "ces analyses permettent une récapitulation intelligente des recherches menées en ces domaines; elles proposent avec précision et clarté de nombreux développements qui permettent de définir à partir des Contes une esthétique aux vastes horizons. Bref, elles invitent à la lecture renouvelée d'une oeuvre prestigieuse."

Review: R. Howells in MLR 93 (1998), 834–35: "Yvette Saupé is showing, in effect, how in the Contes Perrault both uses and ironizes 'mythology,' moving from 'romanesque' to burlesque, as part of his Modernist agenda." Reviewer finds "that an interesting argument would have benefited from more sophistication and clearer focus."

• See also Part I: Pauphilet, Albert
• Part II: FRUHE NEUZEIT-REVOLUTION-EMPIRE 1500–1815
• Part IV: Bertaud, Madeleine
• Canepa, Nancy
• Hermann, Jan
• Muratore, Mary Jo

POERSON, CHARLES

BREJON DE LAVERGNEE, BARBARA, NICOLE DE REYNIES, et NICOLAS SAINTE FARE GARNOT. Charles Poerson, 1609–1667. Paris: Arthéna, 1997.

Review: BCLF 598–99 (1998), 1635–36: "Poerson, peintre décorateur de qualité, lequel a réalisé et a participé à la réalisation d'ensembles parisiens importants au XVIIe siècle, n'a pas besoin d'être poussé, de manière un peu laborieuse, au rang d'un génie artistique tel que l'impose un certain idéal romantique attardé, pour que soit légitimée la synthèse des recherches attentives que lui consacre Arthéna." Ce catalogue "riche de renseignements sur le monde de l'art et des comparaisons entre l'oeuvre de Poerson et celle d'autres artistes" fut publié à l'occasion d'une exposition organisée par les musées de la Cour d'Or à Metz en 1997.

POUSSIN, NICOLAS

CROPPER, ELIZABETH and CHARLES DEMPSEY. Nicolas Poussin: Friendship and Love of Painting. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.

Review: Norman Bryson in TLS 4884 (8 Nov. 1996), 12–14; Strong recommendaton for renewed interpretive context for dealing with Poussin's "cultural remoteness" in this "book of strong statements, close in spirit to Louis Marin's." The principal motivations of Poussin's erudition, visual austerity, technical innovation derive from ways his images "organize a kind of sociability." Friendship is contextualized philosophically, historically and particularly within Poussin's circle. The interpretation alone of the self-portraits in respect to Poussin's patrol Chantelou justify acquisition of this study (on the reviewer's shortlist with Blunt and Marin).

• See French 17 (1996).

• See also Part II: Kelly, Van
• Rex, Andrew
• Zolotov, Yuri

PRADON, JACQUES

• See Part V: BERNARD; Piva, Franco

QUINAULT

MCINTYRE, BRUCE. "Quinault's Lyric Tragedies: A Genealogical Sketch." EFL 34 (1997) 1–23.

A useful and gracefully written, well informed presentation of the development of Quinault's twelve lyric tradedies. Cadmus et Hermione (1673) is taken as the blueprint for what follows (through Armide in 1868), though considerable variation in sub plotting exists, Atys is the masterpiece. Both Quinault's aesthetic and his very successful talents are well defined.

RACINE

BONZON, ALFRED. Racine et Heidegger. Paris: Nizet, 1995.

Review: Levilson C. Reis in FR 70 (1997), 466–67: Part I of this essay drawn from a course offered in Sao Paulo defines the nature of Racine's poetry from an Auerbachian perspective. The more original and valuable Part II reads the poetry as "dévoilement de l'être par le langage" in respect to time. Despite some elliptic presentation, and familiar territory, this "petit volume apporte une forte contribution aux études raciniennes, en révélant, de connivence avec la pensée de Heidegger, une facette ignorée de la tragédie racinienne."

DESNAIN, VERONIQUE. "At the Alter: Marriage and/or Sacrifice in Racine." SCFS 18 (1996), 159–67.

Explores death as "the only rebellion available to woman." When marriage is a political gesture and "a reward where man is given a prize for his heroic actions," the supposition that happiness may be found at the alter is fully deception.

FORESTIER, GEORGES. "Ecrire Andromaque: quelques hypothèses génétiques." RHL 98.1 (1998), 43–62.

Article deals with possible sources for Racine's play. F. discusses Virgil and Euripides, as well as classical mythology. To answer the question, F. enlarges the question, asking where the idea of a "chaîne des amours—Oreste aime Hermione qui aime Pyrrhus qui aime Andromaque (laquelle reste fidèle à la mémoire d'Hector)" originates. He cites Seneca's Trachiennes and Rotrou's Hercule mourant as possibilities, and even mentions the "pastorale dramatique" as a potential influence. The character of Andromaque is inspired by the elegiac tradition, especially Ovid's Héroïdes. The Ovidian model also "explique la nouveauté du rôle d'Hermione" in that she is "exclue de bonheur" by being deprived of the one she loves. F. concludes by arguing that Hermione's internal collapse at the end of the play is a point of distinction between Corneille and Racine, in that Racine's characters, based on models from antiquity, express "la voix de l'instinct de la nature toute nue."

FRANCE, PETER. "Thoroughly Modern Barbarians." TLS 4982 (25 Sept., 1998), 18.

Reviews of Luc Bondy's production of Phèdre in French at King's Theatre Dublin and Jonathan Kent's in English at the Almeida, with Diana Rigg, in Ted Hughes' highly praised new translation. Interesting points made by France on the contemporary actability of the text in these two successful productions.

LANDRY, JEAN-PIERRE. "Bérénice: travail de deuil et rite de sacrifice." Tra Lit 10 (1997), 135–47.

Striking and thorough analysis of mournings. Despite R.'s affirmation in the preface that blood and death are not necessary to tragedy, L. points to the importance of many deaths for the play and, therefore, multiple situations and discourses of mourning. L. compares Bérénice's sacrifice to Abraham's, concluding that the same spiritual experience is present: "consentir à se dépouiller de son désir le plus essentiel."

LIBAN, LAURENCE. "Phedre déracinée." L'Express 2466 (8–14 octobre 1998), 13.

Negative review of Luc Bondy's production of Phèdre at the Odéon.

PARISH, RICHARD, ed. Racine, Phèdre. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 1996.

Review: Nancy McElween in FR 71.6 (1998), 1057–58: Useful edition for advanced rather than beginning students. 1697 text is used, with a well informed introduction including section on staging, resonances of other plays on the theme, poetic language. "Thoroughly researched and clearly stated."

Review: D. Shaw in MLR 93 (1998), 506–07: Despite Parish's "delight in technical terms" that "might be thought dangerously close to pedantry," the reviewer has high praise for the "subtle textual commentary" in this serious critical edition that "expertly demonstrates the poet's technical skill and proves, once and for all, that Racinian simplicity is an artful illusion."

REILLY, MARY. "Racine's Hall of Mirrors." SCFS 18 (1996), 133–45.

Examines the highlighted tension and conflict created during the delays in the revelation of secrets with special attention to the ways in which language, as a source of anguish and discord, distorts and conceals, then finally dominates.

ROHOU, JEAN, ed. Jean Racine entre sa carrière, son oeuvre, et son Dieu. Paris: Fayard 1992.

Review: Jean Emelina in RHL 98.1 (1998), 147–150: Favorable review of a "volumineuse étude [qui] retient l'attention. Elle restructure et revigore notre image de l'auteur et de son oeuvre. Solidement charpentée, riche et claire, minitieuse et rigoureuse, elle est écrite d'une plume à la fois alerte et érudite." Much of the book focuses on Port-Royal, Racine's "vision tragique," as well as the metaphysical dimension of his work. Yet, the reviewer questions the "psychocritical" approach of many of the contributors, countering with the possibility that Racine was a "caméléon" who adapted to the tastes and aesthetics of his time.

SELLIER, PHILIPPE, ed. Racine. Théâtre complet, 2 vols, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1995.

Review: Ronald Tobin in FR 71.4 (1998), 658–59: Praise for the elegance and economy of the editorial work of this edition for the general public. Thoughtful introduction focuses on Racine's tragic vision, innocence, violence, and the body.

SOARE, ANTOINE. "Néron et Narcisse ou le mauvais conseiller." SCFS 18 (1996), 145–49.

Valuable review of the "flou" in Racinian tragedy (Andromague, Bajazet, Britannicus) which traps the reader/spectator into a supposition of what is not there. "Narcisse devient mauvais conseiller comme il devient confident, par l'imposture néronienne." Subtle and convincingly argued.

STONE, HARRIET. "Inheriting the Father's Image with his Blood: Mithridate's Legacy to Xipharès and Thésée." PFSCL 15 (1998), 267–278.

Explores ". . . how Mithridate, a tyrannical leader, comes to be imbued with an aura of power despite the fact that by the drama's end he has lost virtually everything: the war, the woman he loves, and his life."

TRETHEWEY, JOHN. "Anti-Judaism in Racine's Athalie." SCFS 18 (1996), 167–77.

Despite apparent evidence for, and some interpreters' assertions of, Racine's philosemitism, analysis of the play foregrounding blood-letting and the blindness of literalism of the "juif charnel" as expressed by Abner, shared by all who are instruments of Athalie's fate, and not contradicted by Joad, indicate a certain anti-Semitism. Racine may be seen to share the prejudices of his culture as instances in the apologetic tradition and illustrated by remarks of Bossuet and Pascal.

WOOD, ALLEN G.,ed. Le mythe de Phèdre: les Hyppolyte français du dix septième siècle. Paris: Champion, 1996.

Review: Michèle Longino in FR 71.5 (1997), 838–40: Adds to Racine's play La Pinelière's (1635), Gilbert's (1647), and Bidar's (1675). Excellent introduction with contrastive and thematic treatments, useful notices on the obscure earlier playwrights and up to date bibliography. Reviewer outlines the ideal course in which this book would be a welcome centerpiece.

• See French 17 (1997).

• See also Part IV: Assaf, Francis
• Autrand, M.
• Binion, Rudolph
• Dubu, Jean
• Emelina, Jean
• Guitton, Edouard
• Gutleben, Muriel
• Holm, Bent
• Lockwood, Richard
• McMahon, Elise N.
• Menke, Anne
• Muratore, Mary Jo
• Senior, Matthew
• Part V: CORNEILLE; Auchincloss, Louis

RAMBOUILLET, MME DE

• See Part II: Seibert, Peter

RENAUDOT

• See Part III: Mazauric, Simone

RETZ

• See Part IV: Bertaud, Madeleine

RICHELIEU

• See Part II: Schmale, Wolfgang
• Part III: Bergin, Joseph

ROTROU

VUILLEMIN, JEAN CLAUDE. Baroquisme et théâtralité. Le Théâtre de Jean Rotrou. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 81 (1994).

Review: Gerhart Poppenberg in ZRSL 108.2 (1998), 219–20: Favorable review in which the main points concerning the baroque, love's place, and definition of characters are seen as setting the nature of Rotrou's achievement. Some passing reservations about the author's shaping of literary history.

• See also Part IV: Clarke, David
• Gultleben, Muriel

SABLE, MME DE

• See Part II: Seibert, Peter
• Part IV: La Fond, Jean

SAINT-AMANT

DUMORA-MABILLE, FLORENCE. "Quand dire, c'est voir: Moyse sauvé de Saint-Amant ou la scène d'écriture." CdDS 7.1 (Spring 1997) 133–48.

Article deals with the rhetorical strategies in the "songe de Jocabel" in Moyse sauvé. For D-M., this rhetoric becomes, "une sorte de technique psychologique chez l'orateur ou le poète, qui, pour émouvoir le public par un effet de présence, doit s'émouvoir soi-même artificiellement, et véritablement s'exercer au fantasme." Integrating the "songe de Jocabel" into the typological ancestry of dreams represented in the Bible, the fable, epic, and mythology, D-M. states that the originality of the text lies in its ability to "rendre visible la scène de l'écriture," making S-A.'s poetry "une écriture voyante—une écriture de voyant, et une écriture qui se voit."

SCHOLL, DOROTHEE. Moyse sauvé, poétique et originalité de l'idylle héroïque de Saint-Amant. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 90 (1995).

Review: S. Winter in RF 109 (1997), 545–48: Praised as a multifaceted (bibliographical, literary, aesthetic, cultural, political and socio-historical) study. Important contribution on the reception of St.-A.'s work in the 17th c. and its signal modernity.

• See also Part IV: Rizza, Cecilia

SAINT-EVREMOND

• See Part III: Charles-Daubert, Françoise
• Darmon, Jean-Charles
• Part IV: Biondi, C.

SAINT-SIMON

CAPLAN, JAY. "Un sujet post-absolutiste: Saint-Simon et la politique de l'invisible." Tra Lit 10 (1997), 163–74.

Rich analysis of what he terms the post-absolutist subject, one which is "partagé entre le personnage public, humble et silencieux . . . soumis à la Loi aux yeux de tous, et la personne privée, qui, triomphant du Roi même, ne connâit plus de limites. Particularly helpful development on "lit de justice."

LE ROY LADURIE, EMMANUEL. Saint-Simon ou le Système de la Cour. Paris: Fayard, 1997.

Review: BCLF 598–99 (1998), 1543–44: "E. Le Roy Ladurie aborde en sociologue, étayé par une étonnante érudition historique, la structure mentale de Saint-Simon. D'abord la hiérarchie, basée sur le rang. Puis sa théologie, soucieuse de gradation entre les archanges, les anges, les saints et les pécheurs. Enfin sa hantise de l'impur . . . ."

Review: J. Nicolas in QL 730 (1998), 23: L. et F. s'intéressent avant tout à "établir la cohérence absolue ... de notations de cinquante années. Le système de la monarchie préexistait chez notre duc à son expérience de la politique et de la cour, vécue comme un renforcement, une vérification de principes soutenus ... Pour Saint Simon, ... le temps a corrompu la perfection primitive frôlée sous le règne de Louis XIII ... qui avait marqué l'élévation de sa famille .... Depuis lors et surtout avec Louis XIV s'est opéré un glissement néfaste, si bien que le mémorialiste vit dans le sentiment tragique d'une dégradation continue.... Aux racines de cette vision plus passionnelle que politique, L. décèle les obsessions intimes du petit duc, celles de la pureté, de la légitimité, l'horreur de la bâtardise, le caractère sacré de ce qui touche à la personne royale.... Quelques idées fixes en matière de politique et de la société résument son art de gouverner: la confusion résulte des unions disparates, des prétentions insupportables de ceux qui n'étaient pas nés pour commander.... Après cette étude d'un système imaginaire qui prétend exprimer la quintessence du monde réel, vient une libre réflexion sur l'époque de la Régence, souvent méconnue." L. "conteste ... le point de vue paradoxal de Norbert Elias ... qui voyait en Satin Simon 'le précurseur de la sociabilité moderne par le biais de la société de la Cour'." Selon L., "C'est à Paris ou en province et non à Versailles, que s'est épanouie la civilisation bourgeoise."

Review: Angelo Rinaldi in l'Express 2422 (4 déc.,1997), 76–77: Monumental reconstruction of the court system followed by that of the Regency. Rinaldo praises the liveliness of the narrative and the soundness of its methodological foundation.

Review: John Rogister in TLS 4959 (17 Apr. 1998), 36: A "fascinating structural anthropological analysis of the court at Versailles as a "political machine." Especially stimulating chapters on physiological attitudes (the courtier's "obsession with his insides," beyond his blood); factions and cabals; "demographie Saint Simonienne (Saint Simon alludes to 1,366 marriages out of a total court population estimated at 10,000) and its theory of "hypergamie féminine;" leanings toward renunciation. Critical of N. Elias's theory of aristocratization as a linear pattern of evolution from "courtoisie" moving toward a specific "court society." Here and in Part Il's analysis; of the Regency, "Ladurie and Fitou have usually got things right."

Review: L. Theis in Le Point 1320 (1998), 74: "[U]ne sorte de rapport d'archéologue, voire de paléontologue, que l'illustre historien a élaborée...." La recherche de E.L.R.L. "livre les matériaux propres à reconstituer, ou au moins à interpréter ... 'la société de la cour'. Cette société atteint précisément son apogée lorsque Saint-Simon donne à en connaître pour s'y trouver lui-même immergé." E.L.R.L. étudie ce "système clos" dont l'"homogénéité très forte [lui] permet... de développer son analyse systématique. Il le peut d'autant mieux que Saint-Simon conçoit la société, du moins celle qui l'intéresse, comme structurée par un principe unique, celui de l'hiérarchie.... Ecrit dans un style parfois désinvolte ou goguenard, à l'instar de Saint-Simon lui-même, cet ouvrage, à la fois savant et elevé, est du meilleur effet en ce qu'il donne envie de lire véritablement et intelligemment le monument auquel il est consacré."

• See also Part IV: Biondi, C.

SAINT-SIMON

• See Part IV; Charron, Jean

SARASIN

• See Part IV: Génetiot, Alain

SCARRON

LAGARDE, FRANÇOISE. "Désordre et ordre dans Le Roman comique." FR 70 (1997), 688–75.

The seemingly perpetual movement of the novel is seen as articulated by the interplay of Dastin, who incarnates "l'ordre classique des congruences, des proportions et des bienséances culturelles," and Ragotin, involuntary agent of an "ordre anthropologique plus élémentaire, plus naturel." Ragotin as pharmakos, and the narrative through him, poses a resistance to "classicisme aristocratique." An important addition to Scarron studies.

OUEDRAOGO, JEAN. "Dissimilation et révélation dans le théâtre de Paul Scarron." CdDS 7.1 (Spring 1997), 11–22.

O. discusses the use of the mask in Scarron's theater, suggesting ways in which physical, linguistic, and social disguises shape baroque drama. The plays studied include Jodelet ou le Maistre valet, L'Héritier Ridicule, ou la Dame intéressée, et Dom Japhet d'Arménie. O. looks at patterns on masking, revelation, particularly as they relate to notions of class and gender. With respect to notions of theatricality and perception, O. summarizes his argument as follows: "Chez Scarron le paraître se joue à niveaux: les protagonistes jouent à se donner une identité vis-à-vis de leur propre entourage d'artistes ou de comédiens mais aussi à l'endroit des spectateurs."

WALLIS, ANDREW. "Le Roman comique, récit spéctaculaire." CdDS 7.1 (Spring 1997) 193–203.

W. discusses the theatricality of Le Roman comique. Author states that for Scarron, the combination of the theatrum mundi, as well as "le théâtre dans le théâtre," create "un échange entre spectateur et scène, représent[ant] la fusion du spectateur et du spectacle, et spectateur comme spectacle: le récit spéc[tac]ulaire." W. views three episodes depicting Ragotin's falls, or "dégringolades" as particularly theatrical because the language describing these incidents suggests sight and representation. Claiming that theatricality is grounded in 1) sight, 2) spectacle, and 3) death, W., via Aristotle and Georges Forestier, suggests that in overseeing the spectacle in the theatrum mundi, the observer becomes a kind of god that deliberates and evaluates the outcome of the play. From an existential standpoint, the role of the spectator points to the transitory and absurd nature of the theater and life itself.

• See also Part IV: Harrison, Helen
• Hermann, Jan
• Muratore, Mary Jo
• Suozzo, Andrew

SCUDERY, MADELEINE DE.

DENIS, DELPHINE. La muse galante. Poétique de la conversation dans l'oeuvre de Madeleine de Scudéry. Paris: Champion, 1997.

Review: M. Bourgeois-Courtois in PFSCL 15 (1998), 300–302: An excellent study that shows that "en dépit d'un réel travail d'intégration, les conversations restent dans le roman le plus souvent marginales et ludiques. 'Elles demeurent les premières étapes du passage graduel du grand roman épique à la littérature d'inspiration morale'."

SCHLUMBOHM, CHRISTA. "Emblematik und Narrativik: Text, Illustration und Versinnbildlichung in Scudérys Roman La Promenade de Versailles." RJ 47 (1996; pub. 1997), 120–35.

Analyzes the emblem frontispiece along with similar representations representing love's silence as a constitutive element of the text's allegorization of the "cabinet du silence." Ingenious and thoroughly argued interpretation.

• See also Part I: Pauphilet, Albert
• Part II: Seibert, Peter
• Zanger, Abby E.
• Part IV: Schlumbohm, Christa
• Part V: HARDY; Bertaud, Madeleine

SENAULT

• See Part IV: Parker, Philippe

SEVIGNE

BARNWELL, H.T. "'Il faut que je vous conte ...': Fact into Fiction in the Letters of Madame de sevigne." SCFS 19 (1997), 109–24.

Distinguishing "telling a good story" in preference to relating the news, in order to prolong epistolary conversation, identifies the techniques of the talents of the letterwriter and illustrates them in a series of characteristic and mostly famous performances. Although agreeably written, the analysis is disappointingly familiar.

DOSTIE, PIERRE. "Du faste au dépouillement: deux 'manières de peindre' chez Mme de Sévigné." CdDS 7.1 (Spring 1997) 149–60.

Article discusses Sévigné's narration of two major events to Bussy-Rabutin: 1) Condé's funeral, and 2) the wedding of the Comte de Guiche. D. suggests that S. grants more importance to the spectacle of the ceremony as opposed to Bossuet's funeral discourse, but hints at Bossuet's talent in a way that unmistakenly marks him as an important literary figure. The "faste" of Condé's funeral is contrasted with the "dépouillement" of the comte de Guiche's marriage ceremony. D. highlights the difference between "un récit hyper-descriptif," and "une narration hypo-descriptive," arguing that this technique is found throughout her Correspondance.

SOREL

PELCKMANS, PAUL. "La soeur jalouse ou les partialités de l'évidence." OL 53 (1998), 296–311.

Defines through the peasant characters of Sorel's nouvelle a pre modern attitude embodied in them that represents life by a "culture de la soumission" and death as the transgression of its norms (in the dénouement).

SCHOLLER, DIETRICH. "Abschied von den nich mehr freien Kunsten. Der Stellenwert der Artes liberales in Charles Sorel's Science Universelle." ZRSL 108.1 (1998), 18–26.

Examines the ways in which Sorel's traditional encyclopedic format in his 1641 Science is already showing the tendencies that make l'Encyclopédie, namely keen attention to the discoveries of contemporary science and generally attention to the needs of "arts et métiers." A substantial contribution to a renewed understanding of the singularity of Sorel's book.

• See also Part I: Pauphilet, Albert
• Part IV: Serroy, Jean
• Stroup, Alice
• Suozzo, Andrew

TRISTAN L'HERMITE

ADAM, VERONIQUE. "Le mythe de l'androgyne dans l'oeuvre de Tristan l'Hermite." CTH 19 (1997), 5–15.

Powerful evocation of the melancholy of a quest for fusion, the desire for a lost other half, to be realized only in the cut of death and liquefaction. Considers Hérode/Marianne, the Hermaphrodite, Sénèque/Néron, Orphée, the Page. Interesting use of analysis of sound qualities.

BATEROWCZ, MAREK. "Quelques apports espagnols dans la poésie de Tristan?" CTH 19 (1997), 50–58.

Carefully reviews the reasons for Tristan's rejection of Spanish models in poetic style and offers the suggestion that his theatre may have been more open, given the presence of echoes of Las Casas, Carlos Garcia, and an affinity for Calderon.

BERREGARD, SANDRINE. "Tristan poète de l'amour est il un précurseur des romantiques?" CTH 20 (1998), 52–62.

The cliché of Tristan "romantique" tends on the one hand to work from a stereotypical reduction of the romantic lover and on the other to distort the poet's texts. But the gain from such comparisons has been to show in those texts "une sensibilité en rapport avec la présence de la nature."

CAHIERS TRISTAN L'HERMITE 19 (1997). "Tristan et les mythes."

Bibliography and chronology of the Société d'Amis for 1996 (with prospectus for the new edition of the collective works to be published by Champion).

CAHIERS TRISTAN L'HERMITE 20 (1998). "Tristan poète de l'amour."

Bibliography and chronology of the Société d'Amis for 1997. Contains Ten Year Index for 1989–1998.

GLASGOW EMBLEM STUDIES 2 (1997). "Emblems and the Manuscript Tradition."

Half this issue is dedicated to description of the newly found MS. containing Tristan poems: Stephen Rawls, "The Bibliographical Context of Glasgow University Library SMAdd.392: A Preliminary Analysis;" Alison Adams, "Manuscript Texts from Glasgow University SMAdd.392;" and "Glasgow University Library SMAdd.392 and the Printed Version of Tristan L'Hermite's Poetry;" Laurence Grovel "Tristan L'Hermite, Emblematics and Early Modern Reading Practices in the Light of Glasgow University Library SMAdd.392."

GRAZIANI, FRANÇOISE. "Orphée et la Baccante." CTH 19 (1997), 30–39.

Considers Tristan's poetic imitation through the key adaptations of previously invariant elements: the omission of his death and the intercalation prior to his descent of an encounter with the "Baccante amoureuse." In terms of the celebration of the fusion of music and poetry (= opera), dedicated to the castrato Blaise Berthold, the reconstituted myth after establishing a veritable dialogue with its shapers from Ovid through Marino saves the glorification of all-powerful poetry by absolving Orphée from moral fault. Fault lies only in individual physical weakness.

GROVE, LAURENCE, "Glasgow University Library SMAdd.392: Treize poemes inédits de Tristan." CTH 20 (1998), 29–51.

Poems deriving from MS. interleafing in a copy of Otto Van Veen's Amorum Emblemata (Anvers, 1608) dating from ca. 1625 and signed "Trist." Poems reprinted here with commentary and six interfacing emblems.

GUICHMERRE, ROGER. "La première scène des Satyres dans l'Amarillis: Tristan poète érotique." CTH 19 (1997), 40–49.

Presentation of Tristan's adaptation of a pastoral sketch by Rotrou focuses on the scenes introducing three satyrs whose gaze involves an interplay of concrete details that transform the poetry into "un petit chef-d'oeuvre de poésie érotique" and, as Jacques Morel has suggested, not unworthy of "l'Après-midi d'un faune."

MALLET, NICOLE, "Les plaintes de la mal aimée: passion et scénographie dans la tragédie d'Osman." CTH 20 (1998), 17–26.

Graceful study of the ways in which Tristan gives heroic status to the figure of the "fille du Moufti" in the "dénouement insolite." Builds on author's "Osman et les politiques" CTH 6 (1994).

RIZZA, CECILIA. "La mythologie dans les Amours." CTH 20 (1998), 5–14,

Analyzing some 50 mythological figures in the collection, importantly concentrated in Les Plaintes d'Acante, demonstrates how Tristan use of them in expression of love is not one of mutually exclusive opposites and how the poet goes beyond the code use of metonymic personification.

SPICA, ANNE-ELISABETH. "Le poète et l'illustre pasteur: la figure mythique de Céladon." CTH 19 (1997), 17–29.

Analyzes across Tristan's collections the presence of a "complexe-Céladon" by which the "prince-berger" transforms the "Page-poète"'s imaginairy pastoral space into the mythic site properly expressive of the birth of the poetic act.

• See also Part IV: Assaf, Francis
• Biondi, C.
• Gendre, André

VAUGELAS

• See Part I: Ayers-Bennett, Wendy
• Part V: D'URFE; Sancier-Château, A.

VEIRAS, DENIS

MARTIN, CAROLE. "L'utopie, le souverain et l'individu: le cas des Sévarambes." EMF 4 (1998), 194–214.

Article discusses the critical reception of V's "L'Histoire des Sévarambes," then moves to the author's statement of purpose which she explains as that of questioning "la raison de l'absorption d'une image de l'absolutisme en les préparatifs de son abolition [autrement dit]: pourquoi est-il si tenant de confondre ce que nous concevons en termes de tyrannie déguisée avec la mouvance abolitionniste qui réalise la première république française?" C.'s conclusion suggests that while V's "utopies libertines visent une démocratisation du pouvoir," they also imply the "insuffisance" of this democratic thought.

VIAU, THEOPHILE DE

DEBAISIEUX, MARTINE. "Première journée de Théophile ou l'exorcisme de la tradition." CdDS 7.1 (Spring 1997) 179–92.

D. begins with the question of where to place the Première journée generically. Two choices present themselves: 1) "l'histoire comique," or 2) "le récit personnel." Author opts for the latter, describing the Première journée as "la tentative de l'auteur...de définir son identité et son écriture." Interpretating the episode of the possessed girl as a metaphor for the societal constraints Théophile felt as a writer, D. argues that, "l'auteur se sépare de l'image et du discours de l'autre pour reprendre possession de lui-même et éviter l'alienation qui le menace."

• See also Part I: Bogliolo, Giovanni
• Pauphilet, Albert
• Part IV: Rizza, Cecilia

VILLEDIEU

EKSTEIN, NINA. "The Second Woman in the Theatre of Villedieu." Neophilologus 80 (1996), 213–224.

Article deals with the second (and secondary) woman character in each of Villedieu's three plays, Manlius, Nitétis, and Le Favori. This second woman is a distinct departure from the norms of the classical stage in her characterization. The presence of the second woman is linked as well to a structural split in each of the plays. She becomes a significant locus for Villedieu's inscription of a personal authorial voice.

KUIZENGA, DONNA. "'Fine veuve' ou 'veuve d'une haute vertu'? Portraits de la veuve chez Mme de Villedieu." CdDS 7.1 (Spring 1997) 227–39.

K. highlights the diversity of Mme de Villedieu's portraits of widows, who can be characterized as "amoureuses, coquettes, hypocrites, ridicules, vertueuses, intelligentes, entreprenantes, ambitieuses, et violentes." Among the works mentioned are the Annales galantes, Manlius, Carmante, et Le Portrait des foiblesses humaines. This multiple portrait of the widow is based largely on the social stratum to which the widow belonged. Economics determined the roles of widows. As a result, there is no "mythe de la veuve" in Villedieu. On the contrary, Villedieu shows herself to be "sensible à la réalité de la veuve."

WOLFGANG, AURORA. "La duplicité d'un roman par lettres: Le Portefeuille de Mme de Villedieu." CdDS 7.1 (Spring 1997) 241–53.

W. claims that the importance of Villedieu's text stems from: 1) the inversion of a traditional formula, in that a masculine narrator recounts and laments the infidelities of the women he loves and 2) the self-conscious exploitation of the duplicity of the letter in the epistolary genre. Speaking of the dissemblance inherent in the genre, W. argues, "Le message et ses effets se multiplient à chaque fois qu'il passe entre les mains d'un nouveau lecteur. Le cheminement même et les lecteurs variés de ces missives font partie intégrante de l'intrigue. Ici, les lettres font plus que transmettre l'histoire, elles en sont le fond et la forme." Given the scrutiny of the society portrayed in Mme de Villedieu's work, duplicity becomes the sole means of maintaining a sense of privacy, or as W. puts it, "la discrétion sur les affaires du coeur."

• See also Part IV: Hermann, Jan
• Jensen, Katherine A.

VOITURE

• See Part IV: Génetiot, Alain