FRENCH 17

• See French 17 (1996) .

CERQUIGLINI, BERNARD. Le roman de l'orthographe. Au paradis des mots avant la faute (1150–1694). Paris: Hatier, 1996.

Review: L. Finas in QL 705 (1996), 22–23. "L'enjeu du débat: l'existence, aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles, d'une orthographe qui, 'sténographique dans son principe,' est censée conserver intacte la 'parole vive,' jusqu'à la corruption, dès la fin du XIIIe siècle, de cette pureté originelle par la 'véritable apparition de l'écriture,' la faute! La difficulté mais aussi la pertinence du livre de C. concernant les positions consistent en ce que son auteur offre au lecteur une triple perspective: celle du réformateur ou conservateur médiéval, celle du réformateur ou conservateur moderne ou contemporain, et la sienne propre, vérificatrice et pondératrice." Sections on the 17th century include "le rôle des Précieux" and a commentary of an "intervention de Bossuet sur l'orthographe lors d'une séance à l'Académie."

CHARTIER, ROGER. Culture écrite et société. L'ordre des livres (XIVe XVIIIe siècles). Paris: Albin Michel, 1996.

Review: L. Seguin in QL 702 (1996), 23–24: "En sept essais, [C.] repense à sa manière 'l'ordre des livres,' de l'écriture à la lecture. Le projet veut 'répérer' les 'effets du sens des formes.' Il doit évidemment beaucoup à la philosophie d'Ernst Cassirer et navigue entre 'la représentation de l'écrit,' les 'figures de l'auteur,' les 'lectures populaires,' les pratiques du patronage et de la dédicace, les 'bibliothèques sans murs,' ou encore le paradoxe d'une double représentation de George Dandin, à la cour et à la ville."

CHARTIER, ROGER. Forms and Meanings: Texts, Performances, and Audiences from Codex to Computer. Trans.Lydia G. Cochrane,Milad Doueihi, andDavid D. Hall. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.

Review: E. D. Friedman in SubStance 26 (1997), 163–166: "The common thread ... lies in the sociology of reading, which for Chartier consists of equal parts of formalism, reception theory, and historiography, grounded in the economics of distribution." Of particular note: "The best and by far the longest application of C.'s approach appears in 'From Court Festivity to City Spectators,' where he presents two very different instances of readerly appreciation with regard to a single dramatic text. Occupying nearly half of the pages in the book, the chapter examines two 1688 performances of Molière's comedy, Georges Dandin..." C. also "analyzes the relationship between authors and their patrons as expressed in the visual and literary dedications of books in early modern print culture." C. argues "that the invention of the printing press was, to differing degrees, causally related to the liberation of universal human reason from the tyranny of divine law."

DAWES, ELIZABETH. "Avoir son pain cuit: Huit sècles d'ambiguïté sémantique." Neophil 80 (1996), 517–38.

Examines the two antonymic meanings of the expression which co existed for eight centuries. During the classical period, only the material sense is recorded in the dictionaries, reflecting tendencies toward purification of language. D. argues for the hypothesis which would explain the semantic ambiguity as derived through irony.

DECLERCQ, GILLES. L'art d'argumenter. Structures rhétoriques et littéraires. Campin: Editions universitaires, 1992.

Review: J. P. Sermain in RF 107 (1995), 428–29: Generally derogatory review finds the volume without focus and vacillating between theoretical, historical and practical perspectives.

DE JEAN, JOAN. "The Invention of a Public for Literature." EMF 3 (1997) 149–68.

Author "uses the history of the book to rewrite the history of the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns." She argues that literary works and a new way of reading them played a key role in the radical shift in mentality that Paul Hazard termed "la crise de la conscience européenne." Focusing particularly on Le Mercure galant and the publicity campaign concerning La Princesse de Clèves carried out on its pages, the article shows how an unprecedented type of non-professional critic was created through the institution of "literary news."

DESGRAVES, LOUIS. La presse à Bordeaux, XVIe–XVIIIe siècles. Bordeaux: Sud Ouest, 1996.

Review: BCLF 580 (1997), 182: "Présentant d'abord les caractères généraux des bulletins d'information dont le premier imprimé à Bordeaux parut en 1574, il analyse ensuite les principaux thèmes traités par la presse au cours de ces deux siècles qui conduisent de l'enfance à la maturité de ce moyen d'information . . . . La seconde partie traite de la presse bordelaise et des almanachs, avec les réimpressions et les contrefaçons de différents journaux, gazettes et courriers, avec aussi les organes de presse publiés à Bordeaux, et enfin des 'pronostications' et almanachs dont le public se montrait avide."

DUBOIS, ELFRIEDA. Years Work in Modern Language Studies, 57 (1995). London: Modern Humanities Research Association, 1996.

17th c. section, 113–134.

DURANTON, HENRI, CLAUDE LABROSSE, et PIERRE RETAT, éds. Les gazettes européennes de langue française (XVIIe–XVIIIe siècles). Table ronde internationale Saint-Etienne, 21–23 mai 1992. Saint-Etienne: Presses universitaires de Saint-Etienne, 1992.

EHLER, KARIN and MARTIN MULSOW. "Gespräche über Grammatik und Civilité." RF 107 (1995), 314–42.

Close examination of several late 17th c. texts, notably by François de Fenne and Pierre François Roy. Includes a mythological portrait of "l'usage." The texts' relevance for both grammar and polite behavior is carefully analyzed.

FOSSIER, FRANÇOIS. Les dessins du fonds Robert de Cotte de la Bibliothèque nationale de France. Architecture et décor. Paris: De Boccard, 1997.

Review: Catalogue De Boccard (Printemps 1997), 1: "L'ensemble des dessins d'architecture accumulé par Robert de Cotte et sa descendance est un des fleurons du Cabinet des estampes de la Bibliothèque nationale de France; Il est indispensable aux historiens de l'architecture et du décor au XVIIe siècle, puisqu'il est constitué des plans, relevés, papiers divers issus de l'agence des Bâtiments du Roi et ce depuis François Mansart.

GITEAU, CECILE, éd. Les plus beaux manuscrits du théâtre français. Paris: Robert Laffont/Bibliothèque nationale de France, 1996.

Review: BCLF 580 (1997), 15: Anthologie de la littérature dramatique depuis Térence jusqu'à Bernard-Marie Koltès. G. évoque "par le biais de leurs manuscrits dix auteurs ou textes anonymes du Moyen Age, cinq auteurs du XVIe, neuf auteurs du XVIIe, treize auteurs du XVIIIe, dix-huit auteurs du XIXe et trente et un du XXe siècle. Pour chaque auteur selectionné, une courte présentation rédigée par un connaisseur, un portrait, son écriture (transcrite en regard) et sa signature. L'introduction dégage le fil conducteur d'un travail qui a dû composer parfois avec l'absence de manuscrits et proposer des documents de substitution pour les oeuvres importantes."

GLATIGNY, MICHEL, ed. Les marques d'usage dans les dictionnaires (XVIIe XVIIIe siècles). Lille: P U de Lille, 1990.

Review: W. Schweickard in ZRP 112 (1996), 329–31: Welcome volume for the history of metalexicography of French should also serve as stimulus for similar work in other Romance languages. Some ten critics provide essays central to 17th and 18th c. and examine several dictionaries of the classical period.

GOLDSMITH, ELIZABETH C. AND DENA GOODMAN, eds. Going Public: Women and Publishing in Early Modern France. Ithica/London: Cornell University Press, 1995.

Review: N. Ekstein in PFSCL 24 (1997), 314–315: Interdisciplinary essays (literary studies and history) covering the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries from the standpoint of changes between the public and private spheres: Mme de La Guette, Hortense and Marie Mancini, women and letter writing, the Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes, women authors and fairy tales, and the salon and Lafayette. "By the middle of the seventeenth century, a literary public sphere was taking form in France through the discursive practices of salon sociability and print publication in which literate men and women—the public—participated."

KLAPP, OTTO. Bibliographie der französischen Literaturwissenschaft. 33 (1995). Frankfurt: V. Klostermann, 1996.

17th c. section, 268–321.

LEMOINE, ANNE MARIE. "Dissertations in Progress," FR 70 (1996).

17th c. sections, 302, 310. Material incorporated in PFSCL thesis listing, infra.

LODGE, R. ANTHONY. Le français: histoire d'un dialecte devenu langue. Paris: Fayard, 1997.

Review: J. Cl. Chevalier in QL 717 (1997), 21–22: This volume offers "une histoire du français qui atteste les immenses progrès d'une linguistique liant histoire, société et langue et assumant l'extraordinaire complexité des mouvements qui ont conduit à l'élaboration du français..." "... seule l'imprimerie avec ses codes graphiques assurera la préminence du parler parisien dont la forme ne sera pas réglée avant le XVIIe siècle au terme d'une lutte entre la Cour, le Palais, la Ville, le Peuple. L. montre les rôles des uns et des autres: c'est le Palais qui achète Vaugelas et les femmes qui embrassent les tours nouveaux."

LODGE, R. A. "Stereotypes of vernacular pronunciation in 17th 18th century Paris." ZRP 112 (1996), 205–31.

Rich and fascinating analysis of variations in vernacular pronunciation in Paris, based on literary or semi literary representations and contemporary comments. Disagrees with Brunot as to the authenticity of these texts and finds helpful polemical/political writings. Considers the evidential status of these texts, the non standard spellings and constitutes a sociolinguistic stereotype, demonstrating its evolution. The stereotype, well developed in the early Renaissance, "crystallized in the middle years of the 17th." L.'s texts "act as a valuable adjunct to comments of contemporary grammarians . . . [and] provid[e] important information about social meanings of pronunciation variables." Excellent works cited and appendices.

MCGEE, TIMOTHY et al., eds. Singing Early Music: The Pronunciation of European Languages in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana UP, 1996.

Review: R. Miller in Choice 34 (1997), 806: Linguistic specialists cover the period from 1100 to 1700. "Texts from music of each period and region are transcribed by IPA symbols." Includes supplemental CD. Comparative treatment from century to century.

MERLIN, HELENE. "L'esprit de la langue. L'esprit en France au XVIIe siècle." PFSCL/Biblio 17, 101 (1997), 29–51.

Thoughts on the myth of the French language to show how its collective history originates among the people and not in the higher levels of society.

MIEDER, WOLFGANG and GEORGE B. BRYAN. Proverbs in World Literature: A Bibliography. New York: P. Lang, 1996.

Review: W. K. McNeil in Choice 34 (1997), 1642: "The 2, 654 entries in many languages (mostly Western) cover the range of literary history."

OGILVIE, MARILYN BAILEY. Women and Science: An Annotated Bibliography. Garland, 1996.

Review: N. L. Powell in Choice 34 (1997), 772–773: "The author, known for her earlier biographical dictionary, Women in Science: Antiquity Through the Nineteenth Century, expands that source and updates coverage through the twentieth century."

RABIN, SHELIA J. "Recent Bibliographical Tools, Critical Editions, Translations, and Essay Collections." RenQ 49 (1996), 187–94.

Rabin has compiled a useful list of bibliographic tools. The 17th c. scholar wll particularly appreciate her indications on items such as The American Historical Association's Guide to Historical Literature (section 25 by Lawrence M. Bryant covers France from 1450 to 1789), and Gareth Roberts' The Mirror of Alchemy.

RADTKE, EDGAR. Gesprochenes Französisch und Sprachgeschichte. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1994.

Review: J. Kramer in ZRP 112 (1996), 317–22: Reviewer praises R.'s innovation in several areas: sources (conversation books), thematics (everyday speech versus literary), aim (establishment of a history of the spoken language), and method (reconstruction based on analysis of conversation).

RANCOEUR, RENE. Bibliographie de la littérature française (XVIIe–XXe siècles). Année 1995. Paris: A. Colin, 1996.

Also issued as no. 4 of RHL (1996). 17th c. section, 592–628. Last biblio. by author, after nearly a half century of assiduous work. Successor will be Marianne Bécache Pernoo. Next biblio. announced for summer 1997, but it is not included in nos. 1–4.

RICKARD, PETER. The French Language in the Seventeenth Century. Cambridge: Brewer, 1992.

Review: J. Kramer in ZRP 112 (1996), 177–79: Praiseworthy study of over 500 pages by renowned critic and author of century by century studies of the French language: 15th c. (1976), 16th c. (1968), 18th c. (1981) and the general History of the French Language (1974). Sixty edited texts are by 17th c. authors, "selected . . . to convey 17th c. opinions, impressions, attitudes, arguments and debates relating to different aspects of the language." R.'s volume is organized into sections on antecedents, spelling/ pronunciation, grammar, lexicography, usage, stylistics and a section "In Praise of French." Ample introduction, notes (containing critical comments, facts and relate to modern linguistic theory), glossary, table of proper names, bibliography.

• See French 17 (1996, 1994).

ROBERTS, WILLIAM. "Bibliography of North American Theses on Seventeenth Century French Literature and Background (1996)." PFSCL 24 (1997), 629–646.

Lists 14 new dissertations in progress and 195 completed. Notes changes in title and/ or director. Covers fine arts, music and history, as well as literature.

ROUDAUT, JEAN. Les dents de Bérénice. Essai sur la représentation et l'évocation des bibliothèques. Montolieu: Deyrolle, 1996.

Review: L. Seguin in QL 706 (1996), 14–15: "Voici donc les quatre moments où se succèdent quatre formes de la bibliothèque. Un: la 'bibliothèque des humanistes' où cohabitent harmonieusement les objets, les instruments et les lumières de la connaissance. Deux: la bibliothèque baroque dont les accumulations s'écroulent et dressent l'état de leur finitude. Trois: les meubles qui sont l'orgueil des salons bourgeois. Quatre: le 'mur troué' où 'les bibliothèques sont...le sujet d'une peinture se donnant d'abord à voir comme une peinture.' Cette histoire a une idée fixe. Elle n'oublie jamais que les livres sont 'un signe de pouvoir et l'indice d'un savoir'."

SEGUIN, JEAN-PIERRE. L'invention de la phrase au XVIIIe siècle. Paris: Peeters, 1993.

Review: R. Patry in RBPH 73 (1995), 875–80: ". . . l'ouvrage de Jean-Pierre Séguin présente les résultats d'une vaste enquête sur les différentes acceptions du mot 'phrase.' Le parcours de cette enquête débute par une brève apartée du côté des lexicographes de la fin du XVIIe siècle (première édition du dictionnaire de l'Académie, Richelet, Furetière), pour ensuite se concentrer sur l'analyse des écrits métalinguistiques du XVIIIe siècle, périple débutant avec le Traité de la Grammaire françoise de l'abbé Régnier-Desmarais (1705) et se terminant avec la Grammaire générale analytique de François-Urbain Domergue."

SIENKEWICZ, THOMAS J. World Mythology: An Annotated Guide to Collections and Anthologies. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow/Salem, 1996.

Review: R. Nash in Choice 34.8 (1997), 1316: "Global in scope, this annotated bibliography contains more than 1,100 references to sources for the world's mythologies. The citations are grouped in a chapter devoted to general resources and geographically in five chapters covering Africa, the Americas, Oceania, Asia, and Europe. Entries are arranged alphabetically by author within geographic or cultural subcategories in each chapter. Coverage is limited to sources in English."

STRAKA, GEORGES and MAX PFISTER, eds. Kurt Baldinger. Die Fazination der Sprachwissenschaft. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1990.

Review: H. H. Christmann in ZRP 112 (1996), 644–54: Essays in honor of B.'s birthday include numerous subjects of interest to 17th c. scholars, among which, "Du sacré au profane. L'évolution du français du moyen âge au siècle des lumières." This volume of over 1000 pages is organized in sections which range in subject from etymology to dialectology. Reviewer has this recommendation: "tolle lege!"

TSIAPERA, MARIA and GARON WHEELER. The Port-Royal Grammar: Sources and Influences. Münster: Nodus Publikationen, 1993.

Review: S. Albrecht in Archiv 233 (1996), 441–43: Volume receives high praise for its depth of research and specialized knowledge. A solid and conclusive work, it provides both a helpful introduction to the text itself and the historical context.

TYERS, MERYL. Current Research in French Studies at Universities in the United Kingdom and Ireland, 23 (1995–96). Glasgow: The Society for French Studies, 1996.

17th c. literature, 43–44; alphabetical subject listing, 66–130; researcher index.

UEDING, GERT, ed. Historisches Wörterbuch der Rhetorik. Vol. 2: Bie Eul. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1994.

Review: U. Schulz Buschhaus in RF 107 (1995), 423–28: Impressive for its interdisciplinary aspects of rhetoric scholarship, this second volume of the HWR includes philosophy, jurisprudence, deconstruction and so forth. Reviewer points out uneven quality and offers corrections.

VIALLON, MARIE F. Catalogue du Fonds italien XVIIe siècle Auguste Boullier de la Bibliothèque municipale de Roanne. Saint-Etienne: Presses universitaires de Saint-Etienne, 1995.

• See French 17 (1996)

BERTIERE, SIMONE. Les reines de France au temps des Bourbons. T. I: Les deux régentes. Paris: Fallois, 1996.

Review: BCLF 580 (1997), 231: B. "a eu l'excellente idée de fondre en un seul ouvrage les biographies de deux reines, Marie de Médicis, épouse d'Henri IV, et Anne d'Autriche, épouse de Louis XIII."

BIETENHOLZ, PETER G. Historia and Fabula. Myths and Legends in Historical Thought from Antiquity to the Modern Age. Leiden: Brill, 1994.

Review: M. Völkel in HZ 262 (1996), 499–501: Wide ranging examination in nine chapters treating subjects from the ancient Egyptians until the 19th c. Early modern scholars will benefit from discussion of mythical origins of Rome and explorations of importance of the Old Testament in that period.

BOLES, JANET K. et al. Historical Dictionary of Feminism. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 1996.

Review: J. Ariel in Choice 34 (1997), 1636: Its strengths include "breadth of coverage... international coverage, biographical entries, and an overview of the history and chronology of feminism." However: "This book is identical in content to Boles' From the Goddess to the Glass Ceiling."

BONNEMERE, EUGENE. Histoire des camisards. Les Dragonnades. Nîmes: Lacour, 1996.

Review: BCLF 577 (1996), 1874: Réimpression d'un ouvrage centenaire: "On trouvera dans celui-ci un récit des persécutions endurées par les protestants français sous le règne de Louis XIV, et de la guerre des Camisards." On regrette le manque d'une bibliographie "au courant des derniers travaux."

BOUZY, CHRISTIAN. "Crime et châtiment dans les livres d'emblèmes français et espagnols aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles." RLC 71.1 (1997), 5–29.

B. montre que "l'heritage mythologique illustré de la sorte [em emblèmes] acquiert une exemplarité pragmatique plus à même d'émouvoir la littérature se rapprochant alors de la peinture qui puisait aux mêmes sources d'inspiration."

BRADY, THOMAS A., JR., HEIKO A. OBERMAN and JAMES D. TRACY, eds. Handbook of European History 1400–1600. Vol. 2. Leiden: Brill, 1995.

Review: J. Petersohn in HZ 263 (1996), 408–10: Satisfactory and useful modern assessments of methods and trends but not as comprehensive as might be desired. Reviewer lists titles of the twenty one essays. 17th c. scholars may find a number useful such as Philip Benedict's "Settlements: France" and J. P. Donnelly's "The New Religious Orders." Appendices on coinages and rulers. Indices.

• See French 17 (1996).

BRAKEMAN, LYNNE & SUSAN GALL, eds. Chronology of Women Worldwide: People, Places & Events That Shaped Women's History. Detroit, MI: Gale, 1997.

Review: G. A. Schultis in Choice 34.11/12 (1997), 1776–1778: "More than a simple chronology, this work records the accomplishments of women on an international stage.... Entire sections treat the ancient world, sainthood and sorcery, women rulers, and the role education and suffrage played in women's lives... [A] valuable resource for general readers."

BROOKS, WILLIAM. "From Lazzi to Acrobats: The Court's Taste after 1680." CdDS 6.2 (Fall 1992) 45–53.

Article deals with the notion of spectacle in dramatic performance in the late seventeenth century. The "lazzi" to which B. refers, consisted of "independent stage business interpolated but not necessarily integrated into the narrative." The practice of including dance, music and acrobatics even when the script did not call for such interludes derives from the Italians, many of whom were expelled from the court. These interludes made their way into conventional tragedy, leading B. to conclude that "plays steadily became excuses for other kinds of spectacle, whether participatory or spectatorial."

BULST, NEITHARD, ROBERT DESCIMON, ET ALAIN GUERREAU, éds. L'Etat ou le roi. Les fondations de la modernité monarchique en France, XIVe–XVIIe siècle. Actes de la table ronde tenue à l'Ecole normale supérieure, Paris, 25 mai 1991. Paris: EHESS, 1996.

Review: BCLF 581 (1997), 538: "Les participants de ce colloque ont étudié de près la nature du fait monarchique, et à cet égard l'apport des médiévistes a été particulièrement intéressant." Voir la contribution de Daniel Nordman sur "Droits historiques et construction géographique dans l'espace français au XVIIe siècle."

• See French 17 (1996).

BURY, EMMANUEL. "Les lieux de l'esprit mondain." L'esprit en France au XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 101 (1997), 85–93.

Studies the relationship between spatial topography and the esprit mondain: what are the spaces that are appropriate to the flowering of the secular spirit?

CAMERON, KEITH AND ELIZABETH WOODROUGH, eds. Ethics and Politics in Seventeenth-Century France. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1996.

Review: O. Ranum in PFSCL 24 (1997), 294–297: Studies on Catholicism early in the century, images and realities from Antique cultures, Retz, Richelieu's and La Rochefoucauld's testaments, Henry de Montmorency, the Princess de Clèves, Marie de Villars, Boullainvillier, Corneille, La Calprenède, and Quinault.

CAMPUS STELLAE. Les chemins de Saint-Jacques et la culture européenne I. Paris: Klincksieck, 1991.

Review: M. Crombach in Archiv 233 (1996), 465–66: This annual review is edited under the patronage of the Secrétaire Général du Conseil de l'Europe (director of publication: Bernard Gicquel, editor Denise Péricard-Mea) and includes all themes related to the tradition of pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela. Truly interdisciplinary (history, sociology, art, music, architecture, literature, geography and religion are just some of the disciplines represented), the review is organized in sections on "lieux," "études historiques," "voyage literature," "literary texts," "Carolingian legends," "études géographiques," "notes diverses," and includes an appreciation of the 1989 acts of Bamberg. French translations are provided.

CARRIER, DAVID. Poussin's Paintings. A Study in Art-Historical Methodology. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993.

Review: A. S. in EC 65 (1997), 252–253: Uses Poussin in order to study the philosophical implications of the study of art. According to reviewer, "un bel exemple d'interdisciplinarité et de réflexion sur le savoir."

CARRIER DAVID. Poussin's Paintings. A Study in Art-Historical Methodology. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State UP, 1993.

Review: Paul Joannides in EMF 3 (1997) 233–36: Unfavorable review in which J. states his "frustration" that "Carrier sustains none of his arguments; it seems that no line of thought is followed for more that a couple of paragraphs at a time, and arguments welter in analogies which expose more about the vagaries of Carrier's reading than they do about the subject under discussion."

CLARK, PETER, ed. Small Towns in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995.

Review: H. Schilling in HZ 263 (1996), 775–76: Views the small town as an "essential building block of European society." Bernhard Lepetit is author of the essay on French small towns. Social differences and functions are discussed in this diverse and thorough examination.

COLLVER, MICHAEL & BRUCE DICKEY. A Catalog of Music for the Cornett. Bloomington, IN: Indiana UP, 1996.

Review: M. Meckna, Choice 34.6 (1997), 940: "The cornett ... was used extensively in church and chamber music from the end of the 15th century to the mid-1700s...." This reference text is "scrupulously detailed," "divided first into separate listings of vocal and instrumental music, then arranged alphabetically by composer. In a generous introduction, the authors discuss their purpose, methods, and the cornett's milieu. They also helpfully include both composer and text incipit indexes."

CONLEY, TOM. The Self Made Map: Cartographic Writing in Early Modern France. Minneapolis, MN: U P of Minnesota, 1996.

Review: G. J. Martin in Choice 34.9 (1997), 1552: "[A]n interesting book, eclectic in scope, concerning the impact of a new cartographic impulse on literature during the Renaissance in France. It was at this time that Ptolemaic authority gave ground to a new learning and the self made map. With the discovery of the New World there was a surge in cartographic writing whose main function was the exploration of space. C. considers the writings of a variety of authors, including Fouquet, Rabelais, Bouguereau, Montaigne, and Descartes, and suggests newly emerging directions of values in Renaissance France. He argues that the mapmaking of the time was an intensive part of the political fabric. This vital accomplishment was both facilitated and restrained by techniques of the artist, geographic reproduction, printing process, and quality of materials. It became part of the emergent status of cultural identity for the individual and the nation. The book is handsomely produced and contains numerous illustrations, copious endnotes, and a detailed index."

COWLEY, ROBERT and GEOFFREY PARKER. The Reader's Companion to Military History. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1996.

Review: P. L. Holmer in Choice 34.9 (1997), 1480: "This encyclopedia of military history consists of 570 alphabetical entries augmented by 40 maps and occasional illustrations.... The scope ostensibly covers military affairs worldwide from earliest times, but emphasis rests on the social and political aspects in the modern West.... [T]he encyclopedia is strong in biography of all periods...."

CROPPER, ELIZABETH and CHARLES DEMPSEY. Nicolas Poussin: Friendship and the Love of Painting. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.

Review: M. Kitson in Burlington Magazine 149 (1997), 200–201: According to reviewer, a major study of Poussin that compares the artist's Self-portrait to Montaigne's essay On Friendship: "Friendship, not romantic love for an unobtainable or undescribable woman was . . . Poussin's chosen metaphor for the effect of painting."

DAVIES, NORMAN. Europe. A History. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Review: Ph. Thody in JES 27 (1997), 93–99: "Implicitly, as the reader is warned from the beginning by the indefinite article in the title, this book represents only one way of looking at Europe, and of analysing what Davies calls the 'mosaic' making up its complex personality. Just as there is no concentration on Western European states such as France and Germany, so there is little of Renan's or Valéry's insistence on the essence of the European mind being composed of Greek thought and art, Roman law, and Judeo Christian religion."

DAVIS, PAUL K. Encyclopedia of Invasions and Conquests: From Ancient Times to the Present. Newton, MA: ABC Clio, 1996.

Review in Choice 34 (1997), 1638: "This encyclopedia is valuable because it gathers some 3,000 years of military history into a single, readily accessible reference source."

DESSERT, DANIEL. La Royale. Vaisseaux et marins du Roi-Soleil. Paris: Fayard, 1996.

Review: BCLF 580 (1997), 232: "L'âge d'or de la marine de guerre française correspond au règne personnel de Louis XIV. C'est cette période grandiose que D. Dessert a étudiée dans un livre d'une composition toute classique."

• See French 17 (1996).

DUBY, GEORGES and MICHELLE PERROT, eds. A History of Women in the West. Trans.Arthur Goldhammer et al. Cambridge, MA/London: Belknap Press of Harvard UP, 1993. 3 vols.

Review: M. L. King in RenQ 49 (1996), 431–34: Reviewer is especially appreciative of the strong contributions and clear language in these 40 essays on women's lives in European history, particularly French and English. 17th c. scholars will especially benefit from Claude Dulong's essay on the précieuses, Arlette Farge's on female protesters, Eric A. Nicholson's on women and theater, among others.

DUCHENE, JACQUELINE. Henriette d'Angleterre, duchesse d'Orléans. Paris: Fayard, 1995.

Review: M.-C. Canova-Green in PFSCL 24 (1997), 308–309: According to the reviewer an excellent new biography based in part on new research into French and English archives.

• See French 17 (1996).

DUGGAN, ANNE E. "The Ticquet Affair as Recounted in Madame Dunoyer's Lettres historiques et galantes: The Defiant Galante Femme." PFSCL 24 (1997), 259–276.

Two views of the woman executed for having plotted to kill her husband: moral weakness, paganism, and adultery versus the strong Christian woman, with some qualifications. Includes Mme Dunoyer's account.

DUHAMEL, JEAN-MARIE. La musique dans la ville, de Lully à Rameau. Lille: Presses universitaires de Lille, 1994.

EARLS, IRENE. Baroque Art: A Topical Dictionary. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1996.

Review: C. Reik in Choice 34.9 (1997), 1474: "This dictionary provides background information for the Baroque period in Italy and northern Europe. Selective alphabetical articles treat the period from the late 16th century to a few years after the beginning of the 18th century... Biographies of artists are not included.... Unfortunately, there are no illustrations..."

FATIO, OLIVIER with MICHAEL GRANDJEAN and LOUISE MARTINE VAN BERCHEM, eds. Jacques Flournoy. Journal (1675–1692). Genève: Droz, 1994.

Review: V. Mecking in ZRP 112 (1996), 325–29: Praiseworthy first edition of this rich source of regional history. Detailed bibliography, notes, addenda, indices of subjects, place and proper nouns, map. M. finds the text linguistically noteworthy as well.

FAURÉ, CHRISTINE, ed. Encyclopédie politique et historique des femmes. Paris: PUF, 1997.

Review: N. Casanova in QL 716 (1997), 21: Treats "le parcours des femmes à travers l'histoire: ... leurs actes, décisions et influences. Il s'agit là d''apprécier la participation féminine' à des événements de première importance... la Fronde, les Révolutions anglaises.... Ces vagues ont rencontré de sérieuses digues, signalées ici aussi."

FOUCAULT, MICHEL. Il faut défendre la société. Cours au Collège de France (1975–1976). Paris: Hautes Etudes Gallimard Le Seuil, 1997.

Review: C. Malabou in QL 712 (1997), 24–25: This collection of lectures is "une enquête généalogique sur le fonctionnement du pouvoir," which includes a "critique de la théorie de la souveraineté... [qui] repose sur l'existence du pouvoir royal, qui couvre la totalité du corps social et peut être transcrit en termes de relation souverain sujet. Or on constate, au XVIIe et au XVIIIe, l'apparition d''une nouvelle mécanique de pouvoir' qui consiste dans l'assujettissement polymorphe des corps et suppose 'un quadrillage serré de coercitions matérielles plutôt que l'existence physique d'un souverain'." Such power consists of "la guerre comme contrôle, efficacité diffuse de la discipline, lutte qu'une société exerce sur elle même, ses propres éléments, ses propres produits contre lesquels elle doit se défendre." "Présentant ensemble une genèse de la conception de la politique comme guerre et une genèse du racisme, le cours est extrêmement riche."

FRIEDRICHS, CHRISTOPHER R. The Early Modern City 1450–1750. London: Longman, 1995.

Review: H. Th. Gräf in HZ 262 (1996), 589–90: This first volume of A History of Urban Society in Europe (three more volumes are to follow) examines a wide spectrum of social groups: merchants, patricians, tradesmen as well as criminals, beggars and prostitutes. Conflicts between cities come into consideration as wars, diseases and fires are treated. Bibliographical essay and indices.

GETHNER, PERRY. "Playful Wit in Salon Games: the Comedy Proverbs of Catherine Durand." L'esprit en France au XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 101 (1997), 225–230.

A study of the first collection of proverb scripts (a playlet illustrating a proverb in which the proverb is not used but guessed at by the audience) published in France. G. states that D. "claims for women writers the right to cultivate the comédie de moeurs, . . . ."

GÖMMEL, RAINER and RAINER KLUMP. Merkantilisten und Physiokraten in Frankreich. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1995.

Review: K. Malettke in HZ 262 (1996), 892–94: Reviewer points out numerous errors and omissions in this concise and readable examination of fundamental problems of French society in 17th and 18th c.

GOULEMOT, JEAN MARIE. Le règne de l'histoire. Discours historiques et révolutions, XVIIe–XVIIIe siècle. Paris: Albin Michel, 1996.

Review: J. Nicolas in QL 705 (1996), 23–24: "Non plus seulement la traque et les avatars du mot et du concept de 'révolution' à travers les écrits des XVIIe XVIIIe siècles, mais l'étude critique des représentations du devenir historique.... Tous les grands démonteurs et agenceurs de systèmes étatiques se trouvent convoqués: autour de la république romaine, des origines de la monarchie française, des guerres de religion, de la Fronde et des révolutions d'Angleterre." G. includes literary texts in his analysis: "Cela suppose qu'on lise les oeuvres de fiction sur un plan métaphorique. J. M. G. prend bien soin d'écarter la théorie du miroir, en y cherchant non pas le reflet direct des événements survenus, mais la révélation de l'imaginaire politique des contemporains." Extensive analysis of Racine; comparative readings of Locke, Bossuet and Fénelon. "Dans son ensemble, l'imaginaire historique des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles se représente le temps comme une dégradation, un 'noir devenir,' une lancinante nostalgie de la pureté des origines." "Il y aurait beaucoup à dire aussi sur les détours, les hésitations de la méthode de cet ouvrage hybride qui enchevêtre les différents plans d'analyse. Le résultat final n'en reste pas moins une pièce révélatrice des débats idéologiques récents autour du concept comme du fait 'révolution,' de son caractère intelligible ou énigmatique."

HARNEIT, RUDOLF. "Fingierter Druckort. Paris. Zum Problem der Raubdrucke im Zeitalter Ludwigs XIV." In Wolfenbütteler Notizen zur Buchgeschichte XIV, 1 / 2 (1989), 1–117/149–312.

Review: G. Breuer in RF 108 (1996), 286–88: Detailed and comprehensive treatment of false and fictitious places of publication during realm of Louis XIV. High percentages of "contrefaçons" were the rule and practically all genres were concerned.

HEATH, MICHAEL J., ed. René de Lucinge. La manière de lire l'histoire. Genève: Droz, 1993.

Review: V. Mecking in ZRP 112 (1996), 173–76: Edition of de Lucinge's autobiographical treatise on diplomats and legations, published in 1614. Appreciative of H.'s careful introduction and index of proper names, the reviewer would have hoped for more extensive lexicographic treatment.

HEATER, DEREK. World Citizenship and Government: Cosmopolitan Ideas in the History of Western Political Thought. New York: Macmillan/St. Martin's Press, 1996.

Review: E. R. Gill in Choice 34 (1997), 872–873: "H. presents a chronological survey of ideas relating to world citizenship and government ... [including] ... early modern efforts to discredit power politics in favor of confederal political structures or international law... [T]he book is a competent survey."

HEPP, NOEMI, ed. Mémoires et autres inédits de Nicolas Goulas, Gentilhomme ordinaire de la chambre du duc d'Orléans. Paris: Champion, 1995.

Review: S. Bertière in PFSCL 24 (1997), 317–318: The first thirteen chapters of the Mémoires that are of historical and literary interest: ". . . un portrait attachant, celui d'un homme intelligent et sensible, chez qui priment les impératifs moraux, enracinés dans la foi-typique des milieux de robe à l'âge d'or de la Réforme Catholique, mais singulier aussi par tout ce qui bouillonne d'amour de la vie sous la résignation chrétienne."

HERWITZ, DANIEL. Making Theory/Constructing Art. Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 1993.

Review: Van Gerwen in PhQ 47 (1997), 248–250: Includes an analysis of the avant garde artist Naum Gabo's constructivist objects and manifestos in which H. posits "that Gabo's is a kind of Cartesian theory. Gabo, he argues, starts by seriously doubting the representational and expressive powers of the prevalent artistic means. H. then shows how Gabo's works are the result of the ensuing pretence to be transparently constructed from what artistic materials are left over after his Cartesian doubting."

HOFFMAN, PHILIP T. and KATHRYN NORBERG, eds. Fiscal Crises, Liberty, and Representative Government 1450–1789. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1994.

Review: J. Sommerville in RenQ 49 (1996), 124–25: Six authors contribute to this volume in the series "The Making of Modern Freedom" which "demonstrates that there was no single road to modern liberty." H. and N. write the essays on France. H. emphasizes limitations of absolutism while N. discusses intellectual change and the disillusionment of the French with fiscal reform.

HOFFMANN, KATHRYN A. "Monstrous Women, Monstrous Theorizing: Mothers, Physicians and les esprits animaux." PFSCL 24 (1997), 537–552.

Studies the peculiar early-modern preoccupation with birth defects.

HOFFMANN, KATHRYN A. Society of Pleasures. Interdisciplinary Readings in Pleasure and Power During the Reign of Louis XIV. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.

HOULE, MARTHA M. "Re-visioning Images of Women with a Medical Lens." PFSCL 24 (1997), 553–562.

"In this paper I [M. H.] will discuss one particular aspect of women's bodies . . . the womb, and how it may affect the depiction of a female character or the dénouement of a story."

JACOBSON, KAREN, ed. The French Renaissance in Prints, from the Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Los Angeles: Grunwald Center for the Graphic Arts, 1994.

Review: P. Emison in RenQ 49 (1996), 910–12: "Renaissance" includes the early modern period in this "ample and beautiful" exhibition catalogue which will be "a valuable resource for scholars of various persuasions and diverse concentrations." Judged both "a treasure" and an "open door," the diverse methodological approaches yield "a new, more inclusive picture of French Renaissance printmaking." An essay by Cynthia Burlingham, "Portraiture as Propaganda, Printmaking during the Reign of Henri IV," is of particular interest to 17 th c. scholars.

KOLB, JOCELYNE. The Ambiguity of Taste: Freedom and Food in European Romanticism. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1995.

Review: E. Bernhardt-Kabish in CollG 29 (1996), 355–58: Praiseworthy "addition to [the] growing library on the thematics of food . . . extends gastrological criticism into a comparative dimension" treating authors in England, France and Germany. Molière "symbolizes the comic roots of the revolution," and interrogates excesses while reaffirming established norms. The real revolution occurs with the Romantics.

KRAMER, JOHANNES. Das Französische in Deutschland, eine Einführung unter Mitarbeit von Sabine Kowallik. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1992.

Review: B. Konrad in ZRP 112 (1996), 179–83: Rich, informative study touches on the 17th c. in a number of its sections, most notably in chapter 4 on the French influence on German from 1500 until the Revolution. Includes references to letters of Madame Palatine.

LANEYRIE DAGEN, NADEIJE. L'invention du corps: la représentation de l'homme du Moyen Age à nos jours. Paris: Flammarion, 1997.

Review: G. Raillard in QL 714 (1997), 14–15: A history of bodies and their shadows. Includes a discussion of Poussin.

LARSON, RUTH. "Sex and Civility in a 17th-Century Dialogue: L'Escole des filles." PFSCL 24 (1997), 497–512.

L. proposes that this "pornographic" work "be considered in the light of the enormous 17th-century production of 'how-to' books, that it is a parodic cloaking of traditional erotic satire . . . with the textual devices and language of the manual of civility . . . and of other moral etiquette books directed at women."

LAWRENCE, CYNTHIA, ed. Women and Art in Early Modern Europe. University, PA: Penn State University Press, 1997.

Review: n.a. in VQR 73.3 (1997), 92–93. "This is a gathering of essays on women as patrons, collectors, and connoisseurs. Its subjects range from Jeanne d'Evreux as a founder of chapels and Margaret of Austria's tomb to the stories of Anna Maria Luisa de'Medici and Mary Edwards, patron of William Hogarth. Although these essays are largely uninspired, they do broaden our knowledge of patronage, enriching the bibliography in this burgeoning field."

LE ROY LADURIE, EMMANUEL. The Ancien Régime: A History of France, 1610–1774. Trans.Mark Greengrass. London: Blackwell, 1996.

Review: D. J. Heimmermann in Choice 34.8 (1997), 1397: "In his study of the 17th and 18th century French political system, Le Roy Ladurie notes the unequal rhythm of alternation between modes of government that were either more 'authoritarian' or more 'open.' The reign of Louis XIV marked an age when conformity took precedence over service, style over loyalty, spectacle over economy; tolerance born of pragmatism was dismissed in the persecution of the Huguenots. Absolutism under Louis XIV's successors..., however, was more responsive to the needs of its citizens, more capable of rational action, and was marked by signs of relaxation of the exercise of authority. The Protestants and the Jansenists were tolerated, and the economy prospered in the midst of an outpouring of intellectual and artistic creativity.... This volume, which includes a helpful chronological table and glossary, will be the standard history of France for years to come."

LE ROY LADURIE, EMMANUEL. L'Historien, le chiffre et le texte. Paris: Fayard, 1997.

Review: R. Bonnaud in QL 715 (1997), 22–23: A "projet de l'histoire science" which includes "une étude comparée des manifestations d'intolérance en Grande Bretagne et en France au XVIIe siècle. Le Japon et la Russie sont évoqués. La Pologne, la Chine, l'Inde, l'Ethiopie, bien d'autres régions auraient pu l'être, et le virage mondial, celui de 1630 1660, Le Roy Ladurie n'insiste pas."

Review: L. Theis in Le Point 1290 (1997), 111: "Les lecteurs de 'Montaillou, village occitan' et de 'L'Etat royal' retrouveront dans ce nouveau recueil d'articles l'auteur au mieux de sa forme. Les vingt cinq textes ici rassemblés... mettent en valeur ... [entre autres sujets] sa compréhension profonde des mentalités d'Ancien Régime, illustrée en particulier par un essai éblouissant sur les pratiques matrimoniales de la noblesse telles que les révèle Saint Simon."

LEIBACHER-OUVRARD, LISE. "Femmes d'esprit ou substance étendue? L'école des filles ou la Philosophie des dames (1655)." L'esprit en France au XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 101 (1997), 187–196.

An assessment of the value of the work: representing much more than a simple manual of erotic practice, the work is a "discours rationaliste" which however leads to a "dévalorisation éventuelle de l'esprit des femmes . . . ."

LEIBACHER-OUVRARD, LISE. "Tribades et gynanthropes (1612–1614): fictions et fonctions de l'anatomie travestie." PFSCL 24 (1997), 519–536.

"La fiction des tribades représente moins ici leurs propres désirs lesbiens que la hantise de l'efféminé, les obsessions d'une virilité fondamentalement instable et menacée; . . . ."

LILLY, REGINALD, ed. The Ancients and the Moderns. Bloomington, IN: Indiana UP, 1996.

Review: J. V. Scott in Choice 34.8 (1997), 1415: The international scholars who contributed to the volume "bring a rich, diverse set of methodologies to the story of 'la Querelle' between modernism, Renaissance humanism, and contemporary postmodernism. In the first half, the essays critique varieties of Renaissance and modernist understandings of the Greek experience.... The essays, although thoughtful and provocative, are for the most part only indirectly relevant to political thought."

MCCABE, RICHARD A. Incest, Drama and Nature's Law 1550–1700. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 32 (1996), 90–91: This first comprehensive study of incest in English theatre of the Renaissance and the Restoration includes a chapter on Dryden and Racine. Judged "a major piece of cultural history."

MENKE, ANNE M. "Liaisons savoureuses: Pornography in the Service of Women?" PFSCL 24 (1997), 85–98.

Examines the contention that pornography can be put into the service of women, using the Princesse de Clèves and the Liaisons dangereuses. Author concludes negatively that if the emancipation of the women characters had occurred, much would have been sacrificed in the process: "Besides losing the first psychological novel and some wonderfully malicious secret histories, we would also have to sacrifice some of the most convincing portrayals of power-mad and love-sick creatures ever penned if women characters could claim their bodies for themselves."

MENTZER, RAYMOND A., JR. Blood and Belief: Family Survival and Confessional Identity among the Provincial Huguenot Nobility. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue UP, 1994.

Review: M. Ultee in RenQ 49 (1996), 142–43: Although U. faults M. for unnecessary repetition, he insists that "every budding graduate student in French history should read M.'s book for its clear explanations of family strategies, provincial nobility and Protestantism." A family archive of the Lacger family of southern France is the rich source of M.'s analyses which trace their sufferings and survival from the 16th–19th c.

MEROT, ALAIN. "Des patries à la terre: pour un portrait/paysage de Nicolas Poussin." Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 25–37.

"Un peintre qui a su dépasser les limites de l'"histoire" comme du paysage et pour lequel la "patrie," qu'elle soit natale ou d'adoption, réelle ou rêvée, voit se rencontrer l'espace et le temps."

MONDIMORE, FRANCIS MARK. A Natural History of Homosexuality. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1996.

An excellent introductory survey of the present status of research on homosexuality succinctly covers historical, anthropological, genetic, embryological, hormonal, and psychotherapeutic data and theories in a way clearly understandable to the general reader as well as the specialist. He points out how bigotry against gays and lesbians in past and present Western civilization exploded at times during movements such as the Inquisition and Nazism.

MONTADON, ALAIN, éd. Etiquette et politesse. Clermont Ferrand: Association des Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences de Clermont Ferrand, 1992.

Review: A. Arens in ZRP 112 (1996), 709–11: A. hopes for a future, more in depth and serious study of the same field, the history of representations of communication based on treatises of savoir vivre from Middle Ages to present. 17th c. scholars will welcome E. Bury's study of 17th c. civility as it relates to être and paraître, personne and personnage.

MOREL, RENEE. "Et in pictura ego ou le tombeau de Poussin." Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 39–52.

"Comme toute production artistique, l'oeuvre de Poussin s'inscrit dans le temps et ne peut récuser la mort: à l'instar des bergers d'Arcadie, elle doit composer avec elle."

MOUSNIER, ROLAND. Les XVIe et XVIIe siècles. La grande mutation intellectuelle de l'humanité, l'avènement de la science moderne et l'expansion de l'Europe. Paris: PUF, 1993.

Review: I. Mieck in HZ 262 (1996), 237–38: For HZ's assessment of the original publication of M.'s work, the reader is referred to the review in HZ 179 (1955), 128–30. The reedition is only slightly modified. Mieck outlines changes (for example, a newly conceived chapter on "Européens et gens de couleur en Amérique") and regrets that the bibliography stops with the year 1966.

MURRAY, TIMOTHY. " 'Et in Arcadia Video': Poussin' the Image of Culture with Marin and Kuntzel." MLN 112 (1997), 431–53.

For critic Louis Marin, Poussin's pastoral elegy, "Et in Arcadia Ego," "performs the twofold function of the sign as theorized by Arnauld and Nicole in the 1683 edition of La logique ou l'art de penser. "Et in Arcadia Ego" "embodies in one picture plane the thing represented and the thing representing." Murray's task is "to discuss the critical shift that occurs, if any, when the semiotic subject of early modern painting or cartography, Ego, gives way to the spatially diffuse subject of postmodern installation, Video. How might Marin's concept of the powers of the neoclassical image impact contemporary video culture and its museum arcades? Given that artistic form and subject matter shift through time and practice, what might we expect from the video transformation of the interpellations of desire and subjectivity common to the age of Poussin?" Kuntzel's technological representation of Poussin's Arcadian cycle, 'The Four Seasons', was exhibited in 1993 at the Jeu de Paume as a video installation intitled "Four Seasons" minus one."

NIDERST, ALAIN. "Le bel esprit." L'esprit en France au XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 101 (1997), 75–84.

Traces the evolution of the concept from the 17th into the 18th century: from a positive to a negative social and artistic type.

NORMAN, BUFORD. "The Best Way to Skin a Cat: Thought and Expression, Words and Music in Quinault and Lully." L'esprit en France au XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 101 (1997), 239–247.

Studies the role of esprit in poetry and music.

NOVA, PIERRE. Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past. Trans.Arthur Goldhammer. 3 vols. Volume I: Conflicts and Divisions. NY: Columbia UP, 1996.

Review: C. Todd, JES 27 (1997), 114–115: "[T]he persistence and the mystery of French national myths are central here, as we are shown why some things are remembered, while others are forgotten." The collection includes an article by Catherine Maire, who "demonstrates how Jansenism best remembered thanks to Sainte Beuve as central to literary classicism survived through its texts, despite the destruction of its physical lieu de mémoire: Port Royal."

PEABODY, SUE. "There Are No Slaves in France": The Political Culture of Race and Slavery in the Ancien Régime. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Review: D. C. Baxter in Choice 34 (1997), 1723: "[A] superb scholarly investigation of the so called 'Freedom Principle' under which slaves who set foot in France were automatically emancipated." "Strongly based on archival research."

PIERRARD, JEAN. "Portraits, côté Cour." Le Point 1298 (1997), 60–61.

Review of the exhibition at the Musée des Beaux Arts of Nantes, August September 1997, then in Toulouse, October 1997 January 1998. Consecrated to the portrait under Louis XIV. "On peut regretter que l'exposition n'ait pas montré l'une de ses figures de jansénistes qui disent d'abord combien ce siècle a d'abord été celui de la volonté...." However, the exhibition is rich in its variety and includes works by les frères Beaubrun, Nocret, Le Brun, Pierre Mignard, Nicolas de Largillière, Jouvenet, Hyacinthe Rigaud. These last two later "libèrent la peinture du Grand Sciècle, fagotée jusque là dans un vieux corset raphaélesque" thanks to time spent with masters in Venice. "A partir de là, la peinture française va se faire moins raisonneuse...."

PIERRARD, JEAN. "La vie silencieuse." Le Point 1281 (1997), 92–93.

Review of Sébastien Stoskopff exhibit, April June 1997, at the Musée de l'oeuvre Notre Dame in Strasbourg. Exhibition presented "une quarantaine de tableaux sur soixante toiles répertoriés" of the painter who lived from 1597 to 1657. Known for still lifes which were subsequently depreciated by the Académie. "L'exposition laisse d'ailleurs une impression formidable. L'austère propos de Stoskopff en impose, avec cette façon de faire le vide comme si le peintre ne voulait retenir sur le vide que l'essentiel." "Les oeuvres présentées dans l'exposition n'ont pas toujours les qualités de cette toile radieuse, resplendissante d'une douce lumière dorée."

PIERRARD, JEAN. "Van Dyck: Retour à Gênes." Le Point 1288 (1997), 98–99.

Review of an exhibition of the works of Anton Van Dyck (1599–1641) at the Palais ducal of Gênes, May July 1997. "Van Dyck est l'un des plus grands portraitistes de son siècle.... Présentée au palais ducal dans un environnement marmoréen, l'exposition focalisée sur les six ans que Van Dyck passe à Gênes le montre au milieu de ses pairs et finalement nous restitue un grand peintre, définitivement débarrassé de cette détestable réputation de superficialité dont on l'a au fil des siècles affublé." Certains attributions paraissent discutables et sont discutées. Quelques tableaux ... sont médiocres."

PINCAS, STÉPHANE. Versailles: The History of the Gardens and Their Sculptures. Paris: Thames & Hudson, 1996.

Review: T. J. McCormick in Choice 34.8 (1997), 1326: "[T]his handsome and richly illustrated volume is limited to the design of the gardens, including every piece of sculpture in its original and later locations. The excellent color photographs by Maryvonne Rocher Gilotte taken especially for the volume are supplemented by drawings, plans, diagrams, and paintings of the gardens, sculptures, grottos, and fountains, so that the work is a complete study of the subject, although one does miss any mention of the Trianons or L'Hameau. Pincas's text is very detailed and complete on every sculpture and fountain and also includes a useful general history of the French garden as well as details of the evolution of Versailles. Although the text and illustrations are art history in the best sense, the major contribution of the book is its attempt to recreate the feeling and excitement of the gardens at Versailles. Descriptions of fêtes, sculptural peregrinations, fireworks displays, and the waterworks help fulfill this aim. The glossary and bibliography add to the usefulness of this major work."

PINCUS, STEVEN C. A. Protestantism and Patriotism: Ideologies and the Making of English Foreign Policy, 1650–1668. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Review: M. C. Noonkester in Choice 34 (1997), 858: "Domestic and foreign policy, Pincus demonstrates, influenced one another, moving England from an anti Dutch to an anti French posture."

PINOL, JEAN LUC, et al. Atlas historique des villes de France. Paris: Hachette/Centre, 1996.

Review: A. Bruyère in QL 702 (1996) 21–22: "Dix villes françaises: Paris, Rouen, Lille, Strasbourg, Lyon, Marseille, Montpellier, Toulouse, Bordeaux et Nantes. Ce grand atlas se situe entre dictionnaire et encyclopédie. En 366 pages, plus de 900 illustrations noir et blanc ou couleur, cartes historiques ou récentes, plans, graphiques, photos, dessins, tableaux et autant de textes sur trois colonnes serrées." "La mise en page est victime du prix bas de l'ouvrage, de la hâte ou d'une bousculade, vu l'énormité de l'entreprise. Les illustrations sont de toute sorte de couleurs, matières, styles, époques et sujets. Elles désordonnent le regard, trop complexes et mêlées, parfois illisibles. Mais il y a des qualités de soin: les indications de l'échelle des plans, et la précieuse indication du Nord."

PROUST, JACQUES. L'Europe au prisme du Japon, XVIe–XVIIe siècle. Paris: Albin Michel, 1997.

Review: J. M. Goulemot in QL 715 (1997), 21–22: This study uncovers "l'image que l'Europe a donnée d'elle même à ses partenaires japonais, de façon délibérée ou à son corps défendant." Europe, here, is "essentiellement ibérique avec quelques exceptions françaises, puis hollandaises." "Planches en couleur." "Voilà un grand livre et un beau livre."

RAILLARD, GEORGES. "Stoskopff. 'Poète des reflets.'" QL 713 (1997), 19.

Review of the Sébastien Stoskopff exhibit at the Musée de l'oeuvre Notre Dame, March 15 June 1, 1997. Born in Strasbourg in 1597, Stoskopff painted only still lifes consisting of "[p]eu d'objets, mais sans cesse repris, variés par la composition et la lumière." His work is marked by "l'éclat de lumière, de temps suspendu, l'hésitation du sens dans ces visions réfléchies, les réseaux de lignes, les modes multiples de la touche."

REESE, ARMIN. Europäische Hegemonie versus Weltreich. Aussenpolitik in Europa 1648–1763. Idstein: Schulz Kirchner, 1995.

Review: H. Duchhardt in HZ 263 (1996), 783–84: Scholar known for his treatment of French colonial politics provides us with well selected sources including diplomatic acts, pamphlets, peace treaties as basis for his analysis of European hegemony versus empire.

ROCHE, DANIEL. Histoire des choses banales. Naissance de la consommation, XVIIe–XIXe siècle. Paris: Fayard, 1997.

Review: N. Pellegrin in QL 717 (1997) 22: "R. nous offre ... une remarquable leçon de choses, qui est aussi une réflexion passionnante sur 'les choses' et leur place dans les sociétés occidentales.... Un va et vient constant s'établit entre le cas parisien et d'autres exemples, ruraux ou urbains." Includes "une énorme bibliographie" and an extensive discussion of key terms such as "luxe," "superflu," "consommation," and "culture matérielle."

ROCHE, DANIEL. The Culture of Clothing: Dress and Fashion in the Ancien Régime. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Review: Anon. In FMLS 32 (1996), 94: Important contribution in the domain of French culture of 17th and 18th c. This translation of Roche's La Culture des Apparences makes accessible to the Anglophone world an enlightening study which discusses economic and technical aspects of the subject as well as relating clothes to literature.

SEIBERT, PETER. Der literarische Salon. Literatur und Geselligkeit zwischen Aufklärung und Vormärz. Stuttgart, Weimar: Metzler, 1993.

Review: G. Bersier in CollG 29 (1996), 168–170: Praiseworthy for achieving "a rare balance of interdisciplinary breadth of research and clear literary focus of analysis." Treats origins of the salons and provides a comprehensive survey of the French 17th and 18th c. salons. Also treated are German literary salons as "centers of production, distribution and reception of literature" and the interaction between "salon conversation and the spread of specific semi-oral literary forms." Only regret is the lack of an index in this "superb scholarly study."

ROQUES, GEORGES. La manière de négocier aux Indes, 1676–1691. Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 1996.

Review: BCLF 580 (1997), 203: "L'ouvrage apporte une contribution exceptionnelle à la connaissance des affaires et des techniques de fabrication en usage au Gujarât au XVIIe siècle. Il paraît fondamental aux amateurs de récits et de voyages ou d'aventures, mais aussi et surtout aux historiens, chercheurs ou étudiants intéressés par le rôle du textile dans l'économie asiatique de l'époque, et son importance dans les relations entre Occident et Orient."

ROUBEN, CESAR, ed. Gabriel Sénac de Meilhan, Mémoires d'Anne de Gonzague, Princesse Palatine. Sainte-Foy: Presses de l'Université Laval/Librairie A. G. Nizet, 1996.

Review: N. Hepp in PFSCL 24 (1997), 614: A critical edition of the edition of the memoirs first published late in the 18th century that focus on the Fronde. Reviewer has minor criticisms of this fine edition.

SALAZAR, PHILIPPE-JOSEPH. "Philia: connaissance et amitié." L'esprit en France au XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 101 (1997), 11–27.

Studies the relationship between friendship and knowledge: ". . . le savoir qui prend encore forme humaniste au XVIIe siècle et qui, souvent, aide à la mise en forme du nouvel esprit scientifique ne circula-t-il pas parce que ces hommes de l'esprit pratiquaient le seul amour du savoir qui compte, aimer ceux qui savent?"

SALAZAR, PHILIPPE-JOSEPH. "Poussin, ou peindre la littérature." Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 53–63.

Considers painting as a form of narration.

SALVADORI, PHILIPPE. La chasse sous l'Ancien Régime. Paris: Fayard, 1996.

Review: BCLF 581 (1997), 541: S. "n'a pas voulu écrire une nouvelle dissertation sur le droit de chasse, ni décrire les anciennes coutumes des chasseurs. Ceci a déjà été fait. Il a choisi une orientation sociale et politique, comprendre 'comment une élite vivait son droit à la domination sociale en la fondant sur la domination de la nature'."

SCHULZE, HAGEN and INA ULRIKE PAUL, eds. Europäische Geschichte. Quellen und Materialien. München: Bayerische Schulbuch Verlag, 1994.

Review: P. Stadler in HZ 262 (1996), 803–805: Rich resource of over 1200 pages for the history of Europe. Chronologically arranged, the extensive volume embraces mythological geographical namings, discussion of early modern period and national states, freedom and tyranny, belief and unbelief, men and women, politics and philosophers, and so forth.

SCOTT, H. M., ed. The European Nobilities in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Vol. 1: Western Europe. London: Longman, 1995.

Review: N. Hammerstein in HZ 263 (1996), 226: Authoritative overview of elite can only be improved on by the promised second volume. Varying viewpoints include studies of crises and downfall of the elite.

SINKOLI, ANNA. Frankreich, das Reich und die Reichsstände 1697–1702. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1995.

Review: P. C. Hartmann in HZ 263 (1996), 229–30: Mixed review has praise for use of source materials such as those at the BN, the B de l'Arsenal, and the Archives of the Quai d'Orsay but notes significant omissions. Praised for diligence and for the interesting details resulting from analysis of the role of state according to the French view.

SMITH, JAY M. The Culture of Merit: Nobility, Royal Service, and the Making of Absolute Monarchy in France, 1600–1789. Ann Arbor: U P of Michigan, 1996.

Review: D. C. Baxter in Choice 34.8 (1997), 1399: "Smith... begins modestly with the intent of examining the relationship between noblility and merit in early modern France. The result is a complex, sophisticated, and wide reaching argument that criticzes those who see the advocacy of 'merit' (individual talent as opposed to birth) as a product of Enlightenment thinking. From his examination of the 'culture of power,' the artistocratic and monarchical assumptions that underlay the ancien régime, Smith sees the modern concept of merit emerging from a dialectical process within the monarchy as Louis XVI's centralizing administration ('absolutism') demanded skill as well as pedigree. Using 18th century army reform as a microcosm, Smith reveals the growing tension beween birth and skilled efficiency before the Revolution. This union of linguistc analysis and political history reflects a wide reading of relevant primary and secondary sources and a talented analysis of aristocratic culture and the nature of the state. It will delight specialists undaunted by social science jargon...."

SPIELMANN, GUY. "La philosophie des images du Père Menestrier: de la herméneutique de la nature à la propagande politique." PFSCL 24 (1997), 445–464.

The esoteric placed in the service of Louis XIV's political power by the Jesuits.

SPIELMANN, GUY. "L'inférieure biologique: sexualité et identité féminine à l'âge classique d'après le Tableau de l'amour conjugal de Nicolas Venette (1687)." PFSCL 24 (1997), 563–577.

Studies a work postulating the inferiority of the female first published in the 17th century and republished until 1955.

THOMAS, FRANCIS-NOEL. "Une Moult Grande Signifiance." Providence and Madness in Froissart's Chroniques." EMF 2 (1996) 1–15.

Article "examines Providence and Fortune, whose domains respectively diminish and increase in Early Modern history and literature. His texts are Froissart's account of Charles VI's descent into madness, and Mme de La Fayette's narrative of Henri II's death, the former ambiguous about causation, the latter asserting simple accident." Cross Mme de La Fayette

THORP, MALCOLM R. and ARTHUR J. SLAVIN, eds. Politics, Religion and Diplomacy in Early Modern Europe: Essays in Honor of De Lamar Jensen. Northeast Missouri State U, 1994.

Review: W. Rednour in RenQ 49 (1996), 126–27: Judged "solid and informative," the essays are, however, uneven in quality and the volume lacks the usual listing of honoree's scholarly works. R. highlights David Bitton and Ward A. Martinsen's treatment of the French pamphlet as "shed[ding] new light on the interaction of policy and religion."

TIMMERMANS, LINDA. L'accès des femmes à la culture (1598–1715). Paris: Honoré Champion, 1993.

Review: B. Krajewska, RSH 244 (1996), 190–193: "L'étude est ... divisée en deux parties, l'une sur la culture profane, l'autre sur la culture religieuse des femmes, cette division ayant été adopté ... pour des raisons didactiques. La première partie porte une teinte de bilan, la deuxième 'défriche plutôt un terrain vierge'." T. "propose une approche qui ... offre un grand terrain d'investigation envisagé sous les angles de l'histoire littéraire et de l'histoire des idées." "Documentée à l'extrême." This study is "plutôt une synthèse des études sur la question, un aperçu général de l'écho suscité par les polémiques sur la femme qu'une étude apportant un souffle indépendant." Excellent dialogue with minor authors and their works.

• See French 17 (1996, 1995).

TOLLET, DANIEL, éd. L'Europe des diètes au XVIIe . Mélanges offerts àMonsieur le professeur Jean Bérenger. Paris: Sedes, 1996.

Review: BCLF 577 (1996), 1877–78: Dix contributions complétées par des articles de Bérenger et une bibliographie incomplète de ses oeuvres.

TROUT, ANDREW. City on the Seine: Paris in the Time of Richelieu and Louis XIV. New York: St. Martin's, 1996.

Review: P. G. Wallace in Choice 34 (1997), 859: "T.'s study paints an impressionist's portrait of seventeenth and early eighteenth century Paris.... This story of Baroque urban renewal is set against the grand narrative of royal politics in the age of Louis XIV." However, T.'s "surety... seems misplaced [and] ... the text lacks a clear analytical framework." Illustrated.

WIESNER, MERRY E. Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993.

Review: J. L. Metcalfe in RenQ 49 (1996), 668–69: Recommended particularly as an undergraduate text or reference volume. W.'s study presents a helpful survey of the history of women from 1500–1750. Women's experience is organized according to sections concerned with the body, the mind, and the spirit; a unifying factor is W.'s "concern for the systematic gendering of public versus private life within patriarchal ideology." Although she registers "the evidence of an oppressive gender hierarchy," W. also records many exceptional accomplishments of women and recovers marginalized voices. Extensive bibliographies and index.

WILSON, KEVIN, et al. What is Europe? 4 volumes, revised edition. I: The History of the Idea of Europe. Eds. Kevin Wilson & Jan van der Dussen; II: Aspects of European Cultural Diversity. Eds. Monica Shelley & Margaret Winck; III: European Democratic Culture. Eds. Alain Marc Rieu, Gérard Duprat, Noël Parker; IV: Europe and the Wider World. Ed. Bernard Waites. London/NY: Routledge, 1995.

Review: P. Dukes in JES 27 (1997), 101–110: The first essay of volume I "concentrates on three elements: the identification of the continent with liberty, with Christendom and with civilization. After noting that the history of European culture as an idea in itself did not originate until the beginning of the nineteenth century, it begins 'more of an archaelogical excavation' of the concept, appropriately enough, in antiquity." Subsequent essays in this volume concentrate on modern Europe. Volume II includes essays on 'Languages,' 'Education,' 'The Mass Media' and 'Everyday Culture.' Volume III focuses on historical and contemporary democracy in Europe. Volume IV considers the twentieth century relations of Europe with the rest of the world. The review concludes, "If the future of global politics is to be dominated by the clash of civilizations, ... What is Europe? constitutes a timely reminder of the culture that our continent would like to defend."

WINN, COLETTE H. "De sage (-) femme à sage (-) fille: Louise Boursier, Instructions à ma fille (1626)." PFSCL 24 (1997), 61–83.

Author finds a feminist prise de conscience in this rare treatise transmitting professional knowledge in the fields of obstetrics and gynecology.

WOLFE, KATHRYN WILLIS and, PHILLIP J., eds. Considérations politiques sur la Fronde. La Correspondance entre Gabriel Naudé et le cardinal Mazarin. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 64 (1991).

Review: P. Dostie in LR 49 (1995), 162–63: The political considerations of the title are complemented by numerous perspectives on daily life in Paris as revealed in these letters by Naudé and Mazarin. Historical and biographical notes offer useful clarifications. D. points out that the volume concludes with two previously unedited letters of N. Reviewer appreciates the "tableau peint sur le vif des liens étroits" and underscores the dominant theme of the letters: exhortation.

WOLFE, MICHAEL. The Conversion of Henry IV. Politics, Power and Religious Belief in Early Modern France. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1993.

Review: I. Mieck in HZ 263 (1996), 222–23: Mixed review finds as many problems as it does information in W.'s work. Has praise for use of source materials of Henri's era, but notes significant gaps (such as German titles) in secondary sources.

ZILBOORG, CAROLINE and SUSAN B. GALL, eds. Women's Firsts. Detroit, MI: Gale, 1997.

Review: K. R. Mehaffey in Choice 34 (1997), 1647: This book records "women's achievements in history from the pre Christian era through 1996. The result is a useful and interesting timeline in a convenient format."

• See French 17 (1996, 1995).

CAHIER, GABRIELLA et MATTEO CAMPAGNOLO, éds. Registres de la Compagnie des Pasteurs de Genève, t. XII, 1614–1616. Genève: Droz, 1995.

Review: R. M. Kingdom in BHR 58 (1996), 757–58: "The text of the registers themselves make up only slightly more than half of this volume. They are followed by eighty-three annexes, most of them letters to or from the Company; also three appendices, letters to others but dealing with matters discussed by the Company; finally two addenda to previous volumes. One of these addenda is an extraordinarily irenic letter from Jean Hotman de Villiers that will be of particular interst to historians of ecumenicism. Most of this material has never before been published." Reviewer notes with regret the passing of G. Cahier and signals the importance of her contributions to this project.

• See French 17 (1996, 95, 93, 92).

CAMERON, KEITH et ELIZABETH WOODROUGH, eds. Ethics & Politics in Seventeenth-Century France: Essays in Honour of Derek A. Watts. Exeter: Exeter University Press, 1996.

Review: D. Shaw in MLR 92 (1997), 524: "Leading English and French scholars analyse the ethical and political framework of seventeenth-century French society from the twin perspectives of history and theatre."

CANTO SPERBER, MONIQUE, ed. Dictionnaire d'éthique et de philosophie morale. Paris: PUF, 1996.

Review: J. Lacoste in QL 706 (1996), 20–21: "Toutes les grandes philosophies morales sont ... passées en revue au fil des articles, depuis celle, fondatrice, d'Aristote jusqu'à Kant, en passant par Descartes (avec une présentation originale de Denis Kambouchner, auteur également de la notice sur les 'passions')."

CEYSSENS, LUCIEN. Le sort de la bulle Unigenitus. Recueil d'études offert à l'occasion de son 90e anniversaire. Leuven: University Press, 1992.

Review: H. Savon in RBPH 73 (1995), 1158–59: Quinze articles dont le centre d'intérêt est "la bulle Unigenitus, ses inspirateurs, les intentions qui ont présidé à sa rédaction et à sa promulgation, les résistances qu'elle a rencontrées, et les principaux artisans de son acceptation finale par l'Eglise de France."

CORRINGTON, ROBERT. Ecstatic Naturalism: Signs of the World. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana UP, 1995.

Review: C. Hookway in Semiotica 114 (1997), 169–180: In his attempt to understand the different "varieties of naturalism" in order to compare them with C.'s notion of "ecstatic naturalism," Hookway begins with a discussion of the problematic relationship between naturalism and Cartesian dualism: "We might suppose that Cartesian dualism could serve as a paradigm of what 'naturalists' reject: there are two distinct substances which have distinct explanatory principles, our knowledge of each conforming to different patterns. But once it is allowed that Cartesian minds can interact with Cartesian bodies in intelligible ways, the way is open for someone to argue that Descartes has discovered that 'nature' is richer than we vulgar physicalists had assumed." Part of the discussion which follows attempts to answer the questions, "On what basis do we decide that Cartesian minds are outside nature? When someone claims to be a 'naturalist,' what do we learn about their philosophical position?"

DASTON, LORRAINE. "The Cold Light of Facts and the Facts of Cold Light: Luminescence and the Transformation of the Scientific Fact, 1600–1750." EMF 3 (1997) 17–44.

D. "sheds light on factuality in science from 1600 to 1750 by exploring the idea of luminescence. Her comparative study of Robert Boyle and Charles Dufay—both cartesian, yet adepts of experimentalism—illustrates this arduous passage of fact from wonder to regularity."

DECLERCQ, GILLES. "Bon Sens et Bel Esprit. L'esprit de curiosité entre science et politesse." L'esprit en France au XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 101 (1997), 137–159.

"Nous chercherons donc à éclairer l'insolite conjonction du bel esprit et du bon sens, en lisant les propos [of Bouhours] d'Ariste et d'Eugène sur l'esprit de curiosité mondain à la lumière de la réflexion cartésienne sur la curiosité de l'esprit scientifique."

EAMON, WILLIAM. Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1994.

Review: A. Blair in RenQ 49 (1996), 177–79: Judged "accessible and intellectually engaging, clearly written and well researched," E.'s volume demonstrates the significance of books of secrets for the transition of the idea of experience as private to the more modern concept of experience as "collaborative experimentation." Reviewer underscores E.'s "lucid presentation" of these shifts; for the 17thc. it is the "program of actively and systematically uncovering the hidden workings of nature and their laws."

ELIADE, MIRCEA. Encyclopedia of Religion. CD ROM (requires Windows 3.1 or higher; Macintosh). New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan, 1996.

Review: W. Fontaine in Choice 34.9 (1997), 1482: This new CD ROM "allows searching by author, title, or keyword... Each paragraph is treated as a separate document, so Boolean searches typically retrieve relevant results... The contents page and the synoptic index make the encylopedia relatively easy to browse, and all cross references are hyptertext linked.... "

ELM, KASPAR, ed. Bernhard von Clairvaux. Rezeption und Wirkung im Mittelalter und in der Neuzeit. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1994.

Review: E. D. Hehl in HZ 262 (1996), 805–806: 17th c. scholars will benefit from these proceedings of the 1990 Wolfenbuttel colloque, in particular from Jean Mesnard's essay on B. de Clairvaux's impact on Pascal and from Viviane Mellinghoff Bourgerie's essay on François de Sales.

FANLO, JEAN-RAYMOND, éd. La Responce de Michau l'aveugle. Suivi de la Réplique de Michau l'aveugle. Deux pamphlets théologiques anonymes publiés avec les pièces catholiques de la controverse. Paris: Honoré Champion, 1996.

Review: BCLF 580 (1997), 203: "L'ouvrage . . . offre un double intérêt: 1)il permet d'approfondir la connaissance d'un grand poète du XVIe siècle, Agrippa d'Aubigné (1552–1630), célèbre pour son engagement vigoureux du côté de la Réforme et 2) il apporte une pièce d'importance à l'histoire religieuse de la fin du siècle, au moment même où le futur Henri IV vient de se convertir (1593) au catholicisme après trente ans de guerre civile."

FELDMAN, SUSAN. "Second Person Scepticism." PhQ 47 (1997), 80–84.

F. refutes the argument of Lorraine Code, "one of several recent feminist epistemologists who link Cartesian style scepticism with the modern view of epistemic subject as detached from the world and separate from other subjects." F. maintains that "[W]e can develop a 'second person' radical scepticism, one which recognizes people as 'second persons,' sees people as epistemically interrelated and treats other people as epistemic subjects as well as objects and sources of belief, yet uses this very understanding to undercut the truth of knowledge claims." By constructing "a social version of Descartes' dream argument as reconstructed by Barry Stroud," F. shows that "use of society as the source and object of knowledge is no less scepticism inducing than the use of private mental states as the source and object of knowledge."

FOURNIER, MARIAN. The Fabric of Life: Microscopy in the Seventeenth Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1996.

Review: F. Sack in Choice 34 (1997), 1684: "Organized historically and illustrated with figures from original publications... well annotated and referenced and includes an extensive list of publications related to microscopy published from 1600 to 1750."

GUITTON, EDOUARD, éd. La culpabilité dans la littérature française. Travaux de littérature publiés par l'A.D.I.R.E.L., v. III. Paris: Klincksieck, 1995.

Review: J. Blanchard in BHR 58 (1996), 781–82: "Vingt-sept monographies mettent en évidence les scénarios originels de la culpabilité. De grandes masses importantes ressortent: Moyen age, renaissance, Grand Siècle, Lumières, romantisme et post-romantisme, Entre Deux Guerres." Voir l'article de G. Schreck: "La faute, 'l'anatomie', et le luth dans les Méditations sur les Pseaumes d'Agrippa d'Aubigné."

HENAFF, MARCEL. "Of Stones, Angels and Humans: Michel Serres and the Global City." Substance 27.2 (1997), 59–80.

An examination of several questions examined throughout in Serres's work: "the relations between local and global, between narrative and concept, science and philosophy, history and myth, solids and fluids." Includes remarks on Pascal: the definition of algorithm, H. remarks, "What Pascal and Leibniz discover anew and theorize in the seventeenth century are in fact very ancient practices of the Assyro Babylonians and the Arabs... or the merchants of the Middle Ages.... Those are the procedures that come back forcefully with computer calculations and programs. This novelty is in fact but 'the most ancient example of our forgetfulnesss'...."

HERSCHE, PETER. "'Klassizistischer' Katholizismus. Der konfessions geschichtliche Sonderfall Frankreich." HZ 262 (1996), 357–89.

Excellently documented and authoritative analysis of Catholicism of the Classical Era. Carefully delineates varying distinctives, relating the analysis to foreign and domestic politics of Louis XIV, the Huguenots, Jansenism, Gallicanism and sacred art. Pertinent quotations from Madame Palatine.

HILGAR, MARIE-FRANCE. "Fondation de la Congrégation des Filles du Saint-Esprit de la paroisse de Plérin." L'esprit en France au XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 101 (1997), 299–305.

Traces the history of the Congregation to the present time.

HUPPERT, GEORGE. "The Age of Philosophy." EMF 2 (1996) 16–28.

H. "explores the ideological implications of classical education in the sixteenth century by focusing on several heated debates which began in the 1540s and continued into the 1620s featuring the Parisian intellectual Pierre de La Ramée. For Huppert, a principal sign of the Early Modern is the emergence of the intellectual as dissident and of intellectual institutions as privileged spaces for propagating non-conformist thought."

KEARNS, JOHN T. Reconceiving Experience: A Solution to a Problem Inherited from Descartes. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1996.

Review: F. Wilson in Choice 34.7 (1997), 1176: "Descartes's problem, K. suggests, is how to reconcile a mechanistic account of nature and of our bodies with the facts about our ideas and, more basically, our sense experience of the world." His solution: "We must conceive of experience in terms of intentional acts of interpreting neural events in our bodies. The Cartesian dualism of substance is replaced by the earlier Aristotelian dualism of mechanical and teleological explanations." "Clearly written."

KREMER, ELMAR J., ed. The Great Arnauld and Some of His Philosophical Correspondents. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994.

Review: W. Marceau in PFSCL 24 (1997), 595–596: A collection of studies centered around A.'s links with Descartes, Malebranche, Nicole, Suarez, St. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas.

LANDAU, IDDO. "Mendus on Philosophy and Persuasiveness." PhQ 47 (1997), 89–93.

L. responds to S. Mendus's reply to L.'s article, "How Androcentric is Western Philosophy?"

• See French 17 (1996).

LAUDE, PATRICK. "Malaval et la vision de l'esprit." L'esprit en France au XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 101 (1997), 283–290.

Presents Malaval's spirituality as "un harmonieux équilibre entre l'exigence intellective et l'extinction amoureuse de la sainte 'ignorance'; équilibre qui, loin de compromettre la profondeur et l'intensité de l'élan mystique, l'enracine en un sol véritablement 'gnostique'—au sens paulien d'une connaissance du coeur."

LEGRAND, FRANCIS JOSEPH,JOANNA KIRYLLO,FRANCOIS EVAIN, etCLAUDE FLIPO,trads. Commentaire des Exercices spirituels d'Ignace de Loyola (1590). Suivi de Abrégé de la perfection chrétienne (1588). Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1996.

Review: BCLF 577 (1996), 1852: "L'ouvrage est la traduction française de deux textes inédits du jésuite italien Achille Gagliardi (1537–1607)." G. "développe une mystique de l'anéantissement, de la déappropriation et de la déification qui inspirera Bérulle, Surin ou François de Sales. On le voit, Gagliardi est un témoin précieux du demi-siècle qui suit la mort d'Ignace, tout autant qu'un précurseur qui annonce l'Ecole française du XVIIe siècle."

LICOPPE, CHRISTIAN. La formation de la pratique scientifique. Le discours de l'expérience en France et en Angleterre, 1630–1820. Paris: La Découverte, 1996.

Review: BCLF 577 (1966), 1751: "L'un des buts de l'ouvrage consiste à comprendre comment le récit argumente pour construire, à partir de l'expérience particulière qu'il rapporte, un fait d'ordre général. L'auteur cherche à cette fin à établir une typologie des récits d'expérience selon les ressources rhétoriques auxquelles ils font appel."

MCCULLOCH, GREGORY. Using Sartre: An Analytical Introduction to Early Sartrean Themes. London/New York: Routledge, 1994.

Review: D. E. Cooper in PhQ 47 (1997), 101–103: "In broad terms, the strategy [of M.] is to translate Sartre's attack on classic Cartesianism into one on representationalism, the computational theory of the mind and, more generally, on 'objectivist' or scientific accounts of mind which, for M., are simply Cartesianism in new clothes. (He shows quite conclusively ... that Sartre, despite some of his terminology, offers a radically un Cartesian view of mind.)"

MCCULLOCH, GREGORY. The Mind and Its World. London/NY: Routledge, 1995.

Review: L. F. O'Brien in PhQ 47.188 (1997), 389–392: "The book aims to answer the question 'Is the mind separable from the body and the world around it?' ... M. holds that philosophy ... has, from Descartes up to contemporary analytical philosophy of mind, largely held that the mind is separable from the world. In M.'s view this is a mistake. The book's aim is to display the central commitments and distinctions that constitute the so-called Cartesian concept of mind ... and to present arguments against it and for an alternative conception." "Clearly written, with a strong narrative structure... avoids technicality ... easy and enjoyable to read. On the other hand, whilst the overall structure is made fairly clear, details of argument or developments of particular lines of thought are often missing. In particular, claims made that different, often on the surface very different, views converge in fundamentals, are at times not made out in sufficient detail for anything much more than an impression of connection to strike the reader."

MCNAMARA, JO ANN KAY. Sisters in Arms: Catholic Nuns Through Two Millenia. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1996.

Review: K. Kennelly in Choice 34 (1997), 812: "Sections on women religious in the Roman Empire, in the medieval, Reformation and early modern periods, and in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, develop the subject from a feminist vantage point with careful respect for sources."

MENSCH, JAMES RICHARD. Knowing and Being: A Postmodern Reversal. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1996.

Review: D. M. Maier in Choice 34.6 (1997): "M. argues that by rejecting Aristotelian philosophy, Cartesianism proposes new norms for acting and knowing; however, Cartesianism cannot account for its own founding norms... M. reverses the Cartesian priority of knowing before being...."

NEIVA, EDUARDO. "Remembrance, Like Rembrandt, Is Dark But Festive." Semiotica 114 (1997), 319–391.

In order to demonstrate "the demand for ... a comprehensive theory of signs," N. examines various historical evidence for "the presumed association between Rembrandt and Spinoza" as a springboard for the discussion of a more general issue in historical analysis. He asks, "[W]hat to do: to force uniformities or else to relish ruptures?" This question leads to an examination of Foucault's Order of Things and in particular of Foucault's choice of Port Royal's Logique and Grammaire as representative of the classical period. N. concludes this section of his article by stating, "[W]hen considered side by side, the nuances of representations created by the seventeenth century are amazingly distinct. Spinoza, Rembrandt and Port Royal show no unity. Their dominant sense may well be precisely this dispersion. At close range, it is impossible to recognize the action of a common historical undercurrent, uniformed as a set of conventions."

OBERMEIER, FRANZ. Französische Brasilienreiseberichte im 17. Jahrhundert. Claude d'Abbeville: Histoire de la mission (1614). Yves d'Evreux: Suitte de l'Histoire (1615). Bonn: Romanistischer Verlag, 1995.

Review: F. Moureau in RF 108 (1996), 285–86: Erudite examination of these two accounts by Capucin fathers treats colonial practices, religious prejudices and, in the second account, a taste for description and sensitivity to the Indians and their "capacité d'adaptation qui justifie certes la conversion."

PAGES, PIERRE-ETIENNE. "Ces écrivains qu'on appelle moralistes." RDM (avril 1997), 93–114.

Etude de quatre moralistes marquants du XVIIe–XVIIe siècles: La Bruyère, La Rochefoucauld, Chamfort, et Vauvenargues. "Mais le problème de la relation de la morale et des moralistes ne serait qu'une curiosité littéraire s'il n'intéressait une querelle autrement vive et actuelle: peut-on conduire l'homme, et ou, sans connaìtre sa nature, diverse apparemment, et comment la connaître sans considération de l'individualité empirique? Comment bâtir les moeurs sans la morale, et la morale en dépit des moeurs, des couleurs et des goûts?"

PORTER, ROY and MIKULAS TEICH, eds. The Scientific Revolution in National Context. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1992.

Review: W. Hardtwig in HZ 263 (1996), 216–17: France between 1500 and 1700 is included in this interpretation of the scientific revolution. Helpful, comparative approach.

REISS, TIMOTHY J. "Meaning in Sixteenth-Century Grammar and Rhetoric: Fabri, Tory, Palsgrave." EMF 2 (1996) 129–69.

R. "argues that an essential element of modernity appeared in the solution of eclectic humanist heirs of scholasticism when they faced the problem of an infinite regress of language and non-linguistic phenomena even while expressing notions and kinds of mastery in which an ordered vernacular would have a civic part of central importance."

ROSSI, PAOLO. Les philosophes et les machines, 1400–1700. Trad. de l'italien par P. Vighetti (1ère éd. 1962; 2e éd. 1971). Paris: PUF, 1996.

Review: BCLF 580 (1997), 96: L'auteur "ambitionne de saisir, plus largement, comment des conceptions générales, plus diffuses, de la science et de la technique, la place que diverses sociétés ont réservée aux savants et aux techniciens, les institutions au sein desquelles ils ont travaillé, leurs manières de pratiquer leur activité, la composition des groupes qu'ils ont formés, ont pu faire l'objet de mutations." On regrette "que l'ouvrage n'ait pas au moins été complété par une bibliographie critique, alors que le thème a fait l'objet d'un intérêt soutenu au cours des années 1990."

ROWAN, MARY. "Manifestations of Mind as Wit and Intellect: Marie-Eléanore de Rohan and Jacqueline Bouëtte de Blémur." L'esprit en France au XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 101 (1997), 291–298.

Studies the convent as an intellectual and publication center.

SAINT-LOUP, AUDE DE. "A History of Misunderstandings: The History of the Deaf." Diogenes 175 (1996), 1–25.

Includes brief references to France's treatment of the deaf: "Religious communities continued to welcome the deaf. One of their number, who became an architect in the second half of the seventeenth century, decided to remain among the Prémontré monks of Amiens and to take up the education of young deaf children himself." "Home tutors were in particularly strong demand.... This was a long standing approach, which flourished under the Ancien Régime, but not always to the advantage of the deaf."

SCHIFFMAN, ZACHARY S. "The Origins of Early Modern Historical Consciousness." EMF 2 (1996) 79–100.

"For S., the individualizing view, which emphasizes the haeccitas or 'thisness' of entities marks the origin of Early Modern historical consciousness. But this new sense of uniqueness was not paired with a systematic idea of historical development. Indeed, S. argues, the dominant notion of historical change remained that of Aristotelian unfolding, and historical methodology remained analytical and classificatory."

SCHLAGEL, RICHARD H. From Myth to Modern Mind: A Study of the Origins and Growth of Scientific Thought. Volume 2: Copernicus Through Quantum Mechanics. New York: P. Lang, 1996.

Review: M. G. Prasad in Choice 34 (1997), 1684: Includes a presentation of the "great contributions" of Descartes, among others.

SCHLANGER, JACQUES. "The Philosopher and His Mask." Diogenes 157 (1992), 97–112.

Opens with a discussion of Descartes' statement "Larvatus prodeo" ("I go forth masked"). S. examines the relationship between private speech and public discourse, and the philosopher's need for a mask in philosophical writing, first in Descartes, but particularly in Wittgenstein.

SIMON, GERARD. Sciences et savoirs aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Villeneuve-d'Ascq: PU du Septentrion, 1996.

Review: BCLF 581 (1997), 403: Recueil d'articles publiés au cours des quinze dernières années qui "portent essentiellement sur la période de la naissance de la science classique. Par opposition à ceux qui partent, armés de concepts et de théories contemporaines, à la pêche d'antécédents dans les sources anciennes, en sélectionnant les extraits où ils reconnaissent leur objet pour rejeter dans l'ombre les éléments qui refusent de se conformer aux cadres définis a priori." G. Simon veut restituer les oeuvres à leur intégralité.

TAVENEAUX, RENE, éd. Saint Pierre Fourier en son Temps. Actes du Colloque organisé à Mirecourt, les 13 et 14 avril 1991, par le diocése de Saint-Die et l'Université de Nancy II. Nancy: Presses universitaires de Nancy, 1992.

Review: H. Savon in RBPH 73 (1995), 1160–61: "La grande idée du colloque de Mirecourt a été de montrer en la personne de Pierre Fourier (1565–1640), pendant quarante ans curé de Mattaincourt, modeste paroisse lorraine, l'un des meilleurs représentants de cette Réforme catholique dont le concile de Trente avait fixé la doctrine et le programme."

TAVENEAUX, RENE. Jansénisme et Réforme catholique. Recueil d'articles. Nancy: Presses universitaires de Nancy, 1992.

Review: H. Savon in RBPH 73 (1995), 1159–60: ". . . R. Taveneaux est l'un de ceux qui, depuis quelques décennies, ont jeté un regard neuf sur l'école de Port-Royal. Cette nouveauté consiste d'abord à ne pas séparer le jansénisme de tout ce qui l'entoure et qui l'explique: les classes sociales où il s'est recruté, les choix politiques, l'héritage discuté de l'humanisme . . ., le 'renfermement' des pauvres . . ., les nouvelles méthodes d'éducation."

VAN ECK, CAROLINE A., JAMES MCALLISTER & RENEE VAN DE VALL, eds. The Question of Style in Philosophy and the Arts. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995.

Review: J. Carney in PhQ 47 (1997), 244–246: This collection of essays examines "the intimate relation between styles in the arts and styles in philosophy and science." "Berel Lang's essay reinterprets philosophers such as Plato, Descartes and Kant, who professed to be styleless, in terms of their style."

Review: J. R. Di Leo in P&L 21 (1997), 187–188: D. notes, "Questions of style do tend to arise in connections with philosophers of the literary sort Plato or Kierkegaard. Now philosophers have much less difficulty regarding as philosophical a work such as Pascal's Pensées, which has traditionally been treated more as literature than as philosophy."

VAN KLEY, DALE K. The Religious Origins of the French Revolution: From Calvin to the Civil Constitution, 1560–1791. New Haven: Yale UP, 1996.

Review: V. G. Wexler in Choice 34 (1997), 859: "Seventeenth century absolutism was more than defensive.... No matter how distracted Louis XIV might have been by the Jansenists, he became the very model of absolutism, particularly because he effectively repressed religious opposition." "An original, solid scholarly performance."

VÖLKEL, MARKUS. Römische Kardinalshaushalte des 17. Jahrhunderts. Borghese Barberini Chigi. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1993.

Review: P. Burschel in HZ 262 (1996), 599–601: Study has import for history of society as it examines descent, service and careers of those families. 17th c. French scholars will be particularly interested in development on Barberini and the French legation.

• See French 17 (1996).

BERRIOT-SALVADORE, EVELYNE, éd. Les représentations de l'Autre du Moyen Age au XVIIe siècle. Saint-Etienne: Publications de St.-Etienne, 1995.

BERTRAND, DOMINIQUE. Dire le rire à l'âge classique. Représenter pour mieux contrôler. Aix-en-Provence: Publications de l'Université de Provence, 1995.

Review: D. Mathieu in RSH 245 (1997), 188–189: "B. entreprend, à propos des multiples représentations du rire par les 'savants,' les théologiens, les écrivains, les peintres, un parcours critique au coeur du discours à l'âge classique. Elle s'emploie d'abord à 'décrire le rire et les rieurs' ...: l'analyse classique des passions s'intéresse au rire à travers ses marques extérieures. Associé à une déformation du corps, il relève d'une esthétique grotesque qui s'oppose aux canons classiques. ... [ce qui] suscite ... une volonté de mise en ordre chez les théologiens et les auteurs de traités de civilité. Elle désigne nettement l'origine populaire, elle porte la marque de la folie, elle évoque la jouissance sexuelle. En même temps, la raillerie maîtrisée est utile à la conversation...." "[Le rire] apparaît à l'âge classique comme un simulacre imparfait du verbe. Dans les pratiques littéraires, on s'emploie à lui donner une légitimité.... On élabore aussi une rhétorique du rire.... Au théâtre, il trouvera une place privilégiée.... Les peintres ... mettent l'accent sur sa théâtralisation...." "Dans la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle, le ridicule prend le pas sur le rire. Il apparaît comme le partenaire de la déraison, du faux, de la sottise.... Dans les écrits, il constitue la frontière en deça de laquelle règnent vraisemblance et bienséance. Sur le plan idéologique, on exclut en son nom certains échantillons de population...." "Dans cet ouvrage nourri de recherches abondantes, riche d'angles d'analyse variés, D. B. met en relief, à l'aide des traces effectives recueillies sur le rire, la normalisation par les élites des moeurs et de la culture. Par ailleurs, les historiens signalent une résistance des mentalités populaires à cette mise au pas...: le discours officiel sur le rire laisse alors entrevoir la face cachée d'une 'passion' fugace, subversive, incontrôlable."

• See French 17 (1996).

BEUGNOT, BERNARD. Le discours de la retraite au XVIIe siècle. Paris: PUF, 1996.

Review: BCLF 581 (1996), 342: Synthèse réussie et vigoureuse d'un spécialiste de la rhétorique du XVIIe siècle "qui des Bergers d'Arcadie de Poussin au Misanthrope de Molière, en passant par la Princesse de Clèves, éclaire maints chefs-d'oeuvre sous un nouveau jour, sans jamais négliger le reste de la production littéraire ou picturale de cet Age de la retraite, qui est celui où à travers et grâce à cette dernière s'élabore la notion de littérature."

BILLARD, PIERRE. "Comédie Française: la révolution silencieuse." Le Point 1263 (1996), 114–115.

An account of recent reforms and rebuilding at the Comédie Française, and also of Frederick Wiseman's recent documentary about the artists of the Comédie Française. These reforms allowed productions of Phèdre and Clitandre in December 1996 and have also led to renewed interest in Corneille's theater in particular.

BILLARD, PIERRE. "Branle bas sur le Grand Sciècle." Le Point 1278 (1997), 124–127.

Discusses renewed interest in Corneille's theater in conjunction with the publication of M. Fumaroli's book on La Fontaine, Le poète et le roi. Attributes interest in Corneille to efforts of Jean Pierre Miguel, Jean Marie Villégier and Brigitte Jaques. Similarly, according to P.B., Fumaroli's magisterial work on La Fontaine restores the poet to his right place in literary history, that of "le plus grand poète lyrique français."

BIRKETT, JENNIFER and JAMES KEARNS. A Guide to French Literature. Early Modern to Postmodern. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.

BOLDUC, BENOIT. "Les lieux de la pastorale dramatique: l'Arcadie à Suresne et au Forez." Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 241–254.

Studies the locus in France of the pastoral genre: the garden and the cave seen as fundamental.

BORNECQUE, PIERRE, ed. Les procédés comiques au théâtre. Paris: Les Editions du Panthéon, 1995.

Review: D. Bertrand in PFSCL 24 (1997), 285–286: A compendium of high comic moments in French theater from the medieval farce to the contemporary stage: theories of laughter, classification of comic devices, and the function of laughter in the theater. A very valuable research tool. Index and bibliography.

BRAY, BERNARD, éd. Art de la lettre: Art de la conversation à l'époque classique en France. Paris: Klincksieck, 1995.

Review: P. France in MLR 91 (1996), 1005–06: Proceedings of a 1991 conference held in Wolfenbuttel. Contributions equally divided between theory and practice; however, reviewer finds it difficult "to see any general rationale underlying the choice of subjects, whether it be Malherbe's letter-writing practice, Racine's letters to his sister or an epistolary novel by Pradon."

• See French 17 (1996).

BROOKS, W. S., AND P. J. YARROW, eds. The Dramatic Criticism of Elizabeth Charlotte, Duchesse d'Orléans. With an annotated chronology of performances of the popular and court theatres in France (1671–1722). Lewiston-Queenston-Lampeter: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1996.

Review: C. McCall Probes in PFSCL 24 (1997), 287–289: According to reviewer this volume "unravels mysteries, settles questions on several misdated letters, clarifies terms . . . , and, in general, collects Madame's fascinating reflections on the theatre."

BROOKS, WILLIAM. "Louis XIV's Dismissal of the Italian Actors: The Episode of 'La Fausse Prude'." MLR 91 (1996), 840–47.

Reassessment of familiar evidence and introduction of new testimony on two issues related to the explusion of the Italian actors in 1697. The author concludes that the play was definitely performed by the Italians and that the dauphin did not intercede to save the company.

BRYSON, SCOTT. "Rules and Transgression: Imitatio naturae and the Quarrel of the Anicents and the Moderns." EMF 3 (1997) 121–48.

Article shows how the Quarrel "redefined as transgressive the concept of imitatio naturae, the relationship between nature and fiction. This he traces from the writings of the seventeenth-century antagonists to the work of Diderot."

BRYSON, SCOTT. "Louis-Sébastien Mercier and the Birth of the Modern." EMF 3 (1997) 169–81.

B. claims that "the true birth of the 'Modern' in France takes place some seventy years after the Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes with the writing of Mercier (1740–1814)." Article deals in part with B's favorable analysis of Jean-Claude Bonnet's "impressive anthology of critical essays on Mercier's work," entitled "Louis Sébastien Mercier: un hérétique en littérature." For B., Mercier's contribution is that his portrait of the "people, the general population without distinction of origin or class, are fully inscribed as legitimate objects of study alongside with . . . great historical events."

BURY, EMMANUEL. Littérature et politesse. L'invention de l'honnête homme (1580–1750). Paris: PUF, 1996.

Review: BCLF 577 (1996), 1693: Ouvrage érudit "qui dessine avec rigueur et fermeté un panorama de l'évolution du savoir-vivre et de la culture de l'homme moderne que le savoir-écrire littéraire a progressivement rendu possible."

Review: J.-P. Dens in PFSCL 24 (1997), 298–290: A fine study whose principal merit, according to the reviewer, is to have shown how the ideal fell apart under the onslaught of criticism emanating from the Christian moralists, Pascal, La Rochefoucauld and Jacques Esprit.

BURY, EMMANUEL. "Le mythe arcadien." Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 207–223.

"La plasticité du mythe permet donc la métamorphose poétique: l'Arcadie renaissante se trouve placée dans un espace mental qui va de l'humour à la mélancolie, de la fantaisie comique aux lisières du tragique."

CAGNAT, CONSTANCE. La mort classique. Ecrire la mort dans la littérature française en prose de la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle. Paris: Champion, 1995.

Review: E. Safty in PFSCL 24 (1997), 291–294: Studies the representation of the moment of death in the correspondence and memoirs written by the sociocultural elite. Reviewer deems this a very valuable study despite the author's failure to make more frequent reference to the influence of antiquity and the "quasi-absence" of theoretical discussions and the effect of religious controversy on the matter.

CANOVA-GREEN, MARIE-CLAUDE. "La politique-spectacle au grand siècle: les rapports franco-anglais." PFSCL/Biblio 17, 76 (1993).

Review: Mark Franko in EMF 3 (1997) 214–17: Reviewer says that while the work "seems to reconcile both French and British performance and their critical traditions, the book lacks a deep critical awareness of problem-ideas central to the formation of state power, Western subjectivity, and representational practices in modernity." F. praises author for "handling such an encyclopedic corpus," but criticizes her for not "treat[ing] images of spectacle as much as disparate quotations from librettos." Reviewer does conclude, however, by calling the book "a valuable reference for those interested in the interplay between text and performance."

• See French 17 (1994).

CARLSON, MARVIN. "The Haunted Stage: Recycling and Reception in the Theatre." ThS 35.1 (1994), 5–18.

C. discusses the role of the spectator's reception of classical works in shaping her/his analysis of a theatrical production. Contains several references to reception of Molière's plays.

CARRUTHERS, MARY J. The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1990.

Review: Jody Enders in EMF 3 (1997) 183–86: Reviewer calls the book "a crucial work for all scholars of Western literary tradition." E. claims that C "brings an immense erudition and verve to the study of memory, mnenomics, and commemorative cultures." The work "is sure to become required reading for anyone studying rhetoric, literature, and even the visual arts in antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and their classicist continuations."

CHARBONNEAU, FREDERIC. "Portrait du mémorialiste en bière." Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 315–323.

Studies the treatment of death in memoirs.

CHARD, CHLOE and HELEN LANGDON, eds. Transports: Travel, Pleasure, and Imaginative Geography, 1600–1830. New Haven: Yale UP, 1997.

Review: J. S. Wood in Choice 34 (1997), 1716: "The volume's central theme is the discourse of travel, especially the Grand Tour, in shaping geographical views and aesthetic responses, and vice versa.... A must for research libraries."

CHARRON, JEAN et MARY LYNNE FLOWERS, éds. Actes de Lexington: Pierre Charron; Autour de l'année 1715 dans les Mémoires de Saint-Simon; La Mort dans la littérature du XVIIe, Actes du XXVe colloque de la North American Society for French Seventeenth-Century Literature, Lexington, Kentucky (25–27 mars 1993). PFSCL/Biblio 17, 87 (1995).

Review: D. Shaw in MLR 92 (1997), 725: This volume containing thirty-seven essays reflects the traditional NASSCFL focus on "un auteur, une oeuvre, un thème." "The Charron articles concentrate on the ambiguity of the subject, his influence on Pascal, his ideas of nature, and affinities with Montaigne. The Saint-Simon section revealingly demonstrates how the author's familiar prejudices effortlessly survive his numerous protrayals of death at Court. The final section . . . analyses the treatment of death in fields as diverse as baroque literature, the novel, Racine, Corneille, Maynard, La Fontaine, and Nicole."

CLAVILIER, MICHÈLE et DANIELLE DUCHEFDELAVILLE. Commedia dell'arte. Le Jeu masqué. Grenoble: PU de Grenoble, 1994.

Review: H. Klüppelholz in LR 49 (1995), 350–52: A preface by Jean Anglade inaugurates this volume which is not only a study "du jeu scénique, mais aussi [un] guide pratique d'une expression théâtrale." Highly praised for the variety and rich quality of information which permits the reader to "visualiser l'esprit de la commedia dell'arte," the volume is both theoretical ("historique" "l'héritage") and practical ("conseils d'improvisation" and "réalisations pratiques"). Molière is, of course, treated under the historical rubric and Corneille's Matamore under the heritage section.

• See French 17 (1996).

CORNILLIAT, FRANÇOIS, ULLRICH LANGER and DOUGLAS KELLY, eds. What is Literature? France 1100–1600. Lexington: French Forum Publishers, 1993.

Review: C. Thiry in LR 49 (1995), 135–36: Proceedings of a 1989 colloque at Madison (Wisconsin) focuses on continuities and constants. Ten essays are organized into three parts: The Literary Event, Literary as Non-Literary, and Medieval Specificity. 17th c. specialists will particularly appreciate G. Mathieu-Castellani's article on poetic commentary which treats La Ceppède and Tristan as well as Ronsard and Desportes.

COTTERI, LUIGI, ed. Il concetto di amicizia nella storia della cultura europea. Meran: Akademie deutsch italienischer Studien, 1995.

Review: G. Walther in HZ 262 (1996), 503–504: Embracing perspectives ranging from philosophy to theology, to letters, these acts of the 22nd international convention of German Italian Studies make a contribution on the motif of friendship in European culture. 17th c. scholars will find useful discussions of political friendship and absolutism.

CULLIERE, ALAIN. Aspects du classicisme et de la spiritualité. Paris: Klincksieck, 1996.

Review: J. Marmier in PFSCL 24 (1997), 582–585: Festschrift of 47 studies.

DIYANNI, ROBERT, ed. The Reader's Adviser. The Best in World Literature. 14th edition. Vol. 2. New Providence, NJ: R. R. Bowker, 1994.

Review: C. Jansohn in Archiv 233 (1996), 350–53: Highly useful volume is organized according to genres and includes bibliographies, short biographies, author-, title- and subject indices. True to its "aim to provide the user with both a broad and a specific view of the great writings and great writers of the past and present."

DOIRON, NORMAND. L'art de voyager. Le déplacement à l'âge classique. Québec/Paris: Les Presses de l'Université Laval/Klincksieck, 1995.

Review: F. Pawyza in RSH 245 (1997), 189–192: Treats "la problématique du voyage depuis la Renaissance jusqu'à l'âge classique." "[C]et ouvrage nous invite à voyager 'avec art' à travers les différentes pratiques et les différentes théories du déplacement." "A la lumière de l'histoire, ... l'art de voyager est devenu l'expression de l'idéologie du progrès, émergeant de la pensée universaliste de la fin du XVIe siècle. Rejetant aussi les livres et leur littérature au nom de l'expérience et de la connaissance pratique, Descartes, dans les Méditations et le Discours de la méthode, adopte la philosophie du parcours et sa dynamique qui fait 'alterner le tour dans le monde et le nécessaire retour au point fixe du foyer'. L'art de voyager fait ici figure de méthode pour tout esprit qui se cherche et qui formule le projet de 'bien conduire sa raison.' Avec Les Fables de La Fontaine, le voyageur quitte ces belles valeurs humanistes et morales pour devenir 'ce rat de peu de cervelle' courant en vain après la fortune afin de 'parler tout sans avoir rien vu.' Le Voyage en Limousin transpose la dimension pédagogique du voyage dans le registre du voyage galant, divertissement dont les règles méthodiques et rigides héritées de la Renaissance s'accomplissent tant qu'elles en viennent à préferer les sinuosités des sentiers chers au libertinage: ... Chez La Fontaine, le voyageur se promène autant qu'il voyage..." "Avec la partie intitulée Voyage et rhétorique, le lecteur découvre... comment la relation de voyage et la rhétorique sauvage 'toute nue et toute simple' de son style ordinaire... contribuent à l'affirmation d'un genre littéraire dont la dynamique interne... manifeste des dimensions anthropologiques et atticistes bien définies." "En s'attachant à analyser des traités théoriques (publiés aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles) portant sur la bonne manière de voyager... la dernière partie, Voyage et poétique, inscrit le déplacement dans le paysage des mentalites collectives. Le déroulement du voyage-récit... est analysé comme la traduction symbolque de la quête individuelle qui mène à la vérité du monde." "Un index général assure à l'ouvrage une manipulation rapide et aisée. L'apparat critique, riche en références tant anciennes que contemporaines... contribue à faire de ce livre un excellent outil pour qui s'intéresse à l'histoire et à la problématique du déplacement."

DUBOIS, CLAUDE-GILBERT. Le baroque en Europe et en France. Paris: PUF, 1995.

Review: Y. Le Pestipon in RSH 244 (1996), 193–194: "Le baroque, dont le classicisme serait une branche, ... s'inscrirait entre la renaissance et la modernité. En tout domaine — politique, scientifique, culturel — il prendrait irréductiblement place entre une quête d'harmonie, typique de la première période, et le constat moderne des éclatements." "Au centre de son livre..., l'auteur construit, pour l'Europe entière, un tableau chronologique de cette époque.... On se demande ... si la spécificité baroque de l'époque étudiée ne se dissout pas dans son ampleur." Baroque in its very approach, the book is termed "brillant, riche en perspectives, mobile, miroitant, auquel nous encourageons vivement."

Review: J.-C. Vuillemin in PFSCL 24 (1997), 304–308: A study that places the concept in a longer historical context and that views it in a European rather than a strictly French setting. The reviewer appreciates the study's correction of a French nationalistic myopia.

DUBU, JEAN. "Faul-il marier Antiochus avec l'Infante du Cid?" Car demeure l'amitié. Mélanges offerts àClaude Abraham. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 102 (1997), 119–124.

D. concludes that ". . . avec quel soin [Racine] a su faire parler la voix de la raison par la bouche de Paulin, et utiliser Antiochus pour le rôle auquel Titus s'attendait le moins: celui de rival malheureux d'un empereur également malheureux."

DUCHENE, ROGER et PIERRE RONZEAUD, éds. Ordre et contestation au temps des classiques. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 73 (1992).

Review: J. Grimm in RF 107 (1995), 483–85: Proceedings of two international congresses (CMR 17 and NASSCFL at Marseille, 1991) are highly praised for the quality and diversity of the contributions centering on a theme which demonstrates the complexity of the 17th c. The NASSCFL essays focus on Molière, the young Boileau and feminism, while the CMR 17 essays treat philosophy, history, art and the history of ideas. This volume, as the congresses themselves (past and future), are judged truly valuable as a source of information and documentation of the history of scholarship on the 17th c.

• See French 17 (1996, 1994).

EDMISTON, WILLIAM F. Hindsight and Insight: Focalization in Four Eighteenth-Century French Novels. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1991.

Review: Philip Stewart in EMF 2 (1996) 229–32: According to reviewer, the author, "presents fiction in memoir form as a way of resolving the double challenge of authorial credibility and psychological understanding." This problematic is applied to Les égarements du coeur et de l'esprit, Le paysan parvenu, Manon Lescaut, and La religieuse. S. praises the "meticulous" nature of E.'s writing, and commends the work as "extremely methodical." Yet, reviewer finds that author relies a bit much on "technical terms of narratological analysis" which overlook other "critical points of reference."

EL-BESHTI, BASHIR. "Signifying Texts and Displaced Contexts: Orientalism and Ideological Foundations of the Early Modern State." EMF 3 (1997) 80–93.

Author "argues that while Orientalist texts were often written or read as displaced critiques of European culture, most political and historical treatises written about Turks during the Early Modern period constructed 'Turkishness' as denial of the principles that legitimized western monarchies. This negative view, he argues, came to be deeply embedded in European political philosophy as a whole."

FAUDERAY, ALAIN. La distinction à l'âge classique. Emules et enjeux. Paris: Champion, 1992.

Review: Alain Couprie in EMF 3 (1997) 204–05: Reviewer summarizes his praise of the work, saying "L'intérêt de cette vaste entreprise est multiple. Dans sa méthodologie . . . dans son contenu, [et] dans les perspectives." C argues that the work "s'apparente autant à l'histoire des idées, qu'à une archéologie du savoir." The field of study, which extends from Descartes to Voltaire, is described as having a "découpage atypique" and "audacieux."

FILIPPI, BRUNA. "The Theater of Emblems: Rhetoric and the Jesuit Stage." Diogenes 175 (1996), 67–84.

Studies the use of emblems in public events organized by the Jesuits in the 17th c. "These verbal iconographic compositons, which were used to illustrate the principle themes of the ceremony, were not a mere period detail or an ornamental device, but constituted a means of expression which, by virtue of the particular relations governing the association of text and image, mobilized complex rhetorical, moral, and spiritual elements simultaneously. By associating an image seen as the 'body' with a textual element (inscriptio et subscriptio) the 'soul' the emblem maker sought to achieve a unity of meaning in which the two forms of communication complemented each other." F. then attempts to provide an "analytical framework" for the study of metaphor "by focusing [her] observations on emblematic compositions produced in the scholastic milieu of the Society of Jesus," particularly in the theatrical setting. "There existed, in the 17th century, a theater of emblems, since each emblem proved to be a 'portrait' of the theater itself: not a mere drawing that represented the theater, but a picture offering the very same kind of play of mirrors as the one being presented on stage."

FORCE, PIERRE and DAVID MORGAN, eds. De la morale à l'économie politique. Dialogue franco-américain sur les moralistes français. Pau: Publications de l'Université de Pau, 1996.

Review: M. Bourgeois-Courtois in PFSCL 24 (1997), 590–593: Conference papers reflecting on the moralistes and their implications for U.S. economic liberalism.

FRANCE, PETER, ed. The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.

Review: Anon. In FMLS 32 (1996), 380: Recommended as indispensable, this welcome publication complements and extends its predecessor.

FRANCE, PETER. Politeness and its Discontents: Problems in French Classical Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1992.

Review: William O. Goode in EMF 3 (1997) 206–11: G claims that in this book dealing with "French classical discourse," the author "locate[s] beneath its surface order a subversive element, a disorder, which nevertheless gives richer definition to the order it opposes." F emphasizes the representation of politeness in language, character, and the "compromise of the artist with society." Reviewer states that "anyone interested in French classical literature will read this book with profit."

FRIEDEMANN, JOË. "'Cet inquiétant rire de l'art": William Shakespeare et l'oeuvre critique de Victor Hugo." LR 49 (1995), 263–78.

Focusing on "le rire de Hugo," F. concludes that "le rire" is at once "l'apparence d'une surface" and "d'une profondeur, car porteuse d'une signification métaphysique, voire mythique." When Hugo writes of M. ("Pour comprendre ce qui manque à Molière, il faut lire Shakespeare"), he stresses esthetic divergeances ("si le rire de M. a pour origine le scepticism ironique d'un comédien dont le premier objet est d'abord d'amuser . . . celui de Shakespeare . . . se révèle mise en question philosophique."

FUMAROLI, MARC. "'I is an Other': Delusions of Identity." Diogenes 177 (1997), 111–122.

An historical interrogation of the notion of identity, including a brief stop in the 17th c., with references to Louis XIV's imposition of a single identity on his kingdom ("metaphysically freezing [his subjects'] 'self' or ... 'state' into an architecture closed onto itself in the image of the Supreme Being") and Descartes' Cogito (which "freezes the identity of the 'self' in the downstream exercise of a thought applied to inert matter, but dispensed from knowing itself upstream").

GAINES, JAMES F. "'La relation de l'isle imaginaire': variations burlesques sur le mythe arcadien." Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 285–292.

G. attributes authorship of work to Segrais and shows how he updated the myths inherited from the Renaissance.

GANAULT, JOËL. "Le bord des larmes." RSH 243 (1996), 61–79.

First half of article evokes Malherbe, Malebranche, Descartes, Pascal and LeBrun (among others) as G. muses on the status of le visage and le masque in philosophical and artistic writings. "La philosophie doit se masquer pour démasquer, disparaître pour faire apparaître se cacher pour découvrir. Descartes ne sait pas encore à cette époque qu'à retirer les masques des sciences, à les dénuder, il défera aussi ses propres masques, ses épaisseurs sensibles ou charnelles, se fixant dans la posture du cogito.... Quelle pensée pouvait bien habiter Descartes lorsqu'il réclamait ainsi le masque pour lui, la nudité et la transparence pour le monde?" On LeBrun's lecture on "L'expression des passions": "Le Brun part d'une idée, d'une passion, de l'idée d'une passion, et construit la figure archétypale de cette passion... [Il] nous donne, qu'il le veuille ou non, une leçon nominaliste. Jamais la figure n'atteint le singulier, toujours la figure s'en tient à la généralité abstraite, qui dans son abstraction veut tout dire et ne veut rien dire, dit tout le monde et ne dit personne, dit la générosité sans généreux, le courage sans courageux, l'amour sans amoureux."

GELFERT, HANS-DIETER. Die Tragödie. Théorie und Geschichte. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1995.

Review: R. Breuer in Archiv 233 (1996), 353–55: Small volume is informative, interesting and well-written. B. singles out as superior G.'s discussion of Racine, Jansenism and Catholicism.

GEORGE, DAVID J. and CHRISTOPHER J. GOSSIP, eds. Studies in the Commedia dell'arte. Cardiff: U of Wales Press, 1993.

Review: R. A. Cave in ThR 21.3 (1996), 262–263: "Much has been written authoritatively about [the tradition of the commedia dell'arte in the 17th & 18th centuries] and there is a sense of dutifulness about the essays on Shakespeare, Molière and Marivaux and on the steady emasculation of the commedia as it was assimilated within more codified forms of French cultural expression." Essays treating the 17th century in this volume are judged by Cave to be lacking in interest.

Review: H. Klüppelholz in LR 49 (1995), 347–49: Focus is the influence the commedia dell'arte has had in Europe and Latin America from the 17th c. to the 20th c. Helpful preface sketches the major stages of this influence. 17th c. specialists will benefit from John Tretheway's essay on stage and audience in Molière.

GETHNER, PERRY. "The Staging of the Sinister in Machine Plays." CdDS 6.2 (Fall 1992) 101–09.

In his examination of machine plays, G. proposes to look at "how the frightening episodes contribute to the aesthetic unity of the play, and how they were actually staged." Focusing on ghosts, monsters and demons, G. says of the former that they "largely disappeared from French drama by the middle of the century because of critical insistence on vraisemblance and because of practical difficulties. G. cites two examples of ghosts, the first in Quinault's La Comédie sans comédie, and the second in Molière, Corneille and Quinault's Psyché. With respect to monsters, G. discusses Pierre Corneille's Andromède and La Toison d'or, as well as Thomas Corneille's Circé. These evil characters are allegorical in nature, and "have little will of their own." The purpose of these creatures in machine plays is twofold: They 1) satisfied the visual need for dazzling mechanical effects and for strikingly unusual costumes and 2) allowed for the effective integration into the plots of the most extreme moral, physical, and psychological states.

GLEIZE, JEAN-MARIE. La poésie. Textes critiques, XIVe–XXe siècle. Paris: Larousse, 1995.

Review: BCLF 577 (1996), 1684: Une anthologie de la poésie "par elle même" en trois périodes: 1) "Invention poétique" (des troubadours à Chénier); 2) "Question poétique" (de Schlegel à Mallarmé); 3) "Explosion poétique" (période "qui met fin au procès du romantisme").

GRAFTON, ANTHONY. Joseph Scaliger: A Study in the History of Classical Scholarship, II: Historical Chronology. Oxford: Clarendon, 1993.

Review: T. Reiss in RenQ 49 (1996), 669–71: This nearly 800 page volume is rich with detail, providing corrections to scholarship and testifying to S.'s creation of "the basic techniques of historiographical research." 17th c. scholars will particularly appreciate the section devoted to S.'s Corpus inscriptionum (1602) and the Thesaurus temporum (1606).

GREENBERG, MITCHELL. Subjectivity and Subjugation in Seventeenth-Century Drama and Prose: The Family Romance of French Classicism. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge UP, 1992.

Review: Anne M. Menke in EMF 3 (1997), 200–03: Favorable review in which M. describes G.'s task of "articulating the relationship between the emergence of [a] new order of things and the forms of subjectivity and sexuality called upon to subtend it." M. calls G.'s studies of Molière, Corneille and La Fayette, among other, as "compelling," "clear," and "precise." Reviewer clams that G's work is a "fine study" that "affords a timely analysis of an extraordinarily complex historical period."

• See French 17 (1996, 1995).

GREGOIRE, VINCENT. "Avatars de la pratique théâtrale adoptée par Mme de Maintenon à Saint-Cyr." PFSCL 24 (1997), 35–52.

Despite her growing conservatism, Mme de Maintenon "n'a jamais complètement abandonné ses goûts de mondaine et son amour pour l'élégant parler."

GUTWIRTH, MADELYN. The Twilight of the Goddesses: Women and Representation in the French Revolutionary Era. New Brunswick New Jersey: Rutgers UP, 1992.

Review: Josephine V. Arnold in EMF 3 (1997) 242–45: Reviewer claims that G.'s "multi-faceted representations of eighteenth-century French women are alive with sparkling insights, with countless bits of information that simultaneously pique our curiosity and satisfy our thirst for understanding." The focus of the book is the female body that is "constantly being dismembered, dissected, analyzed, assembled and reassembled by and for male manipulators."

GUTWIRTH, MARCEL. "De Pertharite à Andromaque, ou les aléas de l'invraisemblance." Car demeure l'amitié. Mélanges offerts àClaude Abraham. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 102 (1997), 15–24.

Compares and contrasts Corneille and Racine's dramatic systems in order to confirm the reasons for the former's failure.

HABICHT, WERNER, WOLF-DIETER LANGE und DIE BROCKHAUS-REDAKTION, eds. Der Literatur-Brockhaus. Leipzig: B. I. Taschenbuchverlag, 1995.

Review: R. Moritz in Archiv 233 (1996), 348–50: Some 12,000 authors, 2,000 subjects are treated in over 3,000 pages. M. finds the volume richly informative and trustworthy as far as titles and dates, but expresses reservations about editorial judgments.

HARTH, ERICA. Cartesian Women: Versions and Subverisons of Rational Discourse in the Old Regime. Ithaca/London: Cornell University Press, 1992.

Review: Faith Beasley in EMF 3 (1997) 218–21: Reviewer calls the book "meticulously researched, innovative and provocative, far-reaching and fascinating." B. claims that author "evokes an entire intellectual climate and places these voices in constant dialogue not only with that climate but with current theoretical and historical concerns." H. strives to "give a more complete vision of the intellectual world of the middle-to-late seventeenth century," by analyzing the works of female intellectuals of this period.

HAYES, JULIE CHANDLER. Identity and Ideology: Diderot, Sade and the Serious Genre. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, Purdue University Monographs in Romance Languages, 1991.

Review: Herbert Josephs in EMF 2 (1996) 233–36: J. states that "Hayes's study of the drame is a compelling exploration of the Enlightenment's creation of a hybrid stage genre that was the natural outgrowth of a milieu dominated by an increasingly powerful middle-class." Reviewer accepts H.'s interpretation on Diderot and the bourgeois drama, but finds "more questionable her discussion of Sade's influence on the genre." Overall, however, the work is termed "refreshing," and "much-needed."

HENRY, GILLES. Promenades littéraires en Normandie. Condé-sur-Noireau: Charles Corlet, 1995.

Review: BCLF 580 (1997), 19: Recensement d'une grande quantité de renseignements; des citations abondantes; des illustrations pertinentes et nombreuses; un index géographique; un index des auteurs et des personnages.

HEYNDELS, RALPH. "L'intraitable (Emergence de l'irrationalité moderne)." CdDS (Fall 1992) 79–86.

H's article deals with this fundamental paradox: "A l'instant où la métaphysique cherche son fondement en elle-même, dans le geste cartésien d'inventer une nouvelle économie conceptuelle qui serait entièrement soumise à la raison, elle va produire simultanément un nouveau mode d'irrationalité—que l'on pourrait qualifier de 'moderne'—c'est-à-dire un intraitable susceptible, comme dans un effet de contraste nécessaire de 'justifier' l'émergence des catégories de la rationalité conquérante." Article then discusses the "intraitable" as defined by 1) challenging the cogito 2) the pascalian oxymoron of the "raison du coeur," 3) the transition from the "cogito rationaliste" to the "volo mystique," and 4) what H. terms "le renversement de la mémoire indépassable," which comprised the cartesian response to Gassendi's and Hobbes's objection to his method.

HILGAR, MARIE-FRANCE. "L'ombre de Molière dans le théâtre de Dancourt." Car demeure l'amitié. Mélanges offerts àClaude Abraham. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 102 (1997), 63–73.

Studies D.'s relative lack of success: "Molière a choisi un type et l'a rendu universel tandis que Dancourt a sauté à pieds joints dans l'universalité."

HILGAR, MARIE-FRANCE, ed. Actes de Las Vegas. Théorie dramatique. Théophile de Viau, Les Contes de fées. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 60 (1991).

Review: P. Dostie in LR 49 (1995), 158–62: Proceedings of the 1990 NASSCFL colloque at Las Vegas celebrates the 400th anniversary of V.'s birth as well as the rediscovery of an author and his work. Sections on dramatic theory and fairy tales round out the volume. The section on V. begins with an essay on the critical fortune of V. by his editor Guido Saba. Four other essays treat V.'s poetry and one presents Pyrame et Thisbé as a "composition minimaliste." The section on theatre examines Marxist aspects in Molière, Racine and his contemporaries, and exemplarity in Corneille's theoretical texts. The subject of fairy tales lends itself to analyses of mythological topoi, genre, and inspiration for the theatre. A round table discusses the question of gender and fairy tales — "le sexe de l'auteur est-il identifiable, laisse-t-il des marques distinctives dans la structure même du conte?" D. closes the review with high words of praise for the quality and editorship of the collections of Biblio 17 (Wolfgang Leiner, editor).

HOFFMAN, KATHRYN A. "Of Innocents and Hags: The Status of the Female in the Seventeenth-Century Fairy Tale." CdDS 6.2 (203–11).

Focus of the article is the contrast between the "virgin" and the "vieille." H. states that "[B]etween them lies a space that is perhaps more compelling because in the fairy tales it is silenced, elided or transformed. It is the place of fecundity incorporated into society: the place of the mother." H. claims that between these two extremes forms "an abyss of narration [which] opens around the space of the maternal uterus." The figure that best represents the space between the virgin and the "vieille" is the "devouring mother/stepmother," who "is the center of the female in the strange dreams of purity and fecundity, transformation and decay, that animate images of the female in the fairy tales of early modern Europe."

HOWE, ALAN. "La place de la tragédie dans le répertoire des comédiens français à la fin du XVIe et au début du XVIIe siècle." BHR 59 (1997), 283–303.

H. se propose un nouvel examen des données et de nouvelles conclusions concernant "1) la place globale que la tragédie semble avoir occupée à cette époque dans le théâtre professionel, 2) le rôle de Valleran Le Conte et du fournisseur de son répertoire vis-à-vis de la tragédie, et 3) la validité de certaines théories soutenues jusqu'à présent par les historiens du théâtre."

HUNT, PETER & SHEILA RAY, eds. International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature. London: Routledge, 1996.

Review: J. E. Sheets in Choice 34.6 (1997), 944–946: "Topics covered include theory and critical approaches..., types and genres..., and the context of children's literature. The final section surveys children's literature throughout the world...."

JACKSON, GUIDA M. Encyclopedia of Literary Epics. Newton, MA: ABC-Clio, 1996.

Review: J. R. Luttrell in Choice 34.11/12 (1997), 1780: Focuses on "literary epic," defined by J. as "works 'written by one person to be read by another,' as opposed to the 'traditional epic,' which is part of the oral tradition and was intended to be recited or sung to an audience." Limited to "poetry and to a few 'poetic' prose works. Mock epics are also in scope.... A typical entry presents a detailed summary of the 'story'..., often chapter-by-chapter." Includes quotes (in translation). "Some biographical data on authors and their literary milieu is included."

JAOUEN, FRANÇOISE. De l'art de plaire en petits morceaux. Pascal, La Rochefoucauld, La Bruyère. Paris: PU de Vincennes, 1996.

Review: BCLF 581 (1996), 343: Exploration "d'un rapport nouveau entre le livre et son lecteur" sous "l'obligation de repenser une rhétorique de la persuasion qui passe par une modification de l'énonciation." Parfois les remarques de l'auteur "tranchent un peu hâtivement des questions débattues ailleurs avec plus d'arguments."

JAUMANN, HERBERT. "Zur Rhetorik der Literaturkritik in der frühen Neuzeit." CollG 28 (1995), 191–202.

Incisive treatment of the rhetoric of literary criticism includes Gregorio Leti's allegory Critique Historique, Politique, Morale, Economique et Comique sur les Lotteries (1697). Leti characterizes criticism as "une Dame bien faite de sa personne, et qui ne peut soufrir la compagnie de qui que ce soit, qui ait la moindre imperfection dans l'esprit." Similarly to César Vichard de Saint-Réal in the 1691 De la critique, L. warns that "la Critique cesse d'être Critique & dégénère en Satire."

KAPLAN, LINDSAY M. "Ars Infamia: The Poetics of Defamation in Early Modern England." EMF 2 (1996) 101–28.

"Assuming that changes in social attitudes about language influence poetic representation, K's article connects shifts from indifference to anxiety in the Early Modern English law of defamation with varying depictions of slander from Chaucer's House of Fame to Spenser's Fairie Queen."

KREIGER, MURRAY. Ekphrasis: The Illusion of the Natural Sign. Baltimore/London: The Johns Hopkins UP, 1992.

Review: Michael Vincent in EMF 3 (1997) 187–91: Reviwer states that "There can be no doubt that Murray Krieger has written a thorough, cogent, challenging study of the history of the ekphrastic principle in Western aesthetics that will fairly reward the reader willing to follow where Krieger leads." Yet, V. claims that K.'s "exhilaration and exasperation with ekphrasis" is somewhat irregular for a book of this type, and renders the work "somewhat less amenable to standard academic practice."

LAGARDE, FRANÇOIS. "Critique savante et critique littéraire: l'exemple du XVIIe siècle." Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 325–335.

Studies the relationship between literature and history and concludes that literature "reste affaire de sentir plus que de savoir, davantage expérience du présent que du passé."

LAUDIN, GÉRARD and EDGAR MAAS. Représentations de l'histoire. Koln: Janus, 1993.

Review: F. Wolfzettel in RF 108 (1996), 263–64: Themes such as history and narrative, historical reality, "longue durée," representations of history, historical theatre, testify to the far-ranging and ambitious aims of their collection. 17th c. scholars will appreciate Pierre Ronzeaud's "Formes et enjeux de la récriture moderne des crises du XVIIe siècle . . . ."

LEEMING, DAVID ADAMS and KATHLEEN MORGAN DROWNE. Encyclopedia of Allegorical Literature. Newton, MA: ABC Clio, 1996.

Review: E. J. Carpenter in Choice 34.8 (1997), 1310–1312: "The 400 illustrated articles in this encyclopedia cover the entire Western literary allegorical tradition.... Entries ... treat allegorical works, authors, characters, definitions, literary devices, and terms.... But ... the brief introduction does not adequately describe the breadth and complexity of the genre, nor the response of critics to it. Entries vary greatly in length and level of treatment.... It is a wide ranging, illustrated, encyclopedic treatment of literary allegory, and its excellent appendixes, cross references, index, and 17 page bibliography provide novices a pathway to advanced scholarship."

LEFKOVITZ, LORI HOPE. Textual Bodies: Changing Boundaries of Literary Representation. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1997.

Review: R. R. Warhol in Choice 34.9 (1997), 1492: "[A]n edited collection of essays on representation of the body through many centuries of Western literature." Essays draw "on historicist, psycholanalytic, and poststructuralist critical methodologies.... The essays 'illustrate changing cultural definitions of bodily limits, integrity, transgressions, sexuality, and violation in the history of the Western literary canon.' The editor's introduction helpfully summarizes each essay and surveys influential theoretical work on the body in history and culture; it also contains what seems to be a fragment of an essay on representation of the body in the Bible."

LEINER, WOLFGANG. Etudes sur la littérature française du XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 95 (1996).

Studies written during the scholar's career on the baroque, épîtres dédicatoires and figures of passion in the Classical period.

Review: J. Marmier in PFSCL 24 (1997), 597–598: A rich collection of 26 studies: the baroque, Camus, the social status of the writer, the Lettres portugaises, Germany in French letters, among others.

LESNE, EMMANUELE. La poétique des mémoires (1650–1685). Paris: Champion, 1996.

Review: N. Hepp in PFSCL 24 (1997), 598–601: Studies the relationship between the memoir and history, the memoir and related literary genres, the implications of what memoir writers say about the genre and the writer of memoirs as hero. Although the reviewer does not agree with all aspects of this study, she finds much of value and praises the author for casting a new light on the genre.

LESTRINGANT, FRANK. "L'errance de Caïn: D'Aubigné, Du Bartas, Hugo, Baudelaire." RSH 245 (1996), 13–32.

Studies the two paradoxical images of Cain, one negative (neglected by God, flees His anger, finds refuge nowhere), the other more positive ('héros civilisateur' who manages to succeed in a hostile environment). "La première hypothèse fait de Caïn le premier damné et la première victime des vengeances de Dieu ... " and this is the hypothesis that D'Aubigné develops in the Tragiques, presenting "un parcous éperdu à travers la nature hostile, une nature marâtre et sorcière qui n'est que piège et faux-semblant pour l'âme égarée du coupable.... Le paysage euphorique de l'idylle s'inverse en un jardin sadique..." and Cain lives "'une mort dans la vie,' mort constamment présente et pourtant impossible." "Caïn demeure solitaire au milieu de son peuple, dénué de tout parmi ses nouvelles richesses." L. then reads Du Bartas' Seconde Semaine as a source for D'Aubigné.

LIVINGSTON, PAISLEY. "From Work to Work." P&L 20 (1996), 436–454.

Posing the question, "Is it legitimate to interpret and evaluate works in terms of their place within the writer's oeuvres complètes?", L. briefly discusses "retroactive relations" in reading Molière. For example, "If ... we think of Le Malade imaginaire as the refinement and completion of themes first sketched in Le Médecin malgré lui, and thus understand Le Médecin malgré lui differently as a result, we are focusing on a 'forward retroactive relation'."

LOCKWOOD, R. The Reader's Figure. Epideictic Rhetoric in Plato, Aristotle, Bosssuet, Racine and Pascal. Geneva: Droz, 1996.

Review: D. Donnet in EC 65 (1997), 253: Chapters on Racine in the Academy, subject and spectacle in the Funeral Orations of Bossuet, three figures for preaching in Bossuet and the reader's figure in Pascalian rhetoric. Reviewer calls this "un exposé brillamment maîtrisé."

MANANT, SYLVAIN. L'esthétique de Voltaire. Paris: SEDES, 1995.

Review: P. Hourcade in PFSCL 24 (1997), 320–321: Presents a V. who is the "héritier, admirateur et apologiste des oeuvres" of the seventeenth century.

MANDELL, LAURA. "Demystifying (with) the Repugnant Female Body: Mary Leapor and Feminist Literary History." Criticism 38.4 (1996): 551–582.

Discusses the relationship between the anti blason, misogyny, parody and patriarchy. Includes a brief commentary on an illustration used in John Davies's 1654 English translation of Le Berger extravagant by Sorel.

MARINO, ADRIAN. The Biography of 'the Idea of Literature' from Antiquity to the Baroque. Trans.V. Stanciu and Charles M. Carlton. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1997.

Review: J. J. Wydeven in Choice 34.11/12 (1997), 1797: "M. documents how European literature came to be thought of as literature and how its conditions and collateral activities evolved within culture... M. looks at the crucial transition to written expression..., important cultural distinctions between aesthetic/sacred and pragmatic/profane purposes, and the rise of intertextuality, critical interpretation, judgment, pedagogy, and bibliography. He also considers the growth of the Republic of Letters metaphor... and the business of literature.... Included too are denials of literature ... and calls for censorship... [A]n erudite volume."

MASKELL, DAVID. "Entrées et sorties dans la tragédie classique: Racine, Quinault, et les frères Corneille." PFSCL 24 (1997), 421–444.

A study of the four playwrights that demonstrates the relative importance of side entrances, the use of "vers annonciateurs" as "indications scéniques," the evolution of the stage at the Hôtel de Bourgogne, Racine's innovations and the degree of spatial dynamism among the four playwrights.

MATHIEU-CASTELLANI, GISÈLE, dir. La pensée de l'image. Signification et figuration dans le texte et dans la peinture. Saint-Denis: Presses Universitaires de Vincennes, 1994.

Review: S. Götjens in RF 108 (1996), 258–62: Wide-ranging collection by the "Groupe de Recherche Poétiques et Poésie" devotes itself to the multiple perspectives of "la pensée de l'image." In the words of M.-C. : "il faut [à] lui demander comment elle parle, comment elle pense, comment elle agit. Et quelles relations elle entretient avec sa soeur la poésie." Periods range from Middle Ages to 20th c. 17th c. scholars will appreciate articles on the fable and the emblem as well as the theoretical discussions.

MATHIEU-CASTELLANI, GISÈLE. La scène judiciaire de l'autobiographie. Paris: PUF, 1996.

Review: M. Bertoncini in RSH 244 (1996), 200–202: "Toute la problématique de cette écriture tient dans le dilemme entre cacher et révéler que G. Mathieu-Castellani ... analyse à travers l'oeuvre d'Agrippa d'Aubigné." "Précis, sérieux, nourri de nombreuses références, cet ouvrage ne saurait manquer à quelque bibliographie sur une question que notre âge a voulue majeure."

MAY, GEORGES. La perruque de Dom Juan, ou du bon usage des énigmes dans la littérature de l'Age classique. Paris: Klincksieck, 1996.

Review: M. Bertoncini in RSH 253 (1996), 184–185: "Enigmatique à souhait, la perruque que propose G. M. nous entraîne dans une promenade-lecture à travers les nombreuses 'lettres orientales' et 'relations de voyage' qui marquèrent un siècle de littérature. Au terme du parcours, la solution nous sera révélée, bien sûr, comme au dénouement d'une enquête policière, pour laquelle l'auteur nous aura d'abord fourni un grand nombre d'indices, regroupés dans une première partie consacrée aux oeuvres qui annoncent puis utilisent le procédé... [d]e la mode précieuse ... aux philosophes."C'est au cours d'une seconde partie intitulée 《 Manoeuvres 》, que nous est dévoilée la règle du jeu, par une analyse scrupuleuse du mécanisme mis en oeuvre. Ce qui distingue 'l'énigme Louis XIII' de 'l'énigme Louis XV,' qui la condamne, c'est avant tout que la première est un passetemps mondain, fondé sur l'homogénéité d'une société dont elle renforce le conformisme et la cohésion. Mystérieuse, et 'vaine,' elle s'oppose à celle qui lui succède, dont le sens, qui doit être transparent pour le lecteur, est choisi comme vecteur critique ou satirique." ... "Sujet bien moins frivole qu'il paraît, l'énigme, telle qu'elle nous est bien ici dévoilée, fut une pièce maîtresse du renversement culturel accompli au XVIIIe siècle et offre, ainsi que le souligne G. M. en conclusion, un vaste champ de recherche. La bibliographie qui accompagne cet essai mince et dense permettra au lecteur intéressé de poursuivre ses lectures."

Review: E. C. Goldsmith in ECr 36 (1996), 93: Traces the development of the enigma on into the 18th c. and through divergeant social circumstances. "Suceeds beautifully" in "explor[ing] the hidden serious intent behind the most frivolous of appearances."

Review: G. Jucquois in LR 50 (1996), 157–60: Praiseworthy volume by eminent scholar studies enigmas drawn from 17th and 18th c. texts. 17th c. focus is on Molière and La Bruyère.

• See French 17 (1996).

MAZAHERI, HOMAYOUN. "Marmontel et le mythe du classique." PFSCL 24 (1997), 157–162.

Studies the process of the mythification of the classical esthetic and its political and social implications in M.'s Essai sur le goût (1787).

MAZOUER, CHARLES, ed. Evariste Gherardi: Le Théâtre italien I. Paris: STFM, 1994.

Review: K. Schoell in RF 108 (1996), 293–94: Intelligent and richly informative work illuminates an important period of the French theatre. Wide ranging bibliography and numerous notes treating language and other essential subjects.

• See French 17 (1996, 1995).

MCKINVEN, JOHN A. Stage Flying: 431 B.C. to Modern Times. Glenwood, IL: Meyerbooks, 1995.

Review: C. Pecor in ThS 37.1 (1996), 142–143: M. "has traced the technical development of stage flying.... The chapters on 'Flying from Renaissance to Baroque,' 'Harlequinades and 'Ferries,'" and "'19th Century Flying' will be of particular interest to historians of popular theatre and/or theatre production of these periods." M. demonstrates that "stage flying has been used far more in court entertainments, musical spectacles, and opera than in dramatic theatre. He also establishes that, as new materials and new technology became available, the specialists in stage flying made use of them." Illustrated; no index.

MERLIN, HELENE. Public et littérature en France au XVIIe siècle. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1994.

Review: O. Ranum in MLN 111 (1996), 806–12: "Erudite, deeply personal, and trenchantly analytical, this work establishes the existence of a public in the France of Montaigne and Richelieu, and of a public autonomous from the old judicial-political public—a literary public—late in the seventeenth century."

• See French 17 (1995).

MILLET, OLIVIER. La première réception des Essais de Montaigne (1580–1640). Paris: Honoré Champion, 1995.

Review: J. Nash in BHR 59 (1997), 481–82: M. "has assembled, in chronological order, fascinating, if sometimes disconcerting, 'commentaries' and 'testimonies' concerning the perceived literary and ideological value, or lack thereof, of Montaigne's writings." Valuable reference.

MONTGOMERY, ROBERT L. Terms of Response: Language and Audience in Seventeenth-and Eighteenth-Century Theory. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1992.

Review: Marian Hobson in EMF 3 (1997) 211–13: Reviewer states that "This is an enormously well read, intellectually acute book, [that] . . . examines the relation between feeling and language as theorized by thinkers and critics from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Italy, France and England." H. sees the book as a "kind of construction of and eighteenth-century reader-response theory." Among the work's strengths is its ability to "bring together two strands of eighteenth-century aesthetics usually held separate, the concern for the nature of the reader's affect, and the development of ideas of language as a set of symbols."

NIDERST, ALAIN, éd. Les Trois Scudéry. Actes du colloque du Havre (1–5 octobre 1991). Paris: Klincksieck, 1993.

Review: L. Benatti in RBPH 73 (1995), 897–902: "Cet ouvrage, fruit du colloque consacré aux trois Scudéry, rassemble les travaux d'une cinquantaine de communicants européens ou non. C'est une contribution précieuse pour une révaluation de l'oeuvre de ces trois écrivains (Georges, Madeleine et Marie-Madeleine), souvent injustement oubliés ou ridiculisés par les critiques et les intellectuels des époques successives, comme le souligne Alain Niderst dans l'allocution d'ouverture, et pour leur insertion dans le contexte de leur époque, nous permettant de découvrir ou redécouvrir des aspects fort intéressants de leur production littéraire." Colloque articulé en plusieurs séances: le contexte socio-politique; la poésie; la littérature et la peinture; le côté social; l'aspect théâtral; le côté polémique et rhétorique; la production romanesque; la nouvelle; les oeuvres morales; la présence dans la littérature contemporaine; la réception; l'analyse de thèmes de nature hétérogène.

NUTTALL, A. D. Why Does Tragedy Give Pleasure? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Review: D. R. McKay in Choice 34.6 (1997), 960: "Three 1992 lectures at University College London form the basis for the scholarly exploration of the conscious mind's assent to the enjoyment of a tragic presentation." Particular attention paid to the notion of catharsis.

PAVEL, THOMAS. L'art de l'éloignement. Essai sur l'imagination classique. Paris: Gallimard, 1996.

Review: BCLF 581 (1996), 345: "Observant l'éloignement entre les mondes décrits par la littérature, et la réalité empirique ou la vie quotidienne, Th. Pavel, au rebours d'une interprétation de cet éloignement comme reflétant malgré tout le point de vue d'un groupe social auquel les auteurs s'identifiaient, voit dans la construction des univers imaginaires du Grand Siècle une pratique délibérée de la distance symbolique qui donne aux belles-lettres et aux beaux-arts un 'air de famille facile à reconnaître,' sans ignorer pour autant la pluralité des modes d'expression."

Review: F. Lagarde in PFSCL 24 (1997), 606–607: A study "qui fera date" and which proposes that "l'imaginaire classique est fort éloigné du monde empirique, dans le temps et dans l'espace, et n'est pas l'expression, le fantasme ou le reflet du réel mais un réservoir d'idéal et d'imaginaire."

PERRET, DONALD. Old Comedy in the French Renaissance, 1576–1620. Geneva: Librairie Droz, 1992.

Review: Donald Stone, Jr. in EMF 3 (1997) 192–94: Reviewer describes the work as presenting "unsuspected discoveries" with respect to "little known names and titles" of the period in question. Yet, S. finds Perret's distinction between "Old" and "New" comedy, as well as other parts of the argument, to be rather limited. In general, however, S. finds that "the analyses in question do give us more to reflect on regarding French comedy, and it is an entertaining and enlightening more."

PICARD, RAYMOND et JEAN LAFOND. Nouvelles du XVIIe siècle. Paris: Gallimard, 1997.

Review: N. Casanova in QL 715 (1997), 15: This volume contains nouvelles from approximately twenty authors (from Du Souhait to Le Noble, 1612–1697) and also includes some seventeenth century critics and "Historiettes en vers." "Le lecteur traverse des paysages d'une étonnante variété... trouvailles pleines de vie, les mots sensibles comme des chevaux pur sang, frémissant à la moindre sollicitation, une extraordinaire jeunesse du verbe.... Ce volume est une joie pure, et une prodigieuse leçon d'écriture."

PLAISANCE, DANIEL. "La fortune des maximes au XVIIe siècle. L'exemple du 'Cercle Sévigné'." LR 49 (1995), 37–48.

Striking analysis of the maxim in the cercle Sévigné reveals a taste for clarity and a thorough impregnation of La Rochefoucauld's work. P. studies the commentaries which the quoted maximes inspire as well chez Bussy and Corbinelli.

POMMIER, RENE. Explications littéraires. Agrippa d'Aubigné, Molière, Montesquieu, Laclos, Apollinaire. Paris: Sedes, 1993.

Review: Fr.-X. Druet in EC 65 (1997), 253–254: Explications in which P. takes on literary theory.

POMPEJANO, VALERIA. Seduzioni e follie: forme della presenza italiana e spagnola nell'elaborazione del classicismo francese. Fasano: Schena, 1995.

Review: D. Dalla Valle in PFSCL 24 (1997), 610–611: Five studies: Garzoni's influence on the attitude toward madness, the influence of a short story by Cervantes on tragicomedies by Beys-Bouscal and Scudéry, the transformation of the erotic theme in Colletet's poetry, the Quixote's reception in France and an analysis of Apollon ou l'oracle de la poésie italienne et espagnole published by Pierre Bense-Dupuis in 1647. Reviewer finds the studies to be of high quality.

RANDALL, CATHARINE. "Possessed Personae in Early Modern France: Du Bellay, d'Aubigné and Malherbe." EMF 3 (1997) 1–16.

R. "bridges the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in her analysis of self-perceived 'otherness' in the work of three poets: Du Bellay, who lamented the bankruptcy of humanism; the Huguenot Agrippa d'Aubigné, writing as a theological exclus; and François de Malherbe, an isolated formalist paradoxically seeking to free his voice by maximizing artistic constraints."

REBHORN, WAYNE A. The Emperor of Men's Minds: Literature and the Renaissance Discourse of Rhetoric. Ithaca/London: Cornell UP, 1995.

Review: V. Kahn in MP 94.2 (1996), 214–218: "Ranging widely in the neo Latin, French, Spanish, Italian and English writing of the period, R. aims to provide a revisionary interpretation of the centrality of rhetoric... to Renaissance culture." For R., "the discourse of Renaissance rhetoric is shaped primarily by the despotic Italian city states and absolutist monarchies of Europe from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries." "In insisting that power rather than epistemological uncertainty is the dominant preoccupation of Renaissance rhetors, R. offers a bracing challenge to some of the reigning orthodoxies in the field of Renaissance rhetoric."

RIFFAUD, ALAIN. "Lecture d'un lieu tragique: paysage avec Pyrame et Thisbé." PFSCL 24 (1997), 353–372.

Uses a Poussin painting to study the locus of tragedy: "Le peintre comme le poète classique proposent une localité, un caractère, qui donne à lire, et rend intelligible le visible, en favorisant la réflexion sur la place tenue par l'homme."

RIVERS, ELIAS. "Garcilaso, Góngora, and Their Readers." EMF 2 (1996). 67–78.

Article's topic is "the professionalization of editing." According to R., neither Garcilaso, nor Góngora "prepared his work for print publication; both were edited for university graduates by intellectual peers whose annotations not only provided philological information and commentary, but, in one case at least, a heavy dose of literary theory."

RIZZA, CECILIA. Libertinage et littérature. Fasano/Paris: Schena/Nizet, 1996.

Review: BCLF 577 (1996), 1696: Huit articles déjà parus mais traduits sur Théophile de Viau, Saint Amant, Jacques Gaffarel, Cyrano de Bergerac. L'auteur "veut remettre en perspective dans le libertinage du début du XVIIe siècle un courant de pensée moins italien qu'on ne le dit et moins philosophique qu'il n'y paraît."

ROHOU, JEAN. La tragédie classique (1550–1793). Paris: Sedes, 1996.

Review: BCLF 577 (1996), 1657: "L'ouvrage appartient à la collection des "Anthologies Sedes," laquelle se propose d'offrir aux étudiants une approche des oeuvres restituées dans le contexte de l'histoire littéraire de leur temps."

ROMANOWSKI, SYLVIE and MONIQUE BILEZIKIAN, eds. Hommage to Paul Bénichou. Birmingham, AL. Summa Publications, 1994.

Review: Andrew H. Wallis in CdDS 6.2 (Fall 1992) 229–32: Review praises the festschrift which "harmoniously melds divergent topics and a multiplicity of critical approaches." The first half of the essays deal with theater and ideology, while the latter half is entitled "Values in Process." W. appreciates the work's "clarity and avoidance of jargon [that] make[s] these articles at once accessible and extremely erudite additions to the texts and contexts of the seventeenth century."

• See French 17 (1996).

ROSSO, CORRADO. Saggezza in salotto. Moralisti francesi ed espressione aforistica. Napoli: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 1991.

Review: W. Helmich in RF 107 (1995), 485–87: Authoritative but unpretentious (R. shares his doubts along with his certainties). Chapters include freestanding treatments of philosophical, anthropological and literary/aesthetic questions relating to 17th c. salon culture as well as essays on the history of aphorism, and so forth. La R. is at the center of R.'s volume, but other 16th and 17th c. texts (of Montaigne, Bérulle, Molière and Marie Linages) are examined and contemporary critics such as Jean Lafond, Jacqueline Plantié and eleven others are reviewed.

RUBIN, DAVID LEE, ed. EMF: Studies in Early Modern France. Volume 1: Word and Image. Charlottesville, VA: Rockwood Press, 1994.

Review: S. Bold in PFSCL 24 (1997), 330–331: Interdisciplinary studies centered around the "Horacian Ut pictura poesis invoked and identified as the paradoxical ideal of classical poetry, the model a contrario of academic painting, and the frame of a dialectical struggle between the classical arts." Includes studies of visual themes in Saint-Amant, Le Moyne's Peintures morales, emblems, louis-quatorzien medals, repression in the Versailles project, baroque representation, ekphrasis, L'Astrée, and Chardin. Includes a commentary on recent books.

Review: J. P. Collinet in RF 107 (1995), 480–81: Entirely praiseworthy assessment of this first volume of R.'s new series EMF, which has a larger scope, both in time (15th c. beginning of 19th c.) and place (Europe as well as France). This volume which groups nine "substantielles contributions" around the theme word and image also contains an account of 20 recent works. C. finds the whole a "belle gerbe de travaux d'une agréable et riche diversité." The concentration is 17th c. with authoritative treatments by well known dix septiémistes. Subjects include: the baroque, the emblem, L'Astrée, St. Amant, Le Moyne, La Fontaine, Molière, Le Nain, Louis XIV (l'histoire métallique) and Diderot on Chardin.

• See French 17 (1996).

SCHIFFMAN, ZACHARY SAYRE. "Dimensions of Individuality: Recent French Works on the Renaissance." RenQ 49 (1996), 114–23.

Although the focus is the 16th c., S. directs the reader to Christian Belin's 1995 volume on Pierre Charron, commenting that "Belin restores Charron to his proper theological context." Belin's volume is judged "refreshing and salutary;" two illuminating studies on Béroalde de Verville should be read together with the volume: Ilana Zinguer's (1993) and Neil Kenny's (1991).

SEIFERT, LEWIS, C. Fairy Tales, Sexuality, and Gender in France 1690–1715: Nostalgic Utopias. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Review: R. Howells in MLR 92 (1997), 727–29: Two-part study "considers the whole corpus of literary fairy tales published 1690–1715 as a period discourse." Part I "treats the merveilleux in increasingly broad literary contexts;" Part II "considers the sexual politics of theses tales, notably their idealized love-stories and their constructions of masculinity and femininity." Reviewer "unconvinced by the repeated claims of an end-of-century cultural 'grand renfermement' of women" and considers S.'s treatment of "the 'ambiguities' of the fairy tale vogue, and its own imbrication in the particular tensions of the period" as much better.

SELLIER, PHILIPPE. "Les rayons et les ombres (1654–1679)." Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 301–314.

Studies the major themes of modern criticism and how they have clarified or obscured our view of the Classical period in France.

SNIDER, ALVIN. Origin and Authority in Seventeenth Century England: Bacon, Milton, Butler. Toronto: U of Toronto Press, 1994.

Review by S. Achinstein in MP 95.1 (1997), 113–116: Study "explores aspects of that postmodern breakdown of 'the myth of a unified subjectivity capable of grasping the world and expressing it in transparent language'...." Snider shows how "early modern skepticism was not strictly a philosophical issue but also a series of experiments in literary genre." Of particular note: "In putting Milton's language theory in conversation with Isaac La Peyrère, Edward Stillingfleet and Blaise Pascal, Snider moves in and out of local historical context into a more abstracted realm of the history of ideas."

SNODGRASS, MARY ELLEN. Encyclopedia of Satirical Literature. Newton, MA: ABC Clio, 1996.

Review: R. H. Kieft in Choice 34 (1997), 1646: "S.'s underedited encyclopedia is sufficiently flawed that it will poorly serve readers... Not recommended."

SPIELMAN, GUY. "La dramaturgie machinique à la Comédie-Italienne (1680–1697)." CdDS 6.2 (Fall 1992) 111–29.

S's goal is to explain the "pièces à machines" not only as an "excroissance scénographique baroque," but as "une ressource dramaturgique à part entière dont les fonctions demandent à être mieux définies." He finds this definition in Italian theatre, where "la machine représente à la fois un aboutissement d'ordre technologique et l'expression la plus extrême du baroquisme scénique, poussé jusqu'à l'auto-réflexion et l'auto-division."

SPIELMANN, GUY. "Le mythe de l'Arcadie dans le texte du pouvoir royal: sémiotique et ésotérisme." Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 259–275.

"Toutes les manifestations du pouvoir . . . se complètent et se répondent pour constituer un texte . . . qui matérialise un discours où, . . . vient s'ajouter tout ce que la tradition hermétique peut offrir de ressources pour créer une meta-symbolique fournissant les clefs d'une interprétation ésotérique de la finalité de l'action royale."

STONE, HARRIET. The Classical Model. Literature and Knowledge in Seventeenth-Century France. Ithaca/London: Cornell University Press, 1996.

Review: D. A. Collins in Choice 34.6 (1997), 971: "[T]his study deals with 'lies' that reveal, if not truth, then an enriched version of knowledge exceeding what science and history, however objective, can deliver." Beginning with Foucault's Order of Things, S. "seeks to demonstrate the enlarging effect of framing, ordering, patterning, and representing in Rotrou's Saint Genest, Corneille's Horace, Racine's Phèdre, Andromaque, and Bérénice, Molière's Amphitryon, La Rochefoucauld's Maximes, Madame de Lafayette's Princesse de Clèves, Descartes' Discours de la Méthode and Pascal's Pensées. The ostensible content of these works — while often reinforcing an authoritarian image of the monarch, Louis XIV — is nonetheless challenged... by the complete discomfiture of the authority figure... even as he preserves his power. The 'classical model' of the title valorizes the role of the literature of this period as both an encoding and decoding influence on the implicit messages of the texts and thus establishes literature as a vital part of an epistemological evolution. A brilliantly argued study."

Review: F. Lagarde in PFSCL 24 (1997), 620–622: "This fine essay is a jewel in its own genre, the North-American academic postmodernist conceptual reading of a corpus of works whose meaning or knowledge may not be so dispersed or undecidable."

TESKEY, GORDON. Allegory and Violence. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996.

Review: L. M. Tenbusch in Choice 34.9 (1997), 1491: "A challenging critique of allegory, this study seeks to open up the field by asking numerous questions about such topics as religious concerns, conceptual dilemmas, and cultural circumstances making possible... the emergence of allegorical writing.... The author sees allegory as a wedge to split a unity and a yoke to bring together heterogenous things. Contrary to the more familiar but inadequate notion that allegory developed in a tradition extending from Homer to the Enlightenment, T. suggests that allegory was possible only after a violent purging of the classical gods from the world."

TIMMERMANS, LINDA. L'accès des femmes à la culture (1598–1715). Un débat d'idées de Saint François de Sales à la Marquise de Lambert. Paris: Honoré Champion, 1993.

Review: Susan Read Baker in EMF 3 (1997) 195–99: Reviewer adds that T "has undertaken a systematic exploration of the debate concerning women's coming to culture and the myriad questions and issues posed by that debate to modern scholarship." B. praises T's "even-handed methodology," as well as her "meticulous erudition" about "a neglected chapter of European life which remains pertinent to many other countries and settings today."

TOBIN, RONALD W. ed. Le corps au XVIIe siècle. Actes du premier colloque conjointement organisé par la North American Society for Seventeenth-Century French Literature, et le Centre International de Rencontres sur le XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 89 (1995).

Review: Lise Leibacher-Ouvrard in CdDS 6.2 (Fall 1992) 225–28: According to reviewer, "ce volume démontre d'abord à quel point le corps est central à la religion scientifique, philosophique ou théologique au XVIIe siècle." Among the critical approaches mentioned are the body as it relates to "la réflexion théologique." In addition, the volume looks at the comic body, the homosexual body, and the political body in the theater and the novel. Reviewer calls the essays "généralement excellents," and commends "la polyvalence des représentations du corps, de leurs fonctions et de leurs enjeux à l'époque."

Review: D. Shaw in MLR 92 (1997), 724–25: Ambitious and challenging volume of thirty-seven articles which "cover a huge range, reflecting virtually every mode of artistic expression known to seventeenth-century France, as well as the worlds of science, philosophy, and politics."

• See French 17 (1996).

TOCZYSKI, SUZANNE C. "Ce dont l'esprit est capable: Beauty and Truth in Les femmes illustres." L'esprit en France au XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 101 (1997), 197–205.

Studies the relationship between beauté et esprit in this work attributed to Madeleine and Georges de Scudéry: "The heroic harangues of these femmes illustres are not simply transcriptions of actual speeches made by the women of antiquity; they are the fictional renditions of speeches such women might have made. They are nonetheless a step toward Truth in their proffering of a new perspective, of a new voice which—vraisemblablement—ultimately provides a more complete picture of women's place in history."

TUCKER, GEORGE HUGO. "Homo Viator and the Liberty of Exile." EMF 2 (1996) 29–66.

This study, "considers the Renaissance interplay of writing and reading, world and literary work, at a variety of crisscrossing levels: factual, literary and metaphorical. The case of Joannes Sambucus (János Zsámbosky, 1531–84) furnishes an Early Modern paradigm of text creating positive identity out of the negative thematics of travel."

TUCKER, GEORGE HUGO. The Poet's Odyssey: Joachim Du Bellay and the Antiquitez de Rome. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.

Review: Marc Bizer in EMF 2 (1996) 171–74: Reviewer calls T.'s book "important," claiming that it "show[s] prodigious learning and considerable bibliographic skill." Appreciating T.'s effort to unearth Du Bellay's antecedents, B. nonetheless criticizes the fact that T's "analyses mainly involve the juxtaposition of texts." Reviewer also finds difficult T's neglect of the Poemata, as well as his contention that Tibullan style is highly characteristic of the Antiquitez.

VELTRUSKY, JARMITA. "Dramatic Characters and Composite Dramatis Personæ." ThS 35.1 (1994), 19–32.

V. discusses many of the components of the composite dramatis personæ, which is a "complex semiotic entity,... the product of a multitude of factors ranging from the simplest utterance or gesture to the character's role in the plot as a whole, and including everything said or done to or about the character, as well as the character's own appearance, words and actions." Includes brief discussions of Corneille's L'illusion comique, Rotrou's Le Véritable Saint Genest and Molière's L'Impromptu de Versailles.

VERDIER, GABRIELLE. "Gracieuse vs. Grognon, Or How to Tell the Good Guys From the Bad in the Literary Fairy Tale." CdDS 6.2 (Fall 1992) 13–20.

G. does an onomastic study of tales by d'Aulnoy, Murat, La Force, and Mailly, among others. Heroes have names that denote them as such, while villains are just as easily identified. Virtue and vice are also represented through race, age, class and physical ability. Yet, in her conclusion, G. states that "the stereotypes and easy classification of characters are challenged by metamorphosis which becomes increasingly weird as authors play with the conventions."

VIALA, ALAIN. "L'esprit galant." L'esprit en France au XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 101 (1997), 53–74.

Studies the relationship between esprit and galanterie: "L'esprit et le bel-esprit ne sont donc pas seulement des attributs des auteurs galants, ni des qualités revendiquées par les auteurs de ce temps: au-delà, bien au-delà, l'esprit en sa version la plus raffinée, l'esprit galant, apparaît bien comme une pierre de touche."

VON STACKELBERG, JÜRGEN. Senecas Tod und andere Rezeptions folgen in den romanischen Literaturen der frühen Neuzeit. Tübingen: Niemeyer , 1992.

Review: K. A. Blüher in RF 107 (1995), 464–66: Praiseworthy for its remarkable detail, textual analyses and breadth of vision. Focus is on the reception of themes, motifs and topoi in French literature among 17th c. authors including Tristan, Corneille, La Fontaine, Scarron, Furetière, Chasles, LaFayette, Villedieu (as well as others in 18th c. and Spanish and Italian ones).

WOOD, ALLEN. G. "Of Kings, Queens and Musketeers." PFSCL 24 (1997), 163–171.

Studies the "dynamics of history and fiction contained within [Dumas' Three Musketeers] in order to ascertain the mechanisms of historical transmission in novel form, and determine which elements of the seventeenth century are conveyed by the popular icon."

WOOD, ALLEN, ed. Le mythe de Phèdre. Les Hippolyte français du dix-septième siècle. Paris: Honoré Champion, 1996.

Review: J. Emelina in PFSCL 24 (1997), 622–624: Editions of the three plays by La Pinelière, Gilbert and Bidar preceding Racine's: general introduction, bibliography, short biographies of the authors, summaries of the plot of each play, statistical analyses of the plays, indexes of historical and mythological names, etc. Despite some criticisms the reviewer terms this "un travail méthodique, rigoureux, solide et élégamment présenté . . . ."

WOSHINSKY, BARBARA. The Linguistic Imperative in French Classical Literature. Saratoga, CA: Stanford French and Italian Studies, Anma Libri, 1991.

Review: William O. Goode in EMF 3 (1997) 206–11: G claims that in this book dealing with "French classical discourse," the author "locate[s] beneath its surface order a subversive element, a disorder, which nevertheless gives richer definition to the order it opposes." W focuses on "linguistic truth assumed to be at the heart of classical epistemology." Reviewer states that "anyone interested in French classical literature will read this book with profit."

WYNSHANK, ANNY et PHILIPPE-JOSEPH SALAZAR, eds. Afriques imaginaires. Regards réciproques et discours littéraires, XVIIe–XXe siècles. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1995.

Review: A. Lanasri in RSH 244 (1996), 198–200: "[L]'ouvrage tire une perspective diachronique de plusieurs siècles sur l'histoire de la rencontre Europe-Afrique et son corollaire, la constitution, entre autres par la littérature, d'un imaginaire africain élaboré par le regard extérieur de l'Européen et sa contrepartie, le regard sur soi et sur l'Autre porté par la littérature africaine de langue française et fondé sur la réappropriation du discours par le décentrement du lieu de l'allocution et le renversement de la dialectique observateur/observé." "[A]près avoir demontré les mécanismes qui ont présidé à la fabrication d''Afriques imaginaires,' [ce recueil] nous rappelle que pour connaître l'Autre, il faut le découvrir de l'intérieur."

ZUBER, ROGER. Les "belles infidèles" et la formation du goût classique, Pierrot d'Ablancourt et Guez de Balzac. Paris: Albin Michel, 1995.

Review: J.-P. Leroy in RLC 71.3 (1997), 381–82: Etude du rôle de ces deux écrivains qui apporte "une contribution fort apprécié."

• See Part II: Bertière, Simone

ARNAULD

• See Part III:  Kremer, Elmar
• Part V:  PASCAL; Cantillon, Alain

BALZAC

• See Part IV:  Zuber, Roger

BERNARD, CATHERINE

PIVA, FRANCO, ed. Catherine Bernard et Jacques Pradon, Le commerce galant ou Lettres tendres et galantes de la jeune Iris et de Timandre. Fasano/Paris: Schena-Nizet, 1996.

Review: P. Hourcade in PFSCL 24 (1997), 609–610: An edition that represents the "dévoilement d'une correspondance amoureuse par un amant indiscret, avec la complicité d'un libraire, dont une jeune fille fait l'amère l'expérience, mais pour le plus grand bien de sa renommée littéraire."

• See French 17 (1996, 1995).

BEROALDE DE VERVILLE

BEROALDE DE VERVILLE (1556–1626). Paris: Presses de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, 1996.

Review: C.-G. Dubois in BHR 59 (1997), 198–202: Treize études "contribuent à faire connaïtre une oeuvre originale et diverse . . . ."

BERULLE

DUPUY, MICHEL, MICHEL JOINT-LAMBERT, REMI LESCOT, JOSEPH BEAUDE et BLANDINE DELAHAYE, éds. Oeuvres complètes. T. I: Conférences et Fragments. Vol 3: Oeuvres de piété, 1–165. Vol. 4: Oeuvres de piété, 166–385. T. III: Discours de l'état et des grandeurs de Jésus. Vol 1: Adresse au roi et au lecteur—Préface—Textes des Discours. Vol. 2: Narré—Vie de Jésus—Elévations—Mémorial—Elévation sur sainte Madeleine. Ed. en français et en latin. Paris: Cerf/Oratoire de Jésus, 1995–96.

Review: BCLF 580 (1997), 206: Premère édition critique des oeuvres complètes de Bérulle: "un précieux instrument de travail pour les spécialistes de littérature religieuse au XVIIe siècle."

• See French 17 (1995).

• See also Part III:  Legrand, Francis Joseph, et al.
• Part IV:  Rosso, Corrado

BOILEAU

• See Part IV:  Aspley, Keith
• Duchêne, Roger
• Part V:  PERRAULT; Lewis, Philip

BOSSUET

• See Part I:  Cerquiglini, Bernard
• Part II:  Goulemot, Jean-Marie
• Part III:  Bury, Emmanual
• Part IV:  Lockwood, R.

BOUHOURS

• See Part III:  Declerq, Gilles

BOURDALOUE

• See Part III:  Bury, Emmanuel

BOURSAULT

BONDOUX, JACQUES. Mise en scène des Lettres amoureuses d'une dame à un cavalier d'Edme Boursault, au Guichet Montparnasse, spring 1997.

Theatre Review: A. Vaquin in QL 717 (1997), 26: "Jacques Bondoux a mis en scène Catherine Chauvière avec une grande intelligence. Dans le cas d'un texte intéressant comme celui ci, et peu connu, l'essentiel reste de le servir, et la sobriété est préférable à tout. Liée à cette prose somptueuse, bourrée d'antithèses, de formules lapidaires et jésuitiques, de périodes au long cours, la sophistication du tendre au jour le jour ne pouvait s'accommoder que de complicité amusée et plus encore de simplicité. Or, Catherine Chauvière sait être simple, ses mots arrivent souplement, avec des attentes, une écoute intérieure.... Elle ne peut pas faire l'amour, mais elle compense sa frustration avec gourmandise par l'écriture et la parole, éventuellement la bouche pleine, car elle grignote des fruits, une cuisse de poulet."

BRANTOME

NEWMAN, JANE O. "Disorientations: Same-Sex Seduction and Women's Power in Daniel Casper von Lohenstein's Ibrahim Sultan." CollG 28 (1995), 337–355.

N. finds a "more heterogeneous picture" than is often assumed in her close reading of Les Dames Galantes. B., for example, suggests that "the female members of the European aristocray . . . shared certain traits with both Western courtesans and the harem women of the East." N. draws a parallel to "patterns of reversal" in Lohenstein and B., concluding that "the invocation of examples from the East . . . clarifies the instability and fluidity of male and female behavior and identity in Central Europe."

BUSSY-RABUTIN

• See Part IV:  Arenberg, Nancy
• Plaisance, David

CAMUS

• See Part IV:  Leiner, Wolfgang

CHALLE, ROBERT

WEIL-BERGOUGNOUX, MICHELE, éd. Séminaire Robert Challe: Les Illustres Françaises. Montpellier: Université Paul Valéry—Montpellier III, 1995.

Review: J. Beale in MLR 92 (1997), 192–93: "Michèle Weil introduces this collection of papers in Challe's own voice (From his 'Preface' to Les Illustres Françaises) thus charmingly equating twentieth-century seminar and eighteenth-century novel as forms of symposium: a characteristically Enlightenment pursuit of understanding through conviviality."

• See also Part II:  Arnauld, Jean-Claude
• IV:  Von Stackelberg, Jürgen

CHAMFORT

• See Part III:  Pages, Pierre

CHARRON

BELIN, CHRISTIAN. L'oeuvre de Pierre Charron (1541–1603). Littérature et théologie de Montaigne à Port-Royal. Paris: Champion, 1995.

Review: G. Banderier in BHR 58 (1996), 560–62: Bélin "consigne dans son livre nombre de remarques intéressantes: il note les emprunts sélectifs et parfaitement contrôlés . . .; la nouveauté linguistique de Charron établit des parallèles heureux entre la Sagesse et, d'une part, la peinture de vanités . . ., d'autre part, un rarissime recueil d'emblèmes . . .; signale que le chanoine a sans doute été le premier à user de l'argument du pari, bien avant Pascal et quelques autres . . . ."

Review: J. Trethewey in MLR 92 (1997), 467–68: Charron "has retained his undeserved reputation as plagiarist and closet 'libertin', and is still not properly appreciated. It is for this reason that Belin has undertaken his study, not only of La Sagesse but also of Les Trois Vérités (1593) and the Discours Chrestiens (1600), demonstrating that the three works rely on one another for ideological or theological support, the whole corpus being, as this scholarly reading makes clear, very much in the Augustinian tradition."

• See also Part IV:  Charron, Jean and Mary Lynne Flowers
• Schiffman, Zachary

CHOISY

• See Part V:  BEROALDE DE VERVILLE; Beroalde de Verville

CORBINELLI

• See Part IV:  Plaisance, David

CORNEILLE, PIERRE

ALBANESE, JR., RALPH. "Corneille à l'Ecole républicaine." PFSCL 24 (1997), 145–155.

C.'s usefulness during the last two centuries, from cultural ethnocentrism to militant xenophobia.

BERTAUD, MADELEINE. "'Jamais un tendre amour n'expose ce qu'il aime': sur quelques héroïnes de Corneille." Car demeure l'amitié. Mélanges offerts àClaude Abraham. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 102 (1997), 1–13.

Argues that the theme of love played a role of the first order in C.'s theater.

BILLARD, PIERRE. "Corneille en folie," Le Point 1265 (1996), 102.

Review of Corneille's Clitandre at the Comédie Française. "Ce sacrilège, cette jeunesse et cette folie, la Comédie Française les a exacerbés par une mise en scène extravagante, des décors déroutants, une sonorisation moderniste, une interprétation convulsive. Il y a une certaine cohérence entre cette frénésie et le bric à brac post élisabethien de Corneille. Le rock, les blue jeans, les pitreries, pourquoi pas? A condition de respecter certaines règles.... En dépit des maladresses et d'une certaine prétention infantile du spectacle, on en sort avec deux bonnes nouvelles. Corneille est plus vivant que jamais. Et la Comédie Françiase a la plus pétulante troupe de tout le théâtre français."

CLARKE, DAVID. Pierre Corneille. Poetics and Political Drama under Louis XIII. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1992.

Review: Orest Ranum in EMF 3 (1997) 229–32: Reviewer describes the book in the following manner: "Beginning with a deft explanation of the Norman autonomist foundations, followed by an intellectual history of the prose writings about the theatre, and culminating with an analysis of the great history plays from Le Cid to La Mort de Pompée, Dr. Clarke offers an awesome chapter in the still-to-be written history of seventeenth-century ethics and politics."

FORESTIER, GEORGES. Essai de génétique théâtrale: Corneille à l'oeuvre. Paris: Klincksieck, 1996.

Review: D. Clarke in MLR 92 (1997), 466–67: "This genetic study constitutes the first full-scale attempt to establish how Corneille came to elaborate his distinctive manner regarding the tragic subject and hero and the structure and effect of tragedy." Valuable contribution to the work of scholars of 17th-century French theater.

Review: M. Margiti in PFSCL 24 (1997), 310–312: Author provides an "analysis of the way the historical (or legendary) sources are dramatized, examination of the process by which the tragedies are being constructed (in the context of the imperatives of the genre), and an attempt to derive their meaning from their formal organization." Reviewer describes the study as an "effort to teach the 20th Century reader how to read the 17th Century tragedies . . ." and calls it a "milestone in genre criticism and Corneille scholarship, . . . ."

• See French 17 (1996).

FUMAROLI, MARC. Héros et Orateurs. Rhétorique et dramaturgie cornéliennes. 2e éd. revue et corrigée. Genève: Droz, 1996.

Review: BCLF 580 (1997), 16: "Marc Fumaroli . . . rassemble des études publiées pour la plupart entre 1968 et 1984, et qui apportent sur Pierre Corneille et sur son théâtre les lumières et la prodigieuse érudition de l'auteur de l'Age de l'éloquence." Etudes regroupées en quatre parties: "Pierre Corneille, fils de son oeuvre;" "Corneille et la Société de Jésus;" "Corneille et l'Italie de la Réforme catholique;" "Corneille dramaturge et la rhétorique de l'humanisme chrétien."

Review: Thomas Pavel in EMF 3 (1997) 226–28: Volume consists of republished articles of Fumaroli on Corneille, along with "several other essays . . . on seventeenth-century rhetoric and cultural history." According to reviewer, "the effect of the new collection is quite spectacular." Among the "facets of Cornelian rhetoric" examined are "the eloquence of the body and its decorous gestures, the ethics of magnanimity, the relations between theology and morality, [and] the twilight of enthusiasm."

GOSSIP, CHRISTOPHER JAMES. "Potentialité et actualisation chez Corneille: remarques sur la clémence d'Auguste." PFSCL 24 (1997), 373–381.

In response to a critique by M. Bouvier, G. attempts to clarify his thesis that "la clémence d'Auguste n'intervient qu'au moment même où elle est exprimée, . . . ."

HUBERT, JUDD D. Corneille's Performative Metaphors. EMF Monographs. Charlottesville, VA: Rookwood Press, 1997.

In exploring the metatheatricality of Corneille's plays H. relates language designating theatre to metaphors revealing the unity and coherence of the plays.

LYONS, JOHN D. The Tragedy of Origins: Pierre Corneille and Historical Perspective. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996.

Review: M. R. Margiti in PFSCL 24 (1997), 601–602: ". . . to Lyons, any Corneilian tragedy can be seen as a dramatic enactment of the confrontation between the present and the past, and of the transformation that results in the founding of a new political and social order." Reviewer deems this "an impressive work of practical criticism, . . . ."

MORRISON, IAN R. "Un aspect de Cinna: Cinna orateur." LR 50 (1996), 181–91.

Finds "Cinna orateur" particularly relevant to our day of "communication." M. demonstrates Cinna's complexity and exceptional quality while he shows that Cinna's eloquence serves his conscience as well as his interest.

SOARE, ANTOINE. "'L'instant tragique' dans Polyeucte." L'esprit en France au XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 101 (1997), 261–272.

Examines transcendence in Christian tragedy: "Notre propre analyse nous persuade que le martyre, loin d'être une fuite-suicide, représente ici une conquête dans le droit fil de celles que les tragédies précédentes exaltent, et qu'elle couronne, la conquête de la transcendance chrétienne."

VILLEGIER, J. M. Mise en scène de L'illusion comique à l'Athénée Louis Jouvet, mars 1997.

Theatre Review: A. Vaquin in QL 711 (1997), 23–24: "Ce spectacle exprime un hommage remarquable et très actuel à Corneille. Mais il s'agit d'un Corneille foissonnant d'idées, amusé et amuseur, que d'aucuns préfèrent sans doute à celui des combats intérieurs gagnés d'avance et des bruits de bottes dont son image est restée prisonnière."

• See also Part II:  Cameron, Keith
• Part III:  Bontea, Adriana
• Part IV:  Auchincloss, Louis
• Banderier, Gilles
• Billard, Pierre
• Charron, Jean
• Clavilier, Michèle
• Dubu, Jean
• Gethner, Perry
• Greenberg, Mitchell
• Gutwirth, Marcel
• Hilgar, Marie-France
• Maskell, David
• Stone, Harriet
• Veltruski, Jarmita
• Von Stackelberg, Jürgen
• Part V:  BEROALDE DE VERVILLE; Beraolde de Verville
• D'AUBIGNAC; Hammond, Nicolas
• QUINAULT; Campion, Edward

CORNEILLE, THOMAS

HARRISON, HELEN L. "A Tragedy of Gratitude: Thomas Corneille's Ariane and the Demolition of Hero." AJFS 34 (1997), 183–195.

H. explores "...the way in which Ariane uses the problem of gratitude to undermine the heroic ethos," and concludes that Ariane "...corresponds to a literary ideal that authors of the late seventeenth century must desert if they wish to produce viable plays."

HARRISON, HELEN L. "Writing the Script for a Strong Monarch: Thomas Corneille's Stilicon." PFSCL 24 (1997), 225–237.

The contrast between the political stability resulting from the peace with Spain and the political instability and division depicted in the play.

• See also Part IV:  Gethner, Perry
• Maskell, David

CYRANO DE BERGERAC

LAROCHELLE, GILBERT. "Image and Representation of the Other. North America Views South America." Diogenes 157 (1992), 23–40.

Opens with a brief discussion of the way in which Cyrano's narrator in L'Autre monde looks at the ways the Other might be used to gain perspective on the Self... ultimately to show the impossibility of considering one in terms of the other." As a consequence, both the Other and the Self are perceived as foreign. (The remainder of the article is devoted to the image of the Other in Latin America during the 17th c.)

LEGENDRE DE KONINCK, HELENE. "Space, Light, and Sun: Figures of Flight." Diogenes 160 (1992), 21–43.

L. examines "striking examples of the impulse to fly... not only in scientific discourse but in myths, literature and works of art," and ends with a discussion of the experience of flight in Cyrano's The Other World. "Rather than placing ourselves in an aerial adventure, the work causes us to share the adventure. Expressed in this form, Cyrano's visual, nonpictorial experience can be seen as similar to the pictorial experience described and analyzed by Merleau Ponty." L. also studies the themes of space, light, time, opacity and heaviness.

MCCABE, JAMES. "Cyrano de Bergerac en Angleterre." RLC 71.1 (1997), 31–58.

M. trace la réception de Cyrano en Angleterre où les traductions et des publications majeurs des oeuvres de Cyrano ont été bien reçues et bien connues au cours des XVIIe, XVIIIe, et XIXe siècles.

SANKEY, MARGARET, ed. Cyrano de Bergerac, L'autre monde ou Les empires et estats de la lune. Paris: Lettres Modernes, 1995.

Review: P. M. Harry in PFSCL 24 (1997), 615–617: The publication of a "diplomatic" transcription of the third copy manuscript of the work. Reviewer calls the edition a "landmark in the history of La Lune."

• See also Part IV:  Rizza, Cecilia

D'ABBEVILLE

• See Part III:  Obermeier, Franz

D'ABLANCOURT, PIERROT

• See Part IV:  Zuber, Roger

D'AUBIGNAC

HAMMOND, NICHOLAS and MICHAEL HAWCROFT, eds. L'abbé d'Aubignac, Dissertations contre Corneille. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1995.

Review: W. Brooks in PFSCL 24 (1997), 315–317: An "indispensable" edition of a work that represents "une réelle et profonde réflexion sur la théorie et la pratique du théâtre." Notes, bibliography, index.

D'AUBIGNE, AGRIPPA

FANLO, JEAN-RAYMOND, éd. Agrippa d'Aubigné, Les Tragiques. Paris: Champion, 1995.

Review: G. Banderier in BHR 58 (1996), 784–88: Edition critique "réservée aux philologues avertis et aux érudits albinéens."

SCHRENCK, GILBERT. La réception d'Agrippa d'Aubigné (XVIe–XXe siècles): Contribution à l'étude du mythe personnel. Paris: Champion, 1995.

Review: K. Cameron in MLR 92 (1997), 466: "Gilbert Schrenck has brought together four studies that have already been published elsewhere but now form a homogeneous whole. He traces the fortunes of Agrippa d'Aubigné from the sixteenth century." D'Aubigné's works were "condemned to virtual oblivion in the seventeenth century. Thanks to his grand-daughter, the future Madame de Maintenon, his Sa Vie à ses Enfants serves as a testimony to his military prowess and familiarity with Henri IV." Useful bibliography and index.

• See French 17 (1996).

THIERRY, ANDRE, éd. Agrippa d'Aubigné: Histoire universelle, t. IX, 1594–1602. Genève: Droz, 1995.

Review: G.-A. Pérouse in BHR 58 (1996): Le dernier des neuf volumes. "Signalons la richesse de ces derniers chapitres en ce qui touche les garanties négociées par le parti protestant après la 'mutation du Roy': genèse de l'Edit de Nantes, résistances qu'il a rencontrées. On remarquera aussi l'insistance de d'Aubigné sur les affaires parisiennes, et aussi lyonnaises (l'évasion de Nemours est bien pittoresque)."

• See also Part III:  Fanlo, Jean-Raymond
• Guitton, Edouard
• Part IV:  Lestringant, Frank
• Mathieu-Castellani, Gisèle
• Pommier, René
• Randall, Catherine

D'AUBRAY, MARIE-MADELEINE

LEARY, FRANCIS. "The Wickedest Woman." VQR 73.2 (1997): 238–256.

A biographical sketch of Marie Madeleine d'Aubray, a "fascinating contradictory woman" who had led an ostensibly peaceful childhood, married Antoine Gobelin, Marquis de Brinvilliers, enjoyed gambling and had an affair with Godin de Sainte Croix. Her lover was arrested at the request of her family. D'Aubray would later purchase from Godin de Sainte Croix the poison used to murder her husband, a crime for which she would be hanged, an event immortalized by Mme de Sévigné.

D'AULNOY, MADAME

HOURCADE, PHILIPPE, ed. Contes I. Les contes de fées. Intro.J. Barchilon. Paris: STFM, 1997.

• See also Part IV:  Verdier, Gabrielle
• Part V:  BEROALDE DE VERVILLE; Beroalde de Verville

DE GOURNAY, MARIE

• See Part II:  Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe

DE LUCINGE

• See Part II:  Heath, Michael

DESCARTES

BITBOL HESPERIS, ANNIE et JEAN PIERRE VERDET, eds. René Descartes: Le Monde, l'homme. Le Seuil, 1996.

Review: F. de Buzon in QL 702 (1996), 20: "La nouvelle édition est bien présentée et offre un texte aisément lisible de cette oeuvre décisive. L'introduction rappelle avec beaucoup de détails les circonstances de la rédaction et de la non publication, puis fait apparaître quelques sources. On regrettera toutefois que la perspective d'ensemble du traité soit obscurcie, sinon faussée, en particulier dans l'introduction, par l'insistance des éditeurs sur les seules questions d'anatomie et la recherche des sources éventuelles de Descartes en ce domaine."

BUDICK, SANFORD. "Descartes' Cogito, Kant's Sublime, and Rembrandt's Philosophers: Cultural Transmissions as Occasion for Freedom." MLQ 58 (1997), 27 – 61.

Demonstrates how the three are linked to Amsterdam in a "hitherto unnoticed intimacy of consciousness."

CARILE, PAOLO ET A. M. MANDICK, éds. Discorrere il Metodo. IL Contributo della Francesistica agli Studi metodologicí. Atti del XX convegno della società universitaria per gli studi de lingua e letteratura francesse. Ferrara: Centro Stampa Università, 1995.

COSSUTTA, FREDERIC, éd. Descartes et l'argumentation philosophique. Paris: PUF, 1996.

Review: BCLF 577 (1996), 1801: Recherches sur la rhétorique de Descartes.

GUENANCIA, PIERRE. Descartes. Bien conduire sa raison. Paris: Gallimard, 1996.

Review: F. de Buzon in QL 702 (1996), 20: "Il fallait sans doute tout le talent de synthèse dont P.G. a fait montre dans ses ouvrages précédents pour concentrer si brillamment la pensée cartésienne dans les 128 pages de cette monographie. L'auteur n'hésite pas à traiter aussi des problèmes de la constitution de la théorie de la connaissance et de la métaphysique cartésienne, et même de la querelle qui opposa Descartes à un théologien des Pays Bas. Il s'agit là sans nul doute de la meilleure introduction à la pensée cartésienne en ce qu'elle n'en esquive pas les difficultés."

HALLYN, FERNAND, éd. Les Olympiques de Descartes. Genève: Droz, 1995.

Review: M.-C. Pitassi in BHR 58 (1997), 233–34: ". . . l'intérêt de cet ouvrage réside moins dans l'une ou l'autre des contributions ou des parties que dans le dossier assez étoffe qu'il offre autour d'une pièce cartesienne qui demeure, à bien des égards, problématique. On aurait néanmoins souhaité une présentation plus claire du problème constitué par la transmission textuelle." Introduction "substantielle." La deuxième partie présente "les textes habituellement réunis sous le titre d'Olympica: 1) le premier récit de Baillet dans la Vie de Monsieur Des-Cartes de 1691; 2) le deuxième récit de Baillet dans l'abrégé de la Vie publié deux ans plus tard, en 1693; 3) une sélection des Cogitationes privatae, c'est-à-dire des notes prises par Leibniz et publiées par Foucher de Careil, données et dans l'original latin et dans une nouvelle traduction française." La troisième partie contient six études sur des difficultés soulevées par les Olympica.

JULLIEN, VINCENT. Descartes, la Géométrie de 1637. Paris: PUF, 1996.

Review: BCLF 577 (1996), 1751: "L'auteur de cet ouvrage remet les choses en place et offre deux commentaires successifs. Pour le lecteur peu au fait des questions de géométrie, une première partie pédagogique portant sur le status philosophique de la géométrie. Pour le lecteur susceptible de technicité, une seconde partie développant les questions essentielles de cette géométrie . . . ." Ouvrage "brillant et précis."

KEEFER, MICHAEL H. "The Dreamer's Path: Descartes and the Sixteenth Century." RenQ 49 (1996), 30–76.

K. explores "a small stretch of this "road not taken," that is, he elaborates on Derrida's reflections on hodos, via, and iter as they relate to Descartes' language, discourse, and method. K.'s method is "deliberately digressive" as he argues convincingly and paradoxically that both "Renaissance hermetism and its near-opposite, Calvinistic theology, are of large (and largely unrecognized) importance in Descartes' development." Particularly illuminating are sections on the path in the dreams, the argument refuting skepticism, the Discours as a fable, and K.'s own constant attention to references and meanings that today's reader may not grasp without this rich and thorough study.

MELEHY, HASSAN. "Descartes's Method: The Writing of the Subject." EMF 3 (1997) 45–68.

M "addresses the procedures Descartes followed to establish a thinking philosophical subject, independent of language and deceptions of literature. Deeply indebted to Montaigne as well as pervaded by metaphors of architecture and travel, however, the realm presented by the cogito could only have been produced by literary means."

NADLER, STEVEN. "Descartes' Demon and the Madness of Don Quixote." JHI 58 (1997), 41–55.

Attempts to place the "mauvais génie" in the context of 17th century intellectual culture: "Madness, for D., consists in a lack of control over one's faculties . . . . Don Quixote does not think that it is his faculties that are enchanted, it is the world; . . . ."

RAYMOND, JEAN-FRANCOIS DE. "'Ego cogito': Le mémorial de Descartes." Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 19–24.

Thoughts on Guerchain's and Poussin's paintings of Arcadia and the monument erected in Sweden to Descartes: ". . . on passe de la 'poésie morale' à la méthode qui conduit au savoir, . . . ."

REISS, TIMOTHY J. "Denying the Body? Memory and the Dilemmas of History in Descartes." JHI 57 (1996), 587–607.

"For while D. assuredly did divide mind and body, he did so only as one of . . . his "passages techniques," interim strategies enabling him to get from the known to the new."

SAINT AMAND, PIERRE. "Contingency and the Enlightenment." Substance 27.2 (1997), 96–109.

An examination of Michel Serres's concept of universalism, asking, "how does Serres specifically criticize the rationalist ideology of the philosophes?" However, S. A. also treats in detail Serres's "severe refutation" of classicism, "particularly [of] its most famous representative, Descartes. The entire Eloge consists of calling Descartes to task and shaking the foundations of his method. In this book, Serres offers the most advanced form of a critique begun long ago. All Descartes' reason and its principal figures in fact receive Serres's attention. Descartes stands for method, the straight line that voids the real, that tramples and snubs obstructions. His is a geography without bumps or hazards, that proceeds at close range and simulates necessity. Descartes traces a rectilinear path 'inspired by the long, simple, and facile chain of reason used in geometry'." "It is Rousseau, the great writer excluded from the Enlightenment, whom Serres contrasts with Descartes."

SCHWYZER, HUBERT. "Subjectivity in Descartes and Kant." PhQ 47.188 (1997), 342–357.

S. argues "that there is for Kant no such inner world of objects initially (or 'directly') apprehended by us, as there is for Descartes. There is no such inner world from which an objective outer world is to be constructed or 'constituted'. Moreover,... Kant has a powerful argument against the possibility of taking one's inner states as any sort of starting-point for metaphysical theorizing. So Kant's critique of Descartes is considerably more radical than the standard picture allows." S. concludes by examining the implication of his argument for Cartesian skepticism.

VIZIER, ALAIN. "Descartes et les automates." MLN 111 (1996), 688–708.

"Descartes recourt à la notion d'automate pour établir deux thèses troublantes sur l'homme." Dans les Méditations: "ce que nous appelons homme, ou ce que nous semblons percevoir comme étant un homme, ne désigne et n'est peut-être que spectre ou machine;" et dans les Passions de l'âme: D. "insiste à établir l'existence dans l'imagination, et donc dans la pensée . . . d'une activité quasi-automatique (ou quasi-machine) de laquelle le hasard n'est pas exclu et qui échappe à la volonté." Selon Vizier, "l'intégration récurrente de ces deux thèses sur les automates dans un contexte métaphysique et les conséquences que Descartes en déduit quant au fondement de la subjectivité et à la détermination conceptuelle du sujet, marquent un moment dans l'histoire de la pensée dont plusieurs études récentes n'ont, semble-t-il, pas su rendre raison de façon suffisante."

WILLISTON, BYRON. "Descartes on Love and/as Error." JHI 58 (1997), 429–444.

". . . despite some appearances, D. is not concerned overmuch with the problem of attaining certainty and avoiding error in love judgments. He wants us to see love as a complex psychophysical phenomenon which cannot be reduced to the desire to obtain true judgments about the world."

• See also Part II:  Conley, Tom
• Part III:  Bontea, Adriana
• Canto-Sperber, Monique
• Declercq, Gilles
• Feldman, Susan
• Kremer, Elmar
• McCulloch, Gregory
• Mensch, James
• Schlanger, Jacques
• Van Eck, Caroline
• Part IV:  Doiron, Normand
• Fumaroli, Marc
• Ganault, Joël
• Stone, Harriet
• Part V:  FENELON; Niderst, Alain
• LA BRUYERE; Cohen, Mark
• PASCAL; McKenna, Antony
• PERRAULT; Lewis, Philip

DESPORTES

ROUDAUT, FRANÇOIS. "Notes sur un livre ayant appartenu à Philippe Desportes." TL 9 (1996), 315–23.

Informative because of fragmentary state (today) of D.'s library, R. studies a work attributed to Antenor Garisendi along with two other texts bound together. Although the annotations are slight, R. believes they do indicate "une lecture attentive qui envisage une consultation-voire une utilisation- ultérieure du texte." The underlined passages are descriptions and the date suggests that any possible influence would have necessarily been in reeditions of D.'s Premières Oeuvres. Actual passages are given in the notes.

• See also Part IV:  Cornilliat, Francis

D'EVREUX

• See Part III:  Obermeier, Franz

DONNEAU DE VISE

VINCENT, MONIQUE. "L'Amour échappé, une revue de la société observée par Donneau de Visé." TL 9 (1996), 87–103.

Focuses on two of the three significant "registres" of de V.'s work: the portraits and the stories. Appreciates the choice of observations and de V.'s style as well as what these portraits reveal about the society of the time. The stories again allow the reader to appreciate the "grande finesse" of de V.'s style, while serving as "support à l'analyse psychologique: la situation sociale ou le temperament déterminent les comportements des personnages."

DU PONT, J. B.

POLI, SERGIO, ed. J.B. Du Pont, L'enfer d'amour, où par trois histoires est monstré à combien de malheurs les amants sont subjects. Napoli: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 1995.

Review: C. Rizza in PFSCL 24 (1997), 326–327: An edition of three "histoires tragiques" whose interest resides "dans cette ambiguïté . . ., dans ce jeu de virtuose qui est à la fois réflexion sur la communication et méditation sur la société et sur la nature humaine, selon une vision foncièrement pessimiste de la réalité." According to the reviewer a high quality contribution to the study of early seventeenth-century prose.

DURAND

• See Part IV:  Aspley, Keith

D'URFE

GREGORIO, LAURENCE A. The Pastoral Masquerade. Disguise and Identity in L'Astrée. Saratoga CA: Anma Libri, 1992.

Review: Louise K. Horowitz in EMF 3 (1997) 222–25: Reviewer states that the work "offers a series of critical guideposts and markers for dissecting the novel's obsessive return, time and again, to the motif of disguise." H wishes to "congratulate" G on his effort, but remarks that the author "has chosen to ignore specific critical trends in the precious little d'Urfé scholarship of recent years." Specifically, the ignored criticism relates to "gender-related analysis." For reviewer, G's "omission" of "the past decades critical avenues" constitutes an indirect, if not direct "attack on feminist and gender study."

• See French 17 (1996, 1995, 1994, 1993).

HENEIN, EGLAL. "Fortune des chevaliers, fortune des bergers." CdDS 6.2 (Fall 1992) 1–12.

H. argues that Honoré d'Urfé was heavily influenced by Les Amadis when writing L'Astrée. Article consists mainly of comparing and contrasting the portraits of Diane, Silvandre and Fortune in Les Amadis with those in L'Astrée. Among the themes and motifs examined are transvestitism, the meaning of the characters' names, and the various representations of Fortune as both goddess and intellectual concept. H. concludes that "par sa lecture résolument déformante du roman de chevalierie, Honoré d'Urfé agit à la fois en disciple de la Pléiade et en émule de Cervantes." The link to the Pléiade comes from imitating the ancients while developing a "beau" and "fluide langage," whereas the kinship with Cervantes stems from an "état d'esprit baroque" which the two works share.

MEDING, TWYLA. "'Bien faux' and 'Portrait vivant': Portraits, Mirrors and Representational Strategies in L'Astrée." CdDS 6.2 (1992) 165–78.

M. summarizes the articles goals in the following manner: "I propose an evolution of representational strategies founded on the interplay between portrait and mirror: the analogical mode of thought is exploited in order to trace the contours of a new means of representation." The key factor in this "representational process" becomes the "manipulation of authoritative indices of truth." Among other things, the article gives a Foucauldian analysis of the "Fontaine de la Vérité d'Amour," as it relates to his Renaissance ideal of "ressemblance," discussed in terms of the signifiant and the signifié.

• See also Part I:  Banderier, Gilles.
• Part IV:  Rubin, David L.

DU RYER

GAINES, JAMES F. and PERRY GETHNER, eds. Pierre Du Ryer. Lucrèce. Tragédie (1638). Genève: Droz, 1994.

Review: V. Mecking in ZRP 112 (1996), 322–25: Praiseworthy for its informative introduction on Du R.'s life, work, sociohistorical sphere and literary patterns. M. stresses in his own contribution of two pages the usefulness of the edition for lexicography. Finally M. remarks that G. and G,'s edition is interesting and well edited, of use to the student/scholar of the history and development of French drama of the first half of the 17th c.

Review: K. Schoell in RF 108 (1996), 288–89: Editors are praised for making available this very worthwhile tragedy.

• See French 17 (1996, 1995).

ESPRIT, JACQUES

• See Part IV:  Bury, Emmanuel

FENELON

HILENAAR, HENK. Le secret de Télémaque. Paris: PUF, 1994.

Review: BCLF 577 (1996), 1689: Lecture pédagogique et psychanalytique du roman.

NIDERST, ALAIN. "Pédagogie et mysticisme dans le Traité de l'éducation des filles de Fénelon." PFSCL 24 (1997), 53–59.

The pedagogical work seen as combining Cartesianism and Platonism: "Le Télémaque, . . . est un voyage initiatique vers le vrai et le Beau qui s'imposent à tous ...." Cross Descartes]

VIZIER, ALAIN. "Fénelon et la question de l'éloquence." CdDS 6.2 (Fall 1992) 21–43.

Article examines one of F.'s lesser-known texts, his Dialogues sur l'éloquence. Citing W.S. Howell, V. describes F.'s work as "le premier traité de la rhétorique moderne" which opens the interpretation of the text as "l'un des premiers manifestes de révolte contre la rhétorique classique." The "modernity" of F. lies in the "incertitudes et les paradoxes" which the Dialogues set forth. Among the themes V. explores are F.'s discussion of the sublime, the use of dialogic format, and the primacy of the image in rhetorical discourse. In his conclusion, V. applies the Foucauldian relationship between words and things to F., saying that, "Fénelon a pratiquement rompu l'équilibre précaire que le XVIIe siècle avait trouvé dans le rapport entre les mots et les choses."

• See also Part II:  Goulemot, Jean-Marie
• Part III:  Bury, Emmanuel

FLOURNOY

• See Part II:  Fatio, Olivier et al.

FOIGNY

RONZEAUD, PIERRE, ed. La terre australe connue. Paris: STFM, 1990. The Southern Land Known. Ed. and Trans. David Fausett. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1993.

Review: Rex Clark in CdDS 6.2 (Fall 1992), 223–24: Favorable review of "A new French edition and a modern English translation of the original 1676 printing of this unusual utopian novel." Reviewer calls R's work "meticulous," and argues that the introduction "discusses the main themes of the novel with such scope that it could serve as a starting point for a general evaluation of utopian literature of the time." The English translation is described as "very readable" and "accurate."

FONTENELLE

NIDERST, ALAIN, ed. Fontenelle, Oeuvres complètes. Tome VII: (1722–1752). Paris: Fayard, 1996.

Review: P. Hourcade in PFSCL 24 (1997), 605: A volume that consists mainly of portraits of members of the Académie des Sciences between 1722 and 1733.

FOURIER, PIERRE

• See Part III:  Taverneaux, René

FREMYOT DE CHANTAL, JEANNE-FRANÇOISE

BURNS, MARIA-PATRICIA, éd. Correspondance. T. IV: 1630–1634. T. V: 1635–1640. T. VI: 1640–41 et lettres sans date. Paris: Cerf, 1991–96.

Review: BCLF 577 (1996), 1851–52: "Au total, ce sont 2855 lettres dont une centaine inédites qui sont présentées dans les six volumes de l'édition critique de la Correspondance de sainte Jeanne de Chantal. Un véritable travail d'archiviste . . . ."

FRANÇOIS DE SALES

• See Part II:  Arnauld, Jean-Claude
• Part III:  Elm, Kaspar
• Legrand, Francis

FURETIERE

• See Part I:  Catach, Nina
• Part IV:  Von Stackelberg, Jürgen

GALAUT

HOWE, ALAN, ed. Jean Galaut, Phalante. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1996.

Review: P. Gethner in PFSCL 24 (1997), 318–319: A fine edition of one of the first tragedies based on a novel, the first to be based on a work of English literature. Published in 1611, the work helps fill in the gap between Garnier and Hardy.

GOUGENOT, NICOLAS

LASSERRE, FRANÇOIS, éd. Le Romant de l'infidelle Lucrine. Genève: Droz, 1995.

Review: BCLF 577 (1996), 1685: Edition critique qui "non seulement fournit un accès désormais aisé à un roman attachant, sinon remarquable, mais livre sur son auteur toute une série de renseignements et de conjectures qui permettent de le situer géographiquement et socialement."

GUILLERAGUES

• See Part IV:  Leiner, Wolfgang
• Part V:  PASCAL, FRANÇOISE; Steinberger, Deborah

HARDY

GETHNER, PERRY. "Les imperfections de l'Arcadie dans les pastorales de Hardy." Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 277–283.

Examines the "mélange habile des éléments comiques et tragiques" in H.'s work.

HENRI IV

THOMAS, DANIELE. Henri IV. Images d'un roi entre réalité et mythe. Bizanos: Héraclès, 1996.

Review: BCLF 577 (1996), 1876: L'auteur "a recherché dans les livres imprimés entre 1589 et 1914, les images consacrées à Henri IV. Elle en a relevé onze cent soixante et un ouvrages. Elle a classé et traité cette masse documentaire, en déployant un véritable talent d'informaticienne."

• See also Part II:  Bertière, Simone

HENRIETTE D'ANGLETERRE

• See Part II:  Duchêne, Jacqueline

LA BRUYERE

BURY, EMMANUEL, ed. La Bruyère, Les caractères. Paris: Librairie générale française, 1995.

Review: M. Bourgeois-Courtois in PFSCL 24 (1997), 290–291: An excellent edition whose introduction represents an "état présent" of La B. studies. The first publication of the "ultimate" edition of the work. Notes, bibliography and lexicon.

COHEN, MARK A. "'Tout l'esprit d'un auteur': the Role of esprit in the Opening Sections of La Bruyère's Caractères." L'esprit en France au XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 101 (1997), 179–186.

". . . incisive judgment and comparison of various authors' strengths and weaknesses produce the conditions of perfection for the present time, and, simultaneously, a middle ground amidst competing social groups where La B. is able to write as a non-egoistic je, a sort of social-reforming cogito that will reveal its full cartesian force as a Christian apologist in Des esprits forts."

ESCOLA, MARC. "Ce que peut un fragment. Une note en marge des Caractères." TL 9 (1996), 105–126.

Comprehensive and compelling treatment not only of "le premier fragment de la littérature française," accompanying "Des Jugements" in the 1694 edition, but also of the larger question of "le pouvoir d'un fragment." Useful review of editors/critics on the passage. E. concludes that "le statut fragmentaire ouvre le texte à ses différentes possibles."

MAZAHERI, HOMAYOUN. La satire démystificatrice de La Bruyère. Essais sur Les caractères ou Les moeurs de ce siècle. New York: Peter Lang, 1995.

Review: M. Bourgeois-Courtois in PFSCL 24 (1997), 319–320: Reviewer says this groundbreaking study "nous invite à reconsidérer un texte sur lequel planche puissamment . . . la pensée 'en creux' de l'antiphrase et d'un non-dit à restituer. . . . [La B.] met en avant les traces subtiles d'un épicurisme qui se hasarderait aux limite du gassendisme et du libertinage . . . ."

RICORD, MARINE. "Les caractères de La Bruyère ou les exercices de l'esprit." L'esprit en France au XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 101 (1997), 169–178.

Assuming that esprit is a characteristic that the moralist wishes to impart to his reader, the writer asks ". . . si les Caractères se définissent seulement comme un recueil de remarques prescriptives, ou s'ils déterminent une méthode propre à faire trouver de l'esprit aux autres."

VAN DELFT, LOUIS. La Bruyère ou du spectateur. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 96 (1996).

A short essay on La B. as an observer of a life of humanity that increasingly has its own intrinsic interest.

• See also Part III:  Pages, Pierre-Etienne
• Part IV:  Jaouën, Françoise.
• May, Georges

LA CEPPEDE

GANIM, RUSSELL. "Locus amoenus vs. Locus terribilis: The Spatial Dynamics of the Pastoral and the Urban in La Ceppède's Théorèmes." FLS 24 (1997) 201–13.

Article deals with "the contrast between the Mount of Olives and Jerusalem [which] emerges as the point of departure for the poet's figuration of nature, both human and physical. The ensuing "clash between dystopian and utopian settings comprises part of [the poet's] "adaptation of the pastoral," and symbolizes, "on both an intellectual and affective level," La Ceppède's aim of "plac[ing] the reader/dévot in a position to lift him/herself from the depravity of human nature to the grace of divine nature."

• See Part IV:  Cornilliat, François

LA FAYETTE

CAMPBELL, JOHN. Questions of Interpretation in La princesse de Clèves. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996.

Review: M.-O. Sweetser in PFSCL 24 (1997), 297–298: An overview of criticism of the novel organized around the major themes and interpretative problems.

GREEN, ANNE. Privileged Anonymity: The Writings of Madame de Lafayette. Oxford: Legenda, 1996.

Review: J. Campbell in MLR 92 (1997), 726: Engaging first monograph in new series (Research Monographs in French Studies) presents a twin focus. The study may be read "as a series of short critical notes on works attributed to Mme de Lafayette," and, less convincingly according to the reviewer, as "a deliberate choice of anonymity by Mme de Lafayette, seen as reflected in her works by a tension in characters between self-revelation and self-concealment."

HERNANDEZ, BRIGITTE. "Marcel Bozonnet: de piste en piste." Le Point 1279 (1997), 96.

Review of M. Bozonnet's La Princesse de Clèves, in which Bozonnet, the "directeur du Conservatoire supérieur d'art dramatique de Paris" plays the roles of virtually all of the main characters of the novel. At L'Athénée in March and April, 1997.

NIDERST, ALAIN. "La Chartreuse de Parme et La Princesse de Clèves." PFSCL 24 (1997), 465–473.

"Stendahl aurait donc voulu nous montrer comment une âme noble peut refaire en apparence le chemin que suivait l'héroïne de Mme de Lafayette et passer comme elle de la cour au cloître. Mais avec quelles différences dans les expériences et les motivations!"

• See also Part I:  De Jean, Joan
• Goldsmith, Elizabeth
• Part II:  Cameron, Keith
• Menke, Anne
• Thomas, Francis-Noël
• Part IV:  Beugnot, Bernard
• Charron, Jean and Mary Lynne Flowers
• Greenberg, Mitchell
• Jaouën, Françoise
• Stone, Harriet

LA FONTAINE

AKKARI, HATEM. "Le vocabulaire de l'Orient chez La Fontaine." La Fontaine et l'Orient (Réception, récriture, représentation...) Actes de Tunis. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 98 (1996), 17–33.

Concludes that La F.'s representation of the Orient is ambiguous and imprecise, partly because of his ethnocentrism.

ASSAF, FRANCIS. "'Joconde': texte, contexte. Prétexte?" Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 169–178.

Assesses the significance of the work.

AZZOUNA, JALOUL. "Boccace, La Fontaine et l'Orient ou 'La culture et le plaisir'." La Fontaine et l'Orient (Réception, récriture, représentation...) Actes de Tunis. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 98 (1996), 65–83.

Compares and contrasts the two authors.

BACCAR, ALIA. "Figures de l'Orient dans le Poème de la captivité de Saint Malc." La Fontaine et l'Orient (Réception, récriture, représentation...) Actes de Tunis. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 98 (1996), 127–133.

"Quand La Fontaine évoque l'Orient, il décrit plus l'imaginaire collectif et le sien que l'Orient concret, vrai. Il s'agit bien d'un thème littéraire."

BENAISSA, ZINELABIDINE. "Le traitement lexical des ethnies orientales dans les Fables de La Fontaine." La Fontaine et l'Orient (Réception, récriture, représentation...) Actes de Tunis. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 98 (1996), 11–15.

"Le mot oriental . . . a d'abord et avant tout une charge sonore primordiale, . . . ."

BRANAN, ELISABETH GIROD. La Fontaine. Au delà des "bagatelles" des Contes et des "badineries" des Fables. Lexington: French Forum Publishers, 1993.

Review: P. Dostie in LR 49 (1995), 164–66: Generally negative review for this volume does however have words of praise for the analyses of themes of dream and retreat in La F. as well as for the parallel established by B. between the short story Le Diable en enfer and Le Poème de la captivité de saint Malc.

Review: E. Van Der Schueren in RBPH 73 (1995), 890–96: "La thèse centrale du livre est bien plus séduisante que ne le sont les résultats. Il s'agit d'envisager dans une progressivité et un dialogue constant les Contes et les Fables, qui sont par delà leurs différences génériques premières, associés dans une unité idéologique et thématique.

• See French 17 (1995).

BRODY, JULES. Lectures de la Fontaine. Charlottesville: Rookwood Press, 1994.

Review: J.-P. Collinet in RF 108 (1996), 289–91: Extremely laudatory review praises the "exceptionnelle richesse" of B's readings which are "philologique[s]." The study is as helpful for guidance in "la meilleure façon d'aborder le texte des Fables" as for light shed on individual fables such as "Le Chêne et le Roseau" and on Adonis. C. urges B. to complete still another project, on "La F. poète de la violence."

BURY, EMMANUEL. L'esthétique de La Fontaine. Paris: Sedes, 1996.

Review: BCLF 581 (1996), 337: "Le regain d'intérêt de la critique pour les genres mondains et l'esthétique galante permet de faire découvrir La Fontaine, plus connu comme fabuliste ou auteur de contes un peu licencieux, en poète de son temps, participant de cette esthétique galante dans un souci sans cesse réaffirmé de tenir compte des attentes d'un public cultivé mais refusant le pédantisme."

DANDREY, PATRICK. "La Fontaine, poète arcadien." Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 77–97.

Studies the Arcadian nuances of La F.'s poetic inspiration: "Mais c'est également sa conception, c'est son ambition poétique que le modèle arcadien, entendu comme invariant de la sensibilité esthétique, permet de mieux apprécier: on ne laisse pas que d'observer chez lui un souci latent, sans doute intermittent, néanmoins persistant, de mettre les sens au service ou plutôt à l'unisson d'un plus haut Sens, autrement dit de combiner dans un même bonheur de lecture l'infusion de la sagesse et la délectation du verbe, comme au temps où la flûte des bergers harmonisait les accents mystérieux de la musique universelle avec la mélodie ténue du chant des oiseaux."

DANDREY, PATRICK. Poétique de La Fontaine (1). La Fabrique des Fables. Paris: PUF, 1996.

Review: J.-P. Collinet in PFSCL 24 (1997), 585–586: A new edition for a wider audience of a very important study.

DE LEY, HERBERT. Fixing Up Reality: La Fontaine and Lévi-Strauss. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 97 (1996).

Studies La F. from the viewpoint of the anthropologist's work on the structuration of primitive thought.

DONNE, BORIS. La Fontaine et la poétique du songe: récit, rêverie et allégorie dans Les amours de Psyché. Paris: Champion, 1995.

Review: M. Slater in PFSCL 24 (1997), 302–304: A study that sheds light on the "songe philosophique," the model on which the novel is based: "Psyché nous enseigne la sagese et le détachement du monde."

DOSTIE, PIERRE. "Note bibliographique sur Le Fablier." LR 49 (1995), 200–01.

D. finds much to praise in numbers 4, 5, and 6 of Le Fablier, the annual review of the Société des Amis de Jean de La Fontaine. Open to all types of research, each number includes communications of the colloque, a section "Etudes et recherches" and a section "Nouvelles et documents" on the activities of the society. D. highlights the three numbers, testifying to their rich diversity.

DRISSA, MOHAMED ALI. "Fantasmes et fantaisie de l'Orient dans les Fables de La Fontaine." La Fontaine et l'Orient (Réception, récriture, représentation...) Actes de Tunis. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 98 (1996), 35–45.

For La F. the Orient represents "un espace immense qui va du badinage à la raillerie acérée en passant par la naïveté familière, et tout cela est au service de cette poétique de la gaieté qui préside à toute son oeuvre et qui l'inscrit sous le signe de la fantaisie, pour notre plus grand plaisir."

EL ANNABI, HASSEN. "L'Orient et les affaires européennes à l'époque de La Fontaine: Les Fables et les faits." La Fontaine et l'Orient (Réception, récriture, représentation...) Actes de Tunis. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 98 (1996), 117–125.

". . . La F. a participé, à sa manière, au mouvement orientaliste naissant, contribuant à donner une image—disons plus réaliste—de ce monde à la fois proche et lointain."

FUMAROLI, MARC. Le poète et le roi: Jean de la Fontaine en son siècle. Paris: Editions de Fallois, 1997.

Review: N. Casanova in QL 714 (1997), 19–20: In this "ouvrage érudit," F. "nous démontre... que les plus brillants esprits de France ont trouvé en La Fontaine l'âme même de la liberté, le génie de l'indépendance." Includes a "portrait... émouvant et fascinant" of Foucquet and a presentation of La Fontaine's use of animals in his fables to celebrate liberty. "C'est l'histoire de la 'dialectique terrible' qui associe et oppose la grande poésie à la politique."

GRIMM, JURGEN. "'Deux vrais amis vivaient au Monomotapa....' Evasion orientale, 'rentrée en soi' et fol emportement dans les Fables." La Fontaine et l'Orient (Réception, récriture, représentation...) Actes de Tunis. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 98 (1996), 47–55.

Author finds La F. to be a social conservative: ". . . la transgression des normes reste . . . l'exception qui confirme la règle de la compensation des songes utopiques."

GRIMM, JURGEN. "'Proprement toute notre vie...'. Evasion utopique, 'rentrée en soi' et fol emportement dans les Fables." Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 117–123.

Similar but not identical to Grimm, Jurgen. "'Deux vrais amis vivaient au Monomotapa...." Evasion orientale, 'rentrée en soi' et fol emportement dans les Fables." La Fontaine et l'Orient (Réception, récriture, représentation...) Actes de Tunis. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 98 (1996), 47–55.

GRIMM, JURGEN. "'On ne vit onc si cruelle aventure.' A propos du Conte d'un paysan qui avait offensé son seigneur." Car demeure l'amitié. Mélanges offerts àClaude Abraham. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 102 (1997), 25–37.

Argues that the tale was written as a protest against the affaire Foucquet.

GUELLOUZ, AZZEDINE. "Une religion des fabulistes? La religion dans la vie et dans l'oeuvre de Ibn al-Muqaffa' et de La Fontaine." La Fontaine et l'Orient (Réception, récriture, représentation...) Actes de Tunis. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 98 (1996), 93–107.

Parallels in the religious inspiration of the two poets.

GUTWIRTH, MARCEL. "La Fontaine poète de la mort en Arcadie." Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 143–159.

"La mort n'est pas en soi un thème qui le [La Fontaine] fascine: elle est pour lui ce qu'elle fut pour le sage, la fin d'un beau jour, riche de la somme de bonheur et de peine qu'une existence bien remplie lui prête. . . . Et in Arcadia ego est chez lui un avertissment qui ne glorifie pas tant la mort qu'il n'exalte et fait encore plus belle l'Arcadie."

HEMAIDI, HAMDI. "Microlecture du théâtre de La Fontaine: L'Orient occulté." La Fontaine et l'Orient (Réception, récriture, représentation...) Actes de Tunis. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 98 (1996), 135–141.

Traces the influence of the Fables in La F.'s theatrical works in the context of Oriental themes.

LAFON, DOMINIQUE. "Le théâtre de La Fontaine: la mise en pièces du conteur." Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 187–197.

Studies La F.'s failure as a playwright.

LEPLATRE, OLIVIER. "Les mots de la faim: Petite anthropologie de la nourriture dans les Fables de La Fontaine." PFSCL 24 (1997), 199–214.

"Le corps de la fable parle d'une voix douce, nourricière; elle nous fait replonger à un âge qui, si le plaisir renaîit du recommencement des textes, s'éveille au cycle des lectures friandes de ne pas s'interrompre."

MAHER, DANIEL. "La Fontaine et l'Orient: point de repère ou fausse piste." Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 99–106.

"Le fait de citer comme principale source d'inspiration une tradition littéraire quasi inconnue de son public permet au fabuliste de se distancier du premier recueil et de la fable simple, brève et didactique d'Esope, pour proposer une fable ample, complexe et philosophique, plus apparentée au modèle oriental."

MARZOUKI, RIADH. "De l'utilisation des Fables de La Fontaine comme source d'écriture dans la littérature arabe. (Poétique et politique)." La Fontaine et l'Orient (Réception, récriture, représentation...) Actes de Tunis. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 98 (1996), 85–91.

Author finds the humanist dimension to be the common link between 17th-century France, especially La F., and 19th- and early 20th-century Arabic literature.

MEDING, TWYLA. "Fleurs et pleurs: mythe de l'Arcadie, mythe de la féminité dans Les amours de Psyché et de Cupidon." Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 179–185.

Studies an esthetics based on the piquant and the agréable.

NIDERST, ALAIN. "Y a-t-il une sagesse orientale dans les Fables de La Fontaine?" La Fontaine et l'Orient (Réception, récriture, représentation...) Actes de Tunis. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 98 (1996), 109–116.

Author finds that for La F. "l'Orient . . . n'est qu'un voile coloré qui recouvre et révèle à la fois l'ordre, la sagesse et le christianisme."

NIDERST, ALAIN. "Platonisme et modernisme chez La Fontaine." PFSCL 24 (1997), 215–223.

N. asks, "Ne pourrait-on dire plutôt que [La Fontaine's] platonisme l'entraîne d'abord à refuser la logique aristotélicienne et les déductions de Descartes, et l'encourage d'une manière assurément pardoxale, mais finalement fort logique—à valoriser l'observation, et donc la science moderne?"

PELISSON-KARRO, FRANCOISE. "L'âne vêtu de la peau du Lion. Fable et histoire de porcelaine." La Fontaine et l'Orient (Réception, récriture, représentation...) Actes de Tunis. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 98 (1996), 143–162.

What one can learn from a coffee cup about the function of the fable during the 17th century and at the end of the 18th century, and of the relations between Europe and the Orient?

PERESZLENYI-PINTER, MARTHA. "Boccace, La Fontaine et les Contes: avoir 'moralement raison, mais esthétiqument tort'." Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 161–167.

". . . La Fontaine . . . remanie les modèles de Boccace de façon à ce que les personnages qui l'emportent le doivent à leur maîtrise de la parole et à leur capacité de ridiculiser leurs adversaires."

RAHMOUNI, MED RAJA. "Joconde de La Fontaine et le Préambule des Mille et une nuits." La Fontaine et l'Orient (Réception, récriture, représentation...) Actes de Tunis. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 98 (1996), 57–63.

Unlike the Mille et une nuits, La F.'s work has a didactic purpose and leads to closure.

SKIK, HICHEM. "L'Orient dans les Fables, les Fables en Orient: quelques repères." La Fontaine et l'Orient (Réception, récriture, représentation...) Actes de Tunis. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 98 (1996), 163–168.

Surveys La F.'s and the Orient's mutual influences.

SLATER, MAYA. "La Fontaine fabuliste et les contes d'enfants." Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 107–116.

Studies La F.'s growing disapproval of children and his desire to go beyond the telling of tales for the mere sake of telling tales.

SLATER, MAYA, ed. Jean de La Fontaine. Selected Fables. Trans.Christoph Wood. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Review: M.-O. Sweetser in PFSCL 24 (1997), 332: A low-cost, attractive bilingual edition designed to have popular appeal. Introduction, notes, mythological appendix and selected bibliography.

SZOGYI, ALEX. "Les méditations de La Fontaine: l'intervention de l'auteur dans sa propre narration. Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 125–132.

Examines La F.'s often ironic but usually intimate interventions into his work: "On la [his intervention] reconnaît plutôt aux 'traits délicats' qui marquent son style et qui forment un noyau supérieur de perception, de conscience."

• See also Part IV:  Aspley, Keith
• Charron, Jean
• Doiron, Normand
• Von Stackelberg, Jürgen
• Part V:  VIAU, THEOPHILE DE; Duchêne, Roger

LA FORCE

• See Part IV:  Verdier, Gabrielle

LA ROCHEFOUCAULD

HODGSON, RICHARD G. Falsehood Disquised. Unmasking the Truth in La Rochefoucauld. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press, 1995.

Review: S. Read Baker in PFSCL 24 (1997), 593–594: A study of La R.'s concept of truth that, according to the reviewer, "breaks new ground and merits scrutiny."

HODGSON, RICHARD G. "De 'l'esprit fin' à 'l'esprit faux': la 'différence des esprits' chez La Rochefoucauld." L'esprit en France au XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 101 (1997), 161–167.

Examines La R.'s various uses of the word esprit: from the esprit faux to the esprit fin and everything in between.

LAGARDE, FRANÇOIS. "Trois réflexions sur les autoportraits de Poussin et de La Rochefoucauld." CdDS 6.2 (Fall 1992) 153–63.

Admiting the inherent difficulty in comparing Poussin's painted self-portraits to La Rochefoucauld's written ones, L. nonetheless finds many similarities which derive from the definition and function of the portrait, "Le portrait est ombre et lumière. Il est hanté par la présence d'un Autre qui est le récepteur. Il réfléchit (à) l'art de la peinture ou de l'éloquence. Despite these similarities, L. concludes that painting has the final advantage because, "le silence et l'immobilité d'un beau visage ont un effet d'interpellation esthétique et éthique que le discours quasi tragique de la persona en quête de son maître a plus de mal à obtenir."

• See also Part II:  Cameron, Keith
• Part III:  Pages, Pierre-Etienne
• Part IV:  Bury, Emmanuel
• Jaouën, Françoise
• Plaisance, Daniel
• Rosso, Corrado
• Stone, Harriet

LA TOUR, GEORGES DE

CONISBEE, PHILIP. Georges de La Tour and His World. New Haven: National Gallery of Art/Yale UP, 1996.

Review: T. J. McCormick in Choice 34.6 (1997), 955: "This catalog of the first major exhibition of ... Georges de La Tour since the one held in Paris in 1972 concentrates on works in American collections...; however, it also includes many works that have come to light since 1920... [I]t is actually a monograph and includes excellent color plates and details of nearly all the known works by the artist, including ones not in the exhibition. It also includes works by his contemporaries.... Besides C.'s excellent introductory essay, this volume has studies relating to the artist...: his style and chronology (Jean-Pierre Cuzin), relationship to Caravaggio's northern followers (Leonard Slatkes), Lorraine in his time (Patricia Miskimin), and La Tour's themes of gamblers, cheats, and fortune-tellers (Gail Feigenbaum). Perhaps most revealing are the technical discussions of condition, quality, painting practice, and autoradiology.... The exhibition ... includes several disputed works...."

PIERRARD, JEAN. "L'énigme La Tour." Le Point 1306 (1997), 106–113.

Extensive review of the exhibition of works by Georges de La Tour (1593–1652) at the Galeries nationales du Grand palais, starting October 1997. "Georges de La Tour. Un peintre brutalement ressorti des limbes entre les deux guerres, brillamment présenté à l'Orangerie il y a vingt cinq ans, et qui revient aujourd'hui à Paris... pour une exposition importante...." This richly illustrated article recounts the growing interest in La Tour in recent years, and the continued rediscovery of paintings by him in unexpected places, including some doubts as to the authenticity of some of these. Cites at length Jacques Thuillier's catalog on La Tour, as well as other art historians specializing in the period. Includes brief bibliography.

LE BRUN

• See Part IV:  Ganault, Joël

LEJEUNE, PAUL, S.J.

PIOFFET, MARIE-CHRISTINE et REAL OUELLET. "La figure du voyageur-missionnaire en Nouvelle-France dans les relations de Sagard et de Lejeune (1632)." RSH 245 (1997), 93–110.

1632 marked the publication of the Franciscan father Sagard's Grand Voyage du pays des Hurons as well as that of the first Relation of the Jesuit Paul Lejeune. Pioffet and Ouellet study the topos of homo viator in these two texts: "Dans Le Grand Voyage ainsi que dans les premières Relations, la traversée de l'espace amérindien, à titre d'expeditio sacra, débouche sur une quête de Dieu constamment interpelé au fil de la route. Que le recollet [Sagard] imite assez justement 'l'étranger' de l'Epître aux Hébreux, on ne saurait guère en douter devant sa resignation et son détachement. La question apparaît un peu plus complexe sous la plume de Lejeune, où la mobilité revêt souvent une signification négative." "Jalonnés par de multiples marques de dévotion, les itinéraires de Sagard et de Lejeune s'inscrivent dans le sillage de l'homo viator, de l'homme errant sur terre en mal d'absolu. En dépit de leurs objectifs communs, le jésuite et le récollet incarnent chacun à sa manière les deux visages du peregrinus, tels que saint Augustin les a définis dans la Cité de Dieu. L'auteur de la Relation de 1634 ... se sent captif et exilé parmi les Montagnais, soupirant après la mort comme vers une libération, tandis que Sagard personnifie le pèlerin augustinien arrivé à maturité, et choisissant de s'intégrer à la société qui l'accueille."

LE MOYNE

• See Part IV:  Rubin, David L.

LE NAIN

• See Part IV:  Rubin, David L.

LETI, GREGORIO

• See Part IV:  Jaumann, Herbert

LOHENSTEIN

NEWMAN, JANE O. "Almost White, but not Quite: Race, Gender and the Disarticulation of the Imperial Subject in Lohenstein's Cleopatra (1680)." EMF 3 (1997) 94–120.

Article "explores the phenotypic and political racializing of characters through literary and intertextual devices from whose meanings and suggestions arise a non-demonizing semiotics of color."

LOUIS XIII

• See Part II:  Bertière, Simone

LOUIS XIV

• See Part II:  Berger, Robert W.
• Part IV:  Fumaroli, Marc
• Brooks, William
• Rubin, David L.

LULLY

REMY, PIERRE JEAN. "Rossini, Mozart, Smetana . . . et Lully." RdS (mai 1997), 167.

Revue du troisième volume "d'une beauté grandiose et théatrâle" de l'oeuvre de Lully par Hervé Niquet à la tête du Concert spirituel, "qui, pièce après pièce, nous restitue les grands motets du compositeur français du siècle de Louis XIV."

THOMAS, DOWNING A. "Opera, Dispossession, and the Sublime: The Case of Armide." TJ 49.2 (1997), 169–188.

T. argues that Quinault's and Lully's Armide "created a new space for opera within the context of seventeenth century aesthetics by placing passion and the musical voice above the supernatural effects that were commonly associated with the genre." T. maintains that "the profusion of the spectacle is emphatically foregrounded in Armide, then pointedly withdrawn, in order to lead the spectator to consider what escapes the visible, that which cannot be represented as such on stage.... Attention is drawn to passion and its voice at precisely those moments when the visual spectacle withdraws. In this way... in Armide, Lully and Quinault not only make a dramatic (that is to say mimetic) entity of the voice, but by engaging in an aesthetics of the sublime they sought to define early French opera as distinct from its spoken counterpart. Armide thus trumps classical tragedy with its own strategy of the sublime."

• See also Part II:  Duhamel, Jean-Marie
• Norman, Buford

MAIRET

ZAISER, RAINER. "Le mythe arcadien menacé: la présence de la mort dans la La Silvanire de Jean Mairet." Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 225–232.

Demonstrates the power of death in Arcadia, arguing that the play ends happily merely in obedience to the laws of tragi-comedy.

MALEBRANCHE

• See Part III:  Kremer, Elmar
• Part IV:  Ganault, Joël

MALHERBE

• See Part IV:  Bray, Bernard
• Ganault, Joël
• Lockwood, R.
• Randall, Catherine

MARIE DE MEDICIS

• See Part II:  Bertière, Simone

MAZARIN

TREASURE, GEOFFREY. Mazarin: The Crisis of Absolutism in France. New York/London: Routledge, 1996.

Review: D. J. Heimmermann in Choice 34 (1997), 859: "T. argues that Mazarin ... was the model seventeenth century statesman a man who was passionately loyal to the Crown and inspired devotion and respect among those closest to him, above all, the young Louis XIV. The book follows Mazarin's career... T.'s book, which ... includes voluminous notes and a helpful glossary, is an indispensable book for students of French history."

• See Part II:  Wolfe, Kathryn and Phillip

MAYNARD

• See Part IV:  Charron, Jean

MOLIERE

ACKERMAN, SIMONE. "Les comédies sans comique mais avec des ballets." Car demeure l'amitié. Mélanges offerts àClaude Abraham. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 102 (1997), 39–49.

Studies M.'s early faltering attempts at the comédie-ballet genre.

ALBANESE, RALPH, JR. "Dynamisme social et jeu individuel dans Dom Juan." ECr 36 (1996), 50–62.

If Dom Juan is unfaithful to others, he remains faithful to himself . . . refusing any assimilation. Dismantling others' religious convictions, Dom Juan, A. cleverly states, "refuse d'être con/vaincu par l'illogisme du repentir."

ALBANESE, RALPH, JR. "Préface." ECr 36 (1996), 3–6.

A. bears testimony to "la forte présence de M. dans la mémoire collective des Français" as he presents this volume devoted to the "premier Farceur de la France."

ALBANESE, RALPH. Molière à l'école républicaine. De la critique universitaire aux manuels scolaires (1870–1914). Saratoga, CA: Anma Libri, 1992.

Review: James F. Gaines in EMF 3 (1997) 237–41: Concerning the goals of the book, reviewer states that, "The author focuses constantly on the ways in which generations of critics, especially the much-overlooked pedagogues who wrote student manuals, refashioned the meaning of the classical dramatist by reinserting his works into a range of different moral contexts." The result is a "definitive analysis that dix-neuviémeistes, comparativists, and cultural historians owe it to themselves to discover."

Review: G. R. Montbertrand in ECr 36 (1996), 94: Some 300 school texts are the basis for this systematic examination of M.'s destinies. Remarkable objectivity and exhaustivity characterize A.'s work which is essential to numerous disciplines. Reviewer hopes it will inspire similar treatments of other periods.

• See French 17 (1996, 1995, 1994, 1993, 1992).

ALBERT-GAULTIER. ALEXANDRE. "L'itinéraire de Dom Juan: six décors pour une pièces à machines." CdDS 6.2 (Fall 1992) 87–100.

Article deals with the contract signed between Molière and representatives of his troupe, specifying the costs, materials, and drawings for the play's decor. Author discusses how the various "dispositifs scéniques" correspond to specific scenes in the play, allowing greater dramatic flexibility and thereby expanding interpretations of the work. The study also looks at press accounts, many of which suggest a "mise en scène en forme de farce," which tended to downplay or overlook "les audaces très apparentes du texte." In his conclusion, author implies that the "machines" have a "sens caché qu'ils délivrent au specatateurs."

BAMFORTH, STEPHEN, ed. Molière. Proceedings of the Nottingham Molière Conference. 17–18 December 1993. Nottingham French Studies 33.1 (Spring 1994).

Review: M. O. Sweetser in ECr 36 (1996), 92: Appreciated for its "vaste et solide érudition" as well as "les vues neuves proposées" and "une expression précise et élégante." Fifteen contributions include historical research, adaptations, and essays on a particular play or a theme.

• See French 17 (1996, 1995).

CANFIELD, J. DOUGLAS. "The Classical Treatment of Don Juan in Tirso, Molière, and Mozart: What Cultural Work Does It Perform?" CompD 31.1 (1997), 42–64.

A "sociopolitical interpretation" of three Don Juans. C. analyzes Don Juan "in the light of recent work in the interpretive method loosely defined as cultural studies," asking, "What cultural work do [these plays] consistently perform for late feudal aristocaracy before middle class revolutions transform Europe?" C. continues, "Despite differences between the treatments, Don Juan remains throughout this late feudal epoch a trope, a figure, a necessary negation that affirms the very code it denies. Locked in the avenging Statue's handshake, he paradoxically reaffirms a system of shared power between men at the expense of women and oppressed classes." In conclusion, C. maintains that "Don Juan is an exaggerated and therefore satiric parody of what used to be, in early feudal literature, the ultimate (male) transgressor.... For the patriarchal system of male bonding, through an extension of word as bond into the world of credit, continues to ensure male dominace with its accompanying implicit misogyny over uppity women and their reproductive capacity. At least for a while."

DANDREY, PATRICK. Molière ou l'esthétique du ridicule. Paris: Klincksieck, 1992.

Review: W. Matzat in RF 107 (1995), 487–90: Includes sections on "le rire et les moeurs" (history of the genre), "la nature et l'écart" (dramatic function of the raisonneurs), "la nature et la folie" (Agnès /Arnolphe). Perspectives embrace historical contexts, genre, society and anthropology.

EMELINE, JEAN. "Les comiques de l'esprit dans les comédies de Molière." L'esprit en France au XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 101 (1997), 207–223.

"L'esprit dans les comédies de M. apparaît donc, . . . comme une expression privilégiée du grand principe comique du monde renversé."

FLECK, STEPHEN H. "The Play of Illusions in Monsieur de Pourceaugnac." Car demeure l'amitié. Mélanges offerts àClaude Abraham. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 102 (1997), 51–61.

Assesses the merit of the play within the comédie-ballet genre: "In the course of the work, Pourceaugnac and Oronte never learn what the game really is. Julie and Eraste, however, learn to practice what Sbrigani and Nérine already live by: the belief that reality is a game, although one with real enough stakes. . . . For the audience . . . to participate in playing that game, . . . crazy illusion is both a necessity and, even more, the chief source of our pleasure."

GAINES, JAMES F. "Molière and Marx: Prospects for a New Century." ECr 36 (1996), 21–30.

Fine review of Marxist criticism suggests "laughter in its most general and collective form . . . [as] a worthy subject for the future." M.'s polyphony has become clearer because of North American sociocritics. Clever analysis of Derrida's "intellectual Jurassic Park of Marxism" finds it "a bust from the beginning."

KOPPISCH, MICHAEL S. "Désordre et sacrifice dans George Dandin." TL 9 (1996), 75–86.

Close and perspicacious analysis of the disintegration of order in its numerous manifestations (linguistic, religious, moral, social, etc). Excellent use of criticism, both present and past (with intriguing references to Bourdaloue and Rousseau).

KOPPISCH, MICHAEL S. "'Til Death Do Them Part': Love, Greed, and Rivalry in Molière's L'Avare." ECr 36 (1996), 32–49.

Masterly examination of the invasive desire for riches in L'Avare valorizes the logic of the dénouement. K. elaborates on Rousseau's critique of the disintegration of family order.

KRAUSE, VIRGINIA. "Bâtardise et cocuage dans l'Ecole des femmes." ECr 36 (1996), 73–81.

Close examination of "résonances 'épiques'et 'ménippéennes'manifestes dans la mise en jeu de l'intertexte rabelaisien." Argues that Arnolphe is at once Panurge and Pantagruel, "clown et prince."

LALANDE, ROXANNE DECKER. Intruders in the Play World. The Dynamics of Gender in Molière's Comedies. Madison, NJ/Toronto: Associated University Presses, 1996.

Review: R. McBride in PFSCL 24 (1997), 587–589: ". . . ce que L. propose, c'est de prouver que les questions auxquelles s'attaquent les chercheurs dans le domaine du comique relèvent en effet des rapports des personnages masculins et féminins." According to reviewer, "dans le cadre des études des dernières années sur Molière partant d'un point de vue féministe, ce livre ne laisse pas d'en être l'une des plus stimulantes et originales."

Review: G. J. Mallinson in MLR 92 (1997), 726: Valuable insights in this study of female characters seen as outsiders in Molière's comedies. Reviewer contends that "the author's concentration on gender dynamics risks oversimplifying, if it does not misconstrue, the structure and nature of the characters."

• See French 17 (1996).

LE ROUX, MONIQUE. "'Fréquenter le futur'." QL 722 (1997), 29–30.

Compte rendu du Festival d'Avignon. "Aux antipodes la très grande maîtrise de Vassiliev, de son scénographe Igor Popov dans la superbe utilisation scénique de l'Eglise des Célestins, des acteurs de l''Ecole d'Art dramatique' et de Valérie Dréville, dans l'entrecroisement de huit dialogues empruntés à l'Amphitryon de Molière (en russe et en français) ne témoignaient que de ce qui semble l'enfermement progressif de Vassiliev loin de toute préoccupation d'un public.... Cet Amphitryon s'inspirait du Japon, des arts martiaux, de ses samouraï...."

MALLET, NICOLE, ed. Molière, Le malade imaginaire. Paris: Nathan, 1996.

Review: S. H. Fleck in PFSCL 24 (1997), 603–604: For students the study provides a "dramatically sensitive reading of the play-text" and important critical tools such as summaries, a bibliography, critical judgements, etc. The reviewer finds fault only with the omission of English-language secondary sources in the bibliography.

MONTBERTRAND, GERARD. "Facialité, grimaces et espace théâtral chez Molière." CdDS 6.2 (Fall 1992), 65–78.

In his study on the body and the face in Molière, M. asserts that through the grimace, and its "torsion et déformation grotesque," Molière's actors create a "disconvenance physionomique" which in turn leads to a "comique de disconvenance." The crux of the article is M.'s discussion of "morphopsychologie," which describes the face in terms of "dilation" (ouverture) and "rétraction" (fermeture). He then analyzes these facial types according to the "tonicité" they express. Constructing a chart which applies this theory of "tonicité" to Molière's protagonists, M. systematically demonstrates how characters such as Orgon, Harpagon, et Monsieur Jourdain represent various theatrical "figures" through facial movement.

NEPOTE DESMARRES. "Y a t il des dénouements bâclés dans les comédies de Molière?" ECr 36 (1996), 63–72.

N. D. demonstrates M.'s perspicacity as she distinguishes dénouements which vindicate "la vraisembalance" from those which are more representative of a "retournement," possible, artificial or fantastic. Similarly the royal moral is distinguished from the non royal one which may bring closure. M.'s talent is highlighted as N. D. underscores the fact that M. "jongle avec ces types de fins [et] . . . les mêle habilement au sein d'un même dénouement."

NIES, FRITZ. "Alceste soixante-huitard, ou prolégomènes à un Molière 'allemand'." Car demeure l'amitié. Mélanges offerts àClaude Abraham. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 102 (1997), 75–86.

Studies Molière's reception in Germany.

PELIZZARI, DAVID. "Performance Review of Molière's Dom Juan by the Comédie Française at the Brooklyn Academy of Music, 2 April 1996." TJ 49.2 (1997), 243–245.

"Unfortunately for both the company and its American audiences..., the Comédie Française did not show itself off at its recent best." P. cites as primary difficulties the pairing of Dom Juan with Marivaux's La double inconstance, an unconvincing and aloof performance by Andrzej Seweryn, and the drawbacks of a dim stage.

POMMIER, RENE. Études sur Le Tartuffe. Paris: SEDES, 1994.

Review: P. Dostie in LR 49 (1995), 166–70: Three new explications de textes and a modified essay from his 1978 volume argue for "un retour aux sources" to correct a "profonde dégénérescence de l'esprit critique . . . sous l'influence d'un certain nombre de fausses doctrines . . . (le marxisme, le freudisme, le structuralisme, la sémiotique)." While finding his rhetoric disconcerting, D. appreciates his wit and lack of pretention. Among the directors targeted are: Roger Planchon, Jean-Paul Roussillon, Antoine Vitez and Jacques Lasalle.

Review: Fr.-X. Druet in EC 65 (1997), 253–254: P. takes issue with Mauron's homosexual reading of the play.

Review: M. S. Koppisch in ECr 36 (1996), 94–95: P.'s diatribes do little to advance critical discourse and his "approach adds little to our knowledge of the play." Readings/performances of Mauron, Planchon and others are so abhorrent, "how to explain . . . [their] popularity?", K. asks.

REY-FLAUD, BERNADETTE. Molière et la farce. Geneva: Droz, 1996.

Review: J. Emelina in PFSCL 24 (1997), 327–330: Reviewer is very skeptical of R.-F.'s attempt to shed light on the "système rigoureux" of the Molière farce.

RIGGS, LARRY W. "Dom Juan: the Subject of Modernity." ECr 36 (1996), 7–20.

R. demonstrates the mathematical rationalism of Dom Juan as he demonstrates his modernity. Considerations of speech, costume and themes of commodity/exchange undergird R.'s fine analysis.

SANKO, HELENE. "Considering Molière in Oyônô Mbia's Three Suitors: One Husband." ThR 21.3 (autumn 1996), 239–244.

"Given the powerful grip France held over the colonies, it is not surprising to find residual influence of France's theatrical culture on African drama...." S. traces the history of French schools in Africa, and the development of a francophone theatrical tradition. "Theatre in French speaking Africa is therefore a hybrid form. It focuses unmistakably on African issues, but French vision dominates much African theatre, in particular that of the pre colonial and early post colonial period." Oyônô Mbia would doubtless have studied Molière's oeuvre in school; S.'s reading compares Three Suitors: One Husband with L'Avare and Le Bourgeois gentilhomme. "As he brings to the stage a comedy with many Molièresque qualities, Oyônô Mbia is not imitating but problematizing Molière's theatre within the context of cultural exchange between Africa and France."

SCHLOSSMAN, BERYL. "Transports of Love: Desire, Image, and the Object in Molière's Dom Juan." MLN 111 (1996), 918–37.

The Freudian concept of the split between love and desire and the Lacanian theory of the two kinds of jouissance and of the space and image of the Other "provide a framework for understanding what is at stake in the major elements that shape Dom Juan, including Sganarelle's comic condemnation of his master, Doña Elvire's magic lamentation of love, and Dom Juan's rhetoric of seduction." S. cites the dramatist's "innovative use of language [which] shapes the play's articulations of love, desire, and death."

SHEVTSOVA, MARIA. "Sociocultural Analysis: National and Cross Cultural Performance." ThR 22.1 (1997), 4–18.

A Bakhtinian performance analysis of Molière's Dom Juan (directed at the Comédie-Française in 1993 by Jacques Lassalle), Doutreligne's Don Juan d'origine and Chekhov's The Three Sisters. "All three productions show ... how sociocultural analysis is contingent on the context defined by the production. Bakhtin's term for this idea of context is 'chronotrope'.... These productions show, in fact, how their chronotropes are double layered. There is the chronotrope defined by and inscribed in the mise en scène being performed; and there is the time place of the production.... However, the overlay between the sociocultural signs of the two chronotropes is strong enough to create a community of understanding or dialogical relationship between stage and spectators, the sign meanings passing between them constituting the performance action as such. In addition, each production's double chronotrope calls upon a different notion of culture. Lassalle's Dom Juan refers to what might well be called a national culture." "Lassalle's mise en scène is socioculturally specific in that all its signs clearly indicate Molière's France." "Everything pertaining to Molière's social context, and to which dialogue refers explicitly or implicitly, communicates sense and meaning whose historical implications are not developed." "However, when Seweryn [the actor playing Dom Juan] quite deliberately distances himself from the stage action and addresses the audience, he cuts the connection with the past and speaks of hypocrisy, the lack of trust, principle and ethics, and so on, from the vantage point of the present for today....

STEINBERGER, DEBORAH. "Molière and the Domestication of French Comedy: Public and Private Space in L'Ecole des Femmes." CdDS 6.2 (Fall 1992) 131–39.

Article deals with the "changes in configuration of social space . . . where we find a shift of the predominant setting from the public square to the domestic interior." This shift is due to developments such as "the growth of literacy and new forms of piety," as well as the movement toward "the sentimental and moral in comedy." From a textual standpoint, the article focuses on the "maximes du mariage" scene.

SWEETSER, MARIE-ODILE. "Naissance fortuite et fortunée d'un nouveau genre: Les fâcheux." Car demeure l'amitié. Mélanges offerts àClaude Abraham. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 102 (1997), 87–98.

Studies the melding of comedy and ballet in Molière's first play of that genre.

VIALA, ALAIN. "Molière et le langage galant." Car demeure l'amitié. Mélanges offerts àClaude Abraham. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 102 (1997), 99–109.

Studies Molière's place within a social movement, galantery, that existed between 1653 and 1673.

WHITTON, DAVID. Molière, Dom Juan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Review: D. Shaw in MLR 91 (1996), 988–89: Scholarly study affords " a celebration of the play's uncomfortable greatness from the angle of performance: it examines ways in which the text has been variously interpreted at the hands of different directors and in a variety of contexts, from pre-revolutionary St. Petersburg to post-communist Prague, as well as at the Comédie-Française."

• See French 17 (1995).

WOLFE, KATHRYN WILLS. "Contesting Authority in Molière's Tartuffe: The Role of the Pedantic Characters." CdDS 6.2 (Fall 1992) 140–51.

Article disputes arguments by critics such as Philip Butler and John Cairncross that Cléante's apologetic distinction between the "faux dévots" and the "vrais dévots" was, to use Cairncross's term a "laborious tirade" added to the final version of the play to silence Molière's detractors. W. sees Cléante's speech in terms of a sophisticated rhetorical strategy in which the "vrais dévots" suggest the "existence of an absolute ideal order" that is threatened by the corruption of the "faux dévots." This speech highlights the focus of the play, i.e., the portrayal of the "directeur de conscience." In this vein, W. points out the ironic rivalry between Tartuffe and Cléante who vie for the title of Orgon's "directeur de conscience."

• See also Part I:  Chartier, Roger
• Part II:  Kolb, Jocelyne
• Part IV:  Banderier, Gilles
• Beugnot, Bernard
• Carlson, Marvin
• Clavilier, Michèle
• Duchêne, Roger
• Friedeman, Joe
• George, David J.
• Gethner, Perry
• Greenberg, Mitchell
• Hilgar, Marie-France
• Livingston, Paisley
• May, Georges
• Pommier, René
• Rosso, Corrado
• Rubin, David L.
• Stone, Harriet
• Veltrusky, Jarmita
• Part V:  BEROALDE DE VERVILLE; Beroalde de Verville

MONTAIGNE

GRAY, FLOYD. Montaigne bilingue: le latin des Essais. Paris: Libraire Honoré Champion, 1991.

Review: James Hirstein in EMF 2 (1996) 182–86: Reviewer states that "in general the book itself reads well and convincingly." Among the highlights of the book are its third chapter which "presents fascinating evidence for Montaigne's practice of changing the quotations for various purposes," as well as a chapter entitled "Eros et l'Ecriture," where M. "seeks to live his erotic past through literature." Although H. does challenge some of Gray's conclusions, he calls the work "interesting," and generally believes it to be persuasive.

• See also Part IV:  Millet, Olivier

NICOLE

• See Part III:  Kremer, Elmar
• Part IV:  Charron, Jean
• Part V:  PASCAL; Cantillon, Alain

NUYSEMENT

GUILLOT, ROLAND, éd. Clovis Hesteau de Nuysement. Les Oeuvres poétiques, livres I et II. Genève: Droz, 1994.

Review: K. Baldinger in ZRP 112 (1996), 635–38: With foreward by Gisèle Mathieu Castellani, G.'s edition is judged solid, with bibliography. Reviewer would appreciate a modern edition of book III as well. Useful for scholars of poetry, philosophy, and alchemy.

• See French 17 (1996).

OUDIN DE PREFONTAINE, CESAR FRANÇOIS

ENCKELL, PIERRE. "Dans les rues du XVIIe siècle." RDM (avril 1997), 160–64.

Discussion de L'orphelin infortuné, un roman quelque peu autobiographique situé dans la veine comique et réaliste de Scarron, Cyrano, Furetière, et Sorel. Dans cet ouvrage qui a apparu en 1660 (rédition 1991), Oudin "fait de l'enfance et l'apprentissage le sujet même de son livre, et met son héros dans la rue, au milieu du petit peuple. Peu d'écrivains avant Dickens ont su parler des enfants maltraités, de la faim obsessionnelle, de l'exploitation des jeunes, du 'collier de misère', comme le dit Oudin."

PALATINE

• See Part II:  Kramer, Johannes
• Rouben, César
• Part III:  Hersche, Peter

PASCAL

AHMED, EHSAN. "Pascal, the Pensées and the Figure of the Lamb: A Physiognomy." Neophil 80 (1996), 29–40.

Convincingly a "unified order" of Pascal's in which he "create[s] a system of Western morality from worlds of fragments and contradictions." Following Giovanni Battista della Porta's claim that "modern physiognomy involves the comparative study of human and animal proportions," A. asserts that "P. becomes a lamb" and that "the meaning of the author . . . discovers itself through this figure of Christ in the text."

BOUCHILLOUX, HELÈNE. "La méthode démonstrative comme résidu de l'art de persuader." RSH 244 (1996), 117–137.

Asks, "Que signifie la reprise des réquisits de la méthode géométrique dans la seconde partie de l'opuscule De l'art de persuader, reprise qui s'accompagne... d'une critique de la logique formelle? Nous intéressera uniquement la question du sens des deux opuscules compte tenu de leur imbrication réciproque manifestée à la fois par leur contenu et par la structure d'exposition de ce contenu...." Presents three arguments: (1) "l'opuscule De l'esprit géométrique présente non seulement les réquisits de la méthode géométrique, mais encore et surtout les réquisits de ce que Pascal nomme 'esprits de netteté'...;" (2) "cet 'esprit de netteté' qui, en droit, excède l'exercice de la géométrie et vaut pour tous les autres discours, se trouve pourtant cantonné, en fait, dans l'exercice de la géométrie, tous les autres discours étant affectés d'une irrémédiable confusion que la géométrie seule parvient à éviter et à dénoncer tout ensemble;" (3) "il faut replacer la réflexion de Pascal sur la méthode démonstrative dans le cadre plus large de sa réflexion sur l'art de persuader et montrer que la méthode géométrique devient... la terme résiduel d'un art de persuader entièrement ruiné par le péché."

CANTILLON, ALAIN, DANIEL ARASSE, GIOVANNI CARERI, DANIELE COHN, PEIRRE-ANTOINE FABRE, et FRANCOISE MARIN, éds. Louis Marin: Pascal et Port-Royal. Paris: Bibliothèque du Collège international de philosophie, 1997.

Review: BCLF 581 (1997), 477: Recueil d'articles publiés par Louis Marin entre 1976 et 1993 sur Pascal, Arnauld, et Nicole qui traitent de thèmes essentiels: "comment étudier Pascal, quel statut peut avoir la peinture, quelles sont les conditions d'existence des signes, etc."

DESCOTES, DOMINIQUE. "Arithmétique et littérature: le Potestatum numericarum Summa." RSH 244 (1996), 53–79.

D. maintains that the Potestatum numericarum Summa "se révèle très instructif sur la méthode de Pascal: on y voit à l'oeuvre le 'rhétoricien de la géométrie,' en une période déterminante dans sa formation d'écrivain." D. provides an extensive mathematical and stylistic explication of the treatise, including remarks regarding the treatise's translation into French, and concluding that "le Potestatum numericarum Summa porte la marque d'une période de transition au cours de laquelle Pascal hésite sur la nature de la littérature mathématique. Le souci littéraire est déjà sensible dans sa structure interne et dans son intégration progressive au Triangle arithmétique. Mais il est significatif que si, dès le commencement, Pascal a composé ses traités de physique en français, il estime encore ... que pour la théorie des nombres, cette langue ne vaut rien au regard du latin... l'impression en français marque pourtant une évolution qui doit sans doute beaucoup à la découverte des problèmes d'expression posés par la 'géométrie du hasard'."

GALLUCCI, JOHN A. "Entre copie et autographe: le texte des Pensées de Pascal." TL 9 (1996), 65–74.

G.'s focus is the importance of the two copies of the Pensées made after P.'s death by the Périer family. Convincingly supports a "leçon des copies" for the reading of P., in particular for sections such as "Contrariétés." In the light of the "leçon de la Seconde Copie," P.'s argumentation becomes stronger, more lucid, and the apologetic intent clearer. The first copy confirms this "leçon" and reveals significant liberties taken by Port-Royal editors.

GRAY, MARGARET E. "Pascal in the Bathtub: Parodying the Pensées." SYM 51 (1997), 20–29.

Examination of the intertextual standing of Belgian novelist Jean-Philippe Toussaint's La Salle de bain (1985) to Pascal's Pensées. Gray contends that "the standard critical readings of this novel are insufficient. For critics have missed its specifically Belgian pointedness, its uncomfortable dig at French hegemonic assumptions." The author sees Pascalian anxiety, alienation, and despair in the novel and considers it "a sober and sobering parody of the Pensées."

HAMMOND, NICHOLAS. Playing with Truth: Language and the Human Condition in Pascal's Pensées. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.

Review: M. Sauret in RenQ 49 (1996), 634–35: H.'s focus is how P.'s language operates within the text's structure. Careful analyses into key words such as "inconstance," "ennui," "inquiétude," "bonheur," "félicité," and "justice" are complemented by insights into themes. Judged ambitious, successful and erudite.

• See French 17 (1996, 1995).

HARRINGTON, THOMAS MORE. "Dieu comme objet de connaissance chez Pascal." RSH 244 (1996), 31–51.

To understand Pascal's "recherche ... d'une connaissance profonde de soi-même," H. begins with "un bref inventaire des moyens de connaissance qu'il [Pascal] attribue à l'homme." The three principle means are: le corps, l'esprit and le coeur, examined here in detail. H. then presents "les quatre conceptions de Dieu" presented in the Pensées: le Dieu Créateur, le Dieu Souverain Bien, le Dieu des Juifs and le Dieu des Chrétiens. H. concludes: "Sans une grâce spéciale qui transforme le coeur, la connaissance de la nature et de l'existence de Dieu reste toujours, chez l'homme, une croyance de l'esprit, une connaissance indirecte puisque raisonnée et fondée sur des arguments essentiellement négatifs ou analogiques.... Moyennant une grâce spéciale qui transforme le coeur, la connaissance de l'existence, mais non de la nature, du Dieu des Chrétiens devient, dans la foi divine, directe et incontestable.... Une seconde grâce spéciale, celle...de l'expérience mystique, apporte ici-bas une connaissane directe et incontestable de la nature du Dieu des Chrétiens, cette seconde connaissance n'étant accordée, le plus souvent, qu'après la Mort.... Si la foi humaine que Pascal essaie de susciter chez son lecteur est en soi inutile pour le salut, elle sert, en revanche, à ouvrir, dans une mesure finie, la voie infinie qui mène à la foi divine."

JAOUEN, FRANÇOISE. "Pascal et l'esprit de la géométrie." L'esprit en France au XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 101 (1997), 113–127.

Asks how Pascal could hold géométrie in such high and low esteem: "Les Pensées seraient ainsi, non pas une tentative d'appliquer la méthode géométrique à l'apologétique, mais le témoignage d'un effort d'en conserver l'esprit pour essayer de prendre une autre mesure du monde à partir d'un point de vue qui oscille entre le collectif et le neutre, de tracer une autre géométrie fondée sur les notions d'égalité et de proportion, afin d'esquisser les contours d'une communauté humaine."

KOCH, EREC. Pascal and Rhetoric: Figural and Persuasive Languages in the Scientific Treatises, the Provinciales and the Pensées. EMF Monographs. Charlottesville, VA: Rookwood Press, 1997.

K. re-evaluates sign and referent, passion and cognition, tropes, and truth through the application of speech-act theory and pragmatics.

LEDUC-FAYETTE, DENISE. Pascal et le mystère du mal. La clef de Job. Paris: Cerf, 1996.

Review: BCLF 580 (1997), 210: "Ce n'est donc ou d'abord pas un Pascal philosophe, un Pascal mystique ou apologiste que l'auteur présente, mais un Pascal bibliste qui permet de relier les différents aspects de sa réflexion thélogique et de ses nombreuses controverses." Reprise d'une thèse de doctorat soutenue en 1993.

LEDUC-FAYETTE, DENISE, éd. Pascal au miroir du XIXe siècle. Actes du colloque organisé par le Centre d'Etude des Philosophes Français tenu à la Sorbonne, Paris IV. Paris: Mame, 1993.

Review: H. Savon in RBPH 73 (1995), 1163–65: "Cette réception prend des formes diverses. Il y a des éditeurs, les commentateurs et les historiens, ceux enfin, théologiens ou philosophes, qui rencontrent Pascal simplement parce qu'ils reprennent les mêmes thèmes ou s'efforcent de répondre aux mêmes questions. "

LEPINE, JACQUES-JUDE. "De la pensée de la mort à la descente aux enfers: Pour une étude d'ensemble sur Pascal et le christianisme orthodoxe." PFSCL 24 (1997), 175–187.

Traces the common points between Pascal's "conception de l'individu, du fait social, de l'histoire et de l'expérience religieuse" and Eastern Orthodoxy.

MCKENNA, ANTONY. "Deux termes-clefs du vocabulaire pascalien: idée et fantaisie." RSH 244 (1996), 103–116.

"Nous avons eu l'ambition ... [de remonter] au contexte intellectuel de la composition des Pensées et ... [de faire] le pari que les termes-clefs du vocabulaire pascalien, quelle que soit leur usure par la suite, avaient initialement un sens très précis, par lequel Pascal prenait position dans le débat entre Descartes et Gassendi, et, partant, que la psychologie pascalienne ainsi élaborée fondait une épistémologie cohérente et subtile." M. studies a subset of the 17 occurrences of idée or idées in the Pensées, as well as the few, but dense, references to fantaisie, particularly in terms of Montaigne's influence on Pascal as compared to that of Gassendi and Hobbes. M. concludes: "L'étude des termes idée et fantaisie, comme aussi celle du sentiment de l'amour, nous montre Pascal très conscient de l'héritage cartésien dans l'analyse psychologique des passions et très attentif aux conséquences des Objections que Gassendi opposait aux ambitions de la métaphysique cartésienne. Les termes-clefs du vocabulaire pascalien nous semblent ainsi tirer leur véritable sens, leur sens initial, du contexte intellectuel constitué par les débats autour de la 'nouvelle philosophie' et c'est leur connotation précise dans ce contexte qui, à nos yeux, donne à la psychologie pascalienne toute sa pertinence et toute sa profondeur."

MEURILLON, CHRISTIAN. "Mémoire et vérité: itinéraire pascalien." RSH 244 (1996), 139–157.

Examines "la notion de mémoire dans toute son étendue" in the Pensées "en choisissant de ne retenir que les aspects explicitement privilégiés par les textes de Pascal," namely, "la fonction de la mémoire dans la connaissance et ... sa place dans l'épistémologie pascalienne" and the "champs d'applications et [les] contenus dévolus à cette faculté." M. demonstrates that "conception épistémologique et projet apologétique amènent Pascal à privilégier une mémoire qui dépasse le sujet connaissant: de même que la vérité, la mémoire sera générale." "[La mémoire] se présente de fait surtout dans le cas des lumières surnaturelles, qui s'imposent ou devraient s'imposer à tous." However, "Dès lors ... qu'il s'agit non plus de la vérité en soi, mais de sa compréhension par qui la reçoit, Pascal met en garde contre la simple mémorisation d'une vérité littérale qui perd tout sens en dehors du mouvement non saisissable de la grâce qui en donne l'intelligence." Moreover, "l'accent reste mis sur une mémoire dont le caractère collectif et englobant (mémoire de l'Eglise) exclue les prétentions de l'amour-propre individuel et, surtout, dont l'extériorité (mémoire nourrie par les lumières surnaturelles) garantisse le nécessaire abaissement de l'orgueil générique d'une humanité déchue." Memory is thus both positive and negative in Pascal: "En somme, Pascal invite à une pensée et à un usage dialectiques de la mémoire, seuls adaptés à la nature déchue de l'homme."

MICHON, HELENE. L'ordre du coeur: philosophie, théologie et mystique dans les Pensées de Pascal. Paris: Champion, 1996.

Review: D. Wetsel in PFSCL 24 (1997), 321–324: Author postulates that Pascal's apology would have used philosophical, theological and mystical discourses addressed respectively to the libertine, the heretic and the mondain. Reviewer calls this a "clef irremplaçable" for an understanding of the Pensées.

MICHON, HELÈNE. "Y a-t-il une science de l'homme?" RSH 244 (1996), 11–29.

Studies the place of the "sciences de l'homme"(l'histoire, la morale, la politique et la médecine) in the Pensées, but concludes that "S'il y a des connaissances certaines pour Pascal, elles ne sauraient relever que de la géométrie ou de la théologie." Asking, "Qu'est-ce qu'une science?" Michon asserts that "toute connaissance humaine se situe pour Pascal entre la confusion et l'ordre." However, it is "à partir de l'état de confusion principielle [que] l'homme a construit un ordre;" "il y a science dès qu'il y a ordre, lequel est parfaitement compatible avec l'incomplétude qui caractérise le discours humain." "Si la science se définit comme la victoire de l'ordre sur la confusion, si elle suppose la présence de vérités fondamentales dont l'homme ne saurait rendre raison, alors nous pouvons avancer qu'au même titre que la géométrie ou la théologie, il y a dans l'Apologie la présence d'une véritable science de l'homme. Le fossé qui séparerait alors celle-ci des deux autres serait l'obscurité du fondement..." (both in geometry and in theology). "La véritable distinction qui existe entre les sciences n'est certainement pas pour Pascal la distinction entre sciences de la nature et sciences de l'homme, mais entre sciences de l'homme et science de Dieu." M. highlights "l'homogénéité du savoir humain par rapport au savoir divin." "Toute science de l'homme dans l'Apologie oscille entre ces deux possibilités: se constituer de façon autonome par rapport à la science divine et se voir qualifier [sic] alors de 'fausse image;' exister de manière instable en possédant fondements et aboutissement hors de soi-même, dans la Révélation chrétienne." Concludes with discussion of the role of le coeur in Pascal's apology: "Réceptable, il est également la faculté qui, en l'homme, appréhende Dieu." "Deux conditions s'avèrent donc indispensables pour que s'élabore une véritable science de l'homme. Ne pas tenter de la constituer en marge de la foi... et l'établir selon l'ordre du cœur, en la rapportant toujours à son véritable fondement. La première condition se réfère à son lieu d'énonciation, la seconde à sa méthode d'exécution."

MOROT-SIR, EDOUARD. La raison et la grâce selon Pascal. Paris: PUF, 1996.

Review: BCLF 581 (1997), 314: Etude posthume dans laquelle l'auteur "excelle à faire dialoguer Pascal et des témoins de ce XXe siècle: Beckett, Wittgenstein, et même des athées déclarés tels Sartre, Camus, et Bataille en qui on peut décéler la trace de l'auteur des Pensées."

PLAINEMAISON, JACQUES. "Le combat pour la vérité: du 'désir de la connaître et de la défendre' à l'assurance de la victoire." RSH 244 (1996), 179–184.

Argues that, "dans la guerre contre les Jésuites, Pascal substitue à la 'patience' consécutive, pour le chrétien, à l'ignorance dans laquelle il est de l'issue, et même de la légitimité du combat, des accents de triomphe qui s'expliquent par la certitude de la victoire finale." In the defense of liberty, the Christian, according to Pascal, must not think of the end result, as it depends on the will of God. "L'optimisme montré par Pascal dans les Provinciales est donc celui du combattant qui, au plus fort de la bataille, puise dans sa foi en Dieu la certitude de la victoire finale, une victoire que, seule, 'la miséricorde de Dieu,' et non 'sa justice,' garantit."

SHIOKAWA, TETSUYA. "Justus ex fide vivit et fides ex auditu: deux aspects de la foi dans l'apologétique pascalienne." RSH 244 (1996), 159–178.

Positing that Pascal "réfléchit de façon radicale sur le sens et la possibilité mêmes de... la tentative de persuader humainement de la foi," S. interrogates the usefulness of the notion of faith in apologetic writing, as well as faith as a "principe de la connaissance" in the 18th Provinciale and the preface of the Traité du vide, and the place of faith and reason in Pascal's apology. S. concludes, "La mission de l'apologiste selon Pascal serait alors de prouver 'par raisonnement' le bien-fondé de la 'foi divine'... [L']originalité de la tentative pascalienne consiste précisément à faire accepter de façon humaine la foi divine, en la citant au tribunal de la raison... [P]our Pascal apologiste, il n'y a aucune autorité, même divine, qui échappe à l'examen de la raison, car c'est bien l'enjeu de son acte persuasif envers ses lecteurs qui n'admettent pas l'autorité-crédibilité du message chrétien."

THIROUIN, LAURENT. "Montaigne, 'demi-habile'? Fonction du recours à Montaigne dans les Pensées." RSH 244 (1996), 81–102.

"Je souhaiterais... considérer le jugement de Pascal sur l'auteur des Essais, reprendre le paradoxe sur lequel depuis trois siècles bute la critique: comment un écrivain exerçant une telle influence sur un successeur peut-il être apprécié avec cette sévérité par son descendant, qui se trouve aussi manifestement dans la position de débiteur? Ou plus exactement, comment Pascal peut-il porter sur le même Montaigne des jugements aussi contradictoires?" Rather than demonstrating parallels between Montaigne's and Pascal's works, H. proposes to "confronter véritablement des pensées" as well as "des lieux communs aux deux auteurs" in order to "apprécier leur divergence." T. concludes: "L'auteur des Essais n'a sans doute jamais été mieux exaucé que par Pascal, qui reprend ses exemples, ses raisonnements, ses mots même, mais à des fins propres, et dans un sens éventuellement contraire. La fécondité d'un dialogue entre deux esprits se traduit selon Montaigne par un phénomène d'appropriation... [N]on content de piller l'auteur des Essais, Pascal le critique encore, avec rudesse, en dépit de ce qu'il lui doit. Il s'est approprié Montaigne" according to Montaigne's own instructions to future writers, "Qu'il oublie hardiment, s'il veut, d'où il les tient, mais qu'il se les sache approprier (Essais I,26)."

TOBIN, RONALD W. "Pascal and the Jews." Car demeure l'amitié. Mélanges offerts àClaude Abraham. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 102 (1997), 111–118.

"What shines through his apology . . . is compassion, in the etymological sense of having the capacity to suffer with others."

WETSEL, DAVID. Pascal and Disbelief: Catechesis and Conversion in the Pensées. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1994.

Review: N. Hammond in MLR 91 (1996), 990–91: Invaluable scholarly work whose first three chapters "are concerned largely with other writers whose thinking represented either directly or indirectly a threat to Pascal's defence of the Christian religion." Final two chapters are devoted to "a consideration of the different kinds of unbeliever for whom Pascal was writing his Apology." Reviewer's only regret is that W. "does not take into account those important fragments (such as 532 and 696 in the Lafuma numbering) where Pascal stresses the new way in which he intended to order his work."

• See French 17 (1996).

ZAISER, RAINER. "L'esprit de géométrie et l'esprit de finesse: le Mémorial de Pascal entre épiphanie de Dieu et création littéraire." L'esprit en France au XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 101 (1997), 129–136.

Concludes that in the text only the esprit de finesse and not the esprit de géométrie leads to revelation.

• See also Part III:  Bury, Emmanuel
• Elm, Kaspar
• Henaf, Marcel
• Van Eck, Caroline
• Part IV:  Bury, Emmanuel
• Charron, Jean
• Ganault, Joël
• Jaoüen, Françoise
• Stone, Harriet

PASCAL, FRANÇOISE.

STEINBERGER, DEBORAH. "Wit and Wisdom in Françoise Pascal's Le commerce du Parnasse." L'esprit en France au XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 101 (1997), 231–238.

Argues that P.'s collection of letters is a response to similar works by Guilleragues and Villedieu.

PEIRESC

LHOTE, JEAN-FRANÇOIS et DANIELLE JOYAL, éds. Correspondance de Peiresc et Aléandro, I (1616–1618). Clermont-Ferrand: Adosa, 1995.

PERRAULT

LEWIS, PHILIP. Seeing Through the Mother Goose Tales: Visual Turns in the Writings of Charles Perrault. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1996.

Review: M. P. Davies in JES 26 (1996), 486–487: In the first part of this study, "L. suggests connections between Perrault's theoretical and polemical writings and the Contes. This connection lies in a certain turn of mind which characterizes Perrault's manipulation of contemporary thought." L. discusses Perrault's responses to Descartes, Boileau and Racine, with a focus on Perrault's "simultaneous resistance to and assimilation of his opponent's position," a "compromise formation which is grounded in the visual." L. then traces this "compromise formation" in the Contes. "The merit and innovation of this approach is in bringing together the two aspects of Perrault's work the theory and the Contes usually considered separately.... This makes for some startling new interpretations of familiar titles."

Review: R. Howells in MLR 92 (1997), 727–29: Impressive literary-critical study in two parts: the first section affords an analysis of Perrault's responses to three 17th-century topoi (the Cartesian cogito; the sublime; the cult of the Sun King); the second section contains close textual readings of selected fairy-tales.

Review: E. R. Koch in Choice 34.8 (1997), 1344: "This pathbreaking work tackles the challenging thought of Charles Perrault and discovers the important underlying unity of the works of this prominent 17th century intellectual, propagandist of the monarchy, advocate of the moderns, and author of the Contes. The first part of the study examines Perrault's compendious writings on thought, aesthetics, and language. Lewis traces Perrault's resistances, appropriations, and displacements of the concepts of writers such as Descartes, Boileau, and Racine and establishes in Perrault a practice of compromise grounded in the priority accorded to visual representaiton. The second part of the study is made up of rich interpretations of Perrault's tales through the optic established in part 1; that is, the troping of ideas and language into images and visualizations. This remarkable and important study reclaims Perrault from folklorists and formalists for 17th century studies. It is a landmark work that presents both a new vision of 17th century intellectual history and also important new readings of Perrault's tales."

PIERRE DE CROIX

DONALDSON EVANS, LANCE K. Pierre de Croix. Le miroir de l'amour divin. Genève: Droz, 1990.

Review: F. Wolfzettel in ZRP 112 (1996), 798–99: Welcome edition of this little known poet of Lille (last edition was the 1608 Douai). D. E., whose earlier publications (AJFS 9.2 1972 , 105–116 and RHLF 1976, 20–28) had introduced us to the poet, provides a modern edition with introduction, situating the poet both in the line of the Pléiade and subsequent baroque tradition of devotional poets such as Sponde and La Ceppède. Reviewer would have appreciated more ample notes and introduction.

POULAIN DE LA BARRE

CLARKE, DESMOND M.,trans., intro., annot. Poulain de la Barre. The Equality of the Sexes. Manchester and New York: Manchester UP, 1990.

Review: B. Hill in RenQ 49 (1996), 168–69: Succeeding in its aim of readability, C.'s translation is accompanied by a useful introduction which analyzes P.'s work in relation to the 16th and 17th c. debate on women's role in society.

POUSSIN

CHOMER, GILLES et SYLVAIN LAVESSIERE. Autour de Poussin. Catalogue de l'exposition présentée au musée du Louvre, 19 oct. 1994–16 janv. 1995. Paris: Réunion des musées nationaux, 1994.

Review: BCLF 577 (1996), 1914: "En marge de la remarquable exposition Poussin organisée au Grand-Palais en 1994, dans le cadre des manifestations célébrant le quatrième centenaire de sa naissance, ce dossier du département des Peintures se propose un objectif double: combler les vides du Louvre occasionnés par le déplacement des tableaux au Grand-Palais, mais également se pencher sur ces quelques cas d'école, tels que influences, diffusion d'un style ou transmission de l'idéal poussinesque en France et en Italie."

• See also Part II:  Carrier, David
• Cropper, Elizabeth
• Laneyrie-Dagen, Nadeije
• Morel, Renée
• Murray, Timothy
• Part IV:  Beugnot, Bernard
• Riffaud, Alain
• Part V:  LA ROCHEFOUCAULD; Hodgson, Richard

PRADON, JACQUES

• See Part IV:  Bray, Bernard
• Part V:  BERNARD, CATHERINE; Piva, Franco

PREVOST

LAZZANO-WEIS, CAROL M. Confused Epiphanies: L'abbé Prévost and the Romance Tradition. New York: Peter Lang, 1991.

Review: English Showalter in EMF 2 (1996) 237–40: S. states that this work is an "intelligent and original study" which attempts to "explain Prévost's implausible plots and reliance on providential coincidences . . . and his failure to create characters who learn from their experiences." The work "makes a strong case for the persistence of the romance tradition," but its "weakness," according to reviewer, "is that it takes the genre as an end in itself."

QUINAULT

CAMPION, EDWARD. "Wit and Comic Gestures in 'Le Docteur de verre,' Act III from Philippe Quinault's La Comédie sans comédie." CdDS 6.2 (Fall 1992) 55–63.

C. begins by stating that most of Quinault's comdies have been overlooked. He then discusses the "Docteur de verre" within the context of the "play written within the play," and makes several comparisons with Corneille's L'illusion comique, and Rabelais's Panurge. Q.'s humor depends on "word play and visual gestures," while the play itself deals with marriage, hypochondria, and paternal authority.

• See also Part II:  Cameron, Keith
• Norman, Budord
• IV:  Gethner, Perry
• Maskell, David
• Part V:  LULLY; Thomas, Downing A.

RACINE

CAMPBELL, JOHN. "Tragedy and Time in Racine's Mithridate. MLR 92 (1997), 590–98.

Author explores in Mithridate a radically different temporal perspective and rejects critical thinking which views the work as flawed or less tragic in focus than other plays in the Racinian corpus. "It is a play about death and the denial of time. It concerns not just a physical death, but the death of a desire for domination pursued in full flight from that most implacable of enemies: present reality."

CHEYNS, ANDRE. "Racine héritier de la Grèce dans Iphigénie: les personnages d'Eriphile et d'Agamemnon." LR 50 (1996), 3–35.

Limiting himself to a study of two characters, one a creation of R. and the other imposed by tradition, C. demonstrates the breadth of R.'s "culture grecque solide." Judicious analyses of etymology, original sources and secondary materials. Carefully outlines distinctions such as paternal love in Euripides and in Racine. C. concludes that R.'s interpretation demonstrates "une grande finesse" as he seeks support from the ancients, respecting their culture while radically altering, for example, the psychology of Agamemnon.

FORMAN, EDWARD. "Spirit, Will and Autonomy in Racine's Later Tragedies." L'esprit en France au XVIIe siècle. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 101 (1997), 273–281.

Examines themes of self-control: "Racinian characters are particularly aware of the fear that if they do not control their consciousness, something else will, and they are therefore particularly prone to the sensation that some outside force has indeed seized hold of them . . . ."

GILLE, CHAUDRON. "The Tie that Binds: Woman's Blood as Social Contract." CdDS 6.2 (Fall 1992) 179–89.

G. discusses the parallel between the marriage altar and sacrificial altar as the symbolic binding of men "based on rights to a woman's body, and ultimately, the shedding of her blood by the consummation of their marriage or her death as a sacrificial victim." Applying this framework to Racine's Iphigénie, G. states, "It is no accident that the events which take place in the play have Helen's marriage as their starting point and end with the death of Eriphile." G. focuses on "the case of mistaken identity" that is "the identification of Eriphile as Iphigenia." Eriphile's "rejection" of this identification is manifested by her suicide, which G. interprets as "an act of self-determination," that "guard[s] her identity from its appropriation by the community."

GREGOIRE, VINCENT. "Bruits et rumeurs dans les tragédies de Racine." PFSCL 24 (1997), 383–394.

"L'immense force d'impact des bruits et des rumeurs dans les tragédies de Racine est due moins, en somme, à la crédibilité des nouvelles répandues qu'à la crédulité des protagonistes toujours prêts à ajouter foi à tout ce qui flatte leur désirs."

GUELLOUZ, SUZANNE, ed. Racine et Rome, Brittanicus, Bérénice, Mithridate. Orléans: Paradigme, 1995.

Review: J. Dubu in PFSCL 24 (1997), 612–613: A collection of articles intended for students taking the "concours d'agrégation." According to the editor, "Ce choix permet aussi de mesurer le chemin parcouru depuis que Mauron, Goldmann et Barthes ont renouvelé la lecture de Racine."

NORMAN, BUFORD. "Taking Things Into Your Own Hands: Phèdre on the Eighteenth-Century Operatic Stage." Car demeure l'amitié. Mélanges offerts àClaude Abraham. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 102 (1997), 125–137.

Compares and contrasts Racine and Pellegrin's works.

PHILLIPS, HENRY. Racine: Language and Theater. Durham: Universtiy of Durham, 1994.

Review: R. Parish in PFSCL 24 (1997), 324–325: According to reviewer, an excellent study of the "théâtralité du discours" in R.

PIEJUS, ANNE. "Esther, un modèle paradoxal de théâtre musical pour Saint-Cyr." PFSCL 24 (1997), 395–420.

"Bâtie sur un paradoxe social, Esther portait en elle les germes de sa condamnation, obligeant de fait les auteurs à venir à se démarquer d'elle."

POMMIER, RENE. Études sur Britannicus. Paris: SEDES, 1995.

Review: S. Goral in LR 50 (1996), 368–69: Notes the mastery, determination and irony of this essay which takes on structuralist interpretations as it illuminates the role of Néron.

• See French 17 (1996).

RONZEAUD, PIERRE, ed. Racine, Brittanicus. Paris: Klincksieck, 1995.

Review: J. Dubu in PFSCL 24 (1997), 612–613.

SCHRODER, VOLKER. "Politique du couple: amour réciproque et légitimé dynastique dans Britannicus." CAEIF 49 (1997), 455–91.

S. étudie la présence de la politique dans cette pièce et conclue que "...l'idylle du couple amoureux ne se situe pourtant pas en dehors des valeurs de la politique, mais constitue elle-même l'un des pôles du monde politique tel que le présente Racine."

VIALA, ALAIN and PIERRE RONZEAUD, eds. Les tragédies romaines de Racine. Paris: Klincksieck, 1996.

Review: J. Dubu in PFSCL 24 (1997), 612–613: A collection of essays that claims to depart from the critical errors of the past.

• See also Part II:  Goulemot, Jean-Marie
• McCabe, Richard A.
• Part IV:  Auchincloss, Louis
• Banderier, Gilles
• Berchtold, Jacques
• Bray, Bernard
• Charron, Jean
• Dubu, Jean
• Gelfert, Hans-Dieter
• Gutwirth, Marcel
• Hilgar, Marie-France
• Lockwood, R.
• Maskell, David
• Stone, Harriet
• Wood, Allen
• Part V:  BEROALDE DE VERVILLE; Beroalde de Verville
• PERRAULT; Lewis, Philip
• SALLEBRAY; Phillippo, Susanna

REGNARD, JEAN FRANÇOIS

MAZOUER, CHARLES, éd. Jean François Regnard. Le Légataire universel. La critique du Légataire. Genève: Droz, 1994.

Review: V. Mecking in RF 107 (1995), 490–92: Welcome and exemplary edition fills a gap in scholarship. Critical apparatus offers significant contributions to life and work, sources and language. Excellent section on bibliography.

• See French 17 (1996, 1995).

RICHELIEU, LOUIS FRANÇOIS ARMAND DU PLESSIS, DUC DE

PORQUEROL, ELISABETH, ed. Veritable vie privée du maréchal de Richelieu. Paris: Ed. du Promeneur / Gallimard, 1996.

Review: J. P. Enthoven in Le Point 1262 (1996), 111: Anonymous biography of the libertine Louis François Armand du Plessis, duc de Richelieu (1696–1788), nephew of the Cardinal. "[P]ublié, avec un immense retentissement, après sa mort. Ce livre picaresque et merveilleux mérite d'être lu come [sic] l'on visiterait une galerie d'exploits."

ROTROU

RAFFINOT, JEAN-PAUL. "Une innocence de la dualité: les femmes travesties dans les pastorales de Rotrou." Et In Arcadia Ego. Actes de Montréal. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 100 (1996), 233–240.

"D'Arcadie, R. a surtout conservé l'utopie amoureuse, . . . ."

• See also Part IV:  Stone, Harriet
• Veltrusky, Jarmita

SAGARD, GABRIEL

• See Part IV:  Pioffet, Marie-Christine and Réal Ouellet

SAINT AMANT

• See Part IV:  Aspley, Keith
• Rizza, Cecilia
• Rubin, David L.

SAINT-BALMON, MME DE

ABBOTT, CARMETA, HANNAH FOURNIER, and JEAN-PHILIPPE BEAULIEU. Alberte-Barbe d'Ernecourt (Mme de Saint-Balmon), Les jumeaux martyrs. Geneva: Droz, 1995.

Review: P. Gethner in PFSCL 24 (1997), 283: A fine edition of the religious tragedy written by the colorful military commander.

SAINT-EVREMOND

HOPE, QUENTIN. "Saint-Evremond and Bussy-Rabutin." PFSCL 24 (1997), 239–258.

Compares and contrasts the two individuals.

SAINT SIMON

MUSSO, PIERRE. Télécommunications et philosophie des réseaux. La postérité paradoxale de Saint Simon. Paris: PUF, 1997.

Review: J. N. Tronc in QL 718 (1997) 21: "Dans une analyse très critique du discours contemporain sur la régulation des réseaux de télécommunications, M. a voulu mettre à jour le concept de réseau chez Saint Simon et s'en munir comme d'un outil pour décrypter l'actualité immédiate.... Saint Simon a dégagé, selon l'auteur, une véritable philosophie des réseaux... dans laquelle un réseau, infrastructure technique, est non seulement le socle matériel de la société industrielle, mais aussi et surtout l'outil privilégié de la transformation sociale."

• See also Part II:  Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel
• Part IV:  Charron, Jean and Mary Lynne Flowers

SALLEBRAY

PHILLIPPO, SUSANNA and JAMES J. SUPPLE, eds. Sallebray, La Troade. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1996.

Review: A. Soare in PFSCL 24 (1997), 608–609: An edition whose introduction traces the theatrical evolution of the myth from Euripides to Racine and S.'s innovations. Reviewer welcomes the publication of this important play while criticizing some aspects of the edition, especially the poor quality of the French used in it.

SCALIGER

• See Part IV:  Grafton, Anthony

SCARRON

• See Part I:  Ballard, Michel
• Part IV:  Von Stackelberg, Jürgen

SCUDERY, GEORGE

• See Part IV:  Niderst, Alain
• Toczyski, Suzanne

SCUDERY, MADELEINE

• See Part IV:  Niderst, Alain
• Toczyski, Suzanne

SCUDERY, MARIE-MADELEINE

• See Part IV:  Niderst, Alain

SEGRAIS

• See Part IV:  Gaines, James

SEVIGNE

DUCHENE, ROGER, ed. Madame de Sévigné. Europe 801–802 (January-February 1996), 3–132.

Review: A. Couprie in PFSCL 24 (1997), 309–310: A rich collection of thirteen studies dealing with style, epistolary art, the writer's intellectual and esthetic biography, the relationship between mother and daughter and the reception of the Lettres.

• See also Part IV:  Plaisance, Daniel

SOREL

DE VOS, WIM. Le singe au miroir. Emprunt textuel et écriture savante dans les romans comiques de Charles Sorel. Leuven/Tübingen: Universitaire Pers-Gunter Narr Verlag, 1994.

Review: D. Bertrand in RSH 243 (1996), 183–184: "Désireux d'échapper à l'antagonisme trop strict entre roman comique et grand roman, W. De Vos se propose de restituer l'écriture romanesque de Sorel au coeur des débats poétiques de son temps. L'auteur centre son étude sur l'Histoire comique de Francion, abordant de façon plus succincte dans son dernier chapitre le Berger Extravagant et le Polyandre. L'étude de Wim De Vos se fonde sur le constat de l'omniprésence, tout au long du Francion, du thème de l'éloquence, justifiant une analyse métalittéraire du roman. L'occurrence du singe dans la narration de l'enfance de Francion est désignée comme la pierre angulaire de cette histoire comique: la dimension, du thème de l'éloquence, justifiant une analyse métalittéraire du roman. La dimension symbolique d'un tel animal est propice à représenter le processus de l'imitation.... Le décodage original que propose Wim De Vos soulève le problème des liens entre roman comique et allégorisme, question que suggérait déjà Sorel. L'intérêt de cette étude précise et érudite est de proposer une lecture cohérente de la dimension rhétorique et poétique sous-jacente dans le roman de Sorel."

Review: J. Serroy in PFSCL 24 (1997), 299–301: Author proposes that rhetoric is the magic key that opens all doors to an understanding of S. Reviewer states that "pour autant, son étude montre avec brio que, dans la composition du roman, la clef rhétorique occupe une place importante. Resterait à savoir si elle explique tout."

• See French 17 (1996).

GRAVINI, FAUSTA, ANNE SCHOYSMAN and ANNA LIA FRANCHETTI, eds. Charles Sorel, Histoire comique de Francion. Paris: Gallimard, 1996.

Review: R. Hodgson in PFSCL 24 (1997), 313–314: The first modern publication of the 1633 edition, although not a critical edition in the strict sense of the term. Preface, notes, glossary and selected bibliography.

HINDS, LEONARD. "The Comedy of Authorship in Charles Sorel's Le Berger extravagant." CdDS 6.2 (191–202).

Study centers on a fundamental problem in Sorel, i.e., that S. "refuses to acknowledge his texts as his own." According to H., this refusal evolves into a "deliberate effort to promote confusion concerning his authorship within the texts themselves." It is thus this "ambiguity of authorship" which becomes "the subject matter for literary comedy and social criticism in Le Berger extravagant, his novel Les Remarques, and his revision of L'Anti-roman. The techniques through which Sorel blurs authorial distinctions are those of mise en abyme, metalepsis and multiple attribution. In so doing, S. "manages to cover any trace of a single, unified, monologic author."

SPENCER, CATHERINE. "Jouvence du récit: Les métamorphoses d'Agathe dans Francion." CdDS 6.2 (Fall 1992) 213–222.

Spencer argues that Agathe's importance lies in her "identification comme la figure du corps textuel." She applies this notion to the relationship between Laurette and Agathe. In this relationship, the traditional antithesis "Vieille-Vierge" becomes irrelevant because "la vieille et la jeune se fondent en une même figure, celle du corps textuel." Relating this idea of the "corps textuel" to Barthes's notion of "Le plaisir du texte," Spencer analyzes the "récit d'Agathe," arguing that Agathe's stories are "histoires de langage," where "La mystification réside dans cette manipulation du langage et du contexte où il se déploie, manipulation qui permet de travestir la réalité, en faisant passer pour véritable ce qui n'est qu'illusion, trompe-l'oeil."

• See also Part IV:  Mandell, Laura

STOSKOPFF, SEBASTIEN

• See Part II:  Pierrard Jean
• Raillard, Georges

SULLY

BARBICHE, BERNARD and SEGOLENE DE DAINVILLE BARBICHE. Sully. Paris: Fayard, 1997.

Review by L. Theis in Le Point 1279 (1997), 102–103. Biography of De Sully (1559–1641), minister under Henri IV. "[B]iographie très précise..." which demonstrate's Sully's creation of the type of minister before Richelieu and Colbert. "A la fois seigneur solitaire et homme de réseaux que Bernard et Ségolène Barbiche démêlent avec dextérité, orgueilleux caractériel et ouvrier inlassable, attentif à construire une énorme fortune et gouvernant intègre, esprit fort en abstraction et ami sensible, provincial et centralisateur, Sully, au fond, incarne pleinement les conceptions contradictores que les Français se font de l'autorité et de la vertu."

TRISTAN L'HERMITE

CAHIERS TRISTAN L'HERMITE. Mézières-en-Issoire: Rougerie, 1996.

Review: BCLF 580 (1997), 43: "Le cahier 18 a pour thème 'Paysages tristaniens'." L'article de M. Chaillou "traite du paysage tristanien et de la pastorale en établissant des relations avec d'autres auteurs, notamment Th. de Viau." Le deuxième article est consacré aux "Principes de cosmographie;" le troisième à "La lyre ou le paysage bouleversé." L'analyse d'une lettre de Tristan par J-P. Chaveau est suivie de celle d'une tragédie de Tristan, Osman. En dernier lieu se trouve "un état de la bilbiographie tristanienne de 1993 à 1996."

CARRIAT, AMEDEE. "A la découverte de Tristan: les devanciers creusois de Bernardin." Car demeure l'amitié. Mélanges offerts àClaude Abraham. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 102 (1997), 139–144.

Documenting the author's life in the department of the Creuse.

DALLA VALLE, DANIELA. "Une relecture d'Osman." Car demeure l'amitié. Mélanges offerts àClaude Abraham. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 102 (1997), 155–170.

"La tragédie d'Osman, si une tragédie existe, se concrétise précisément ici: dans son isolement absolu du monde qui l'entoure, qu'il ne connaît pas et qui le détruit."

MURATORE, MARY JO. "The Gender of Truth: Rhetorical Privilege in Tristan L'Hermite's Mariane." Car demeure l'amitié. Mélanges offerts àClaude Abraham. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 102 (1997), 145–153.

"In his final repudiation of prior errors, Herode prefigures the poetic victory of the modernistic perspective, one that insists that the author speak sincerely and openly no matter how grisly the tenor, that he represent the personal and the subjective no matter how indecorous the subject, that he free himself from the fetters of convention."

• See also Part IV:  Aspley, Keith
• Cornilliat, François
• Von Stackelberg, Jürgen

VAN DYCK

• See Part II:  Pierrard, Jean

VAUVENARGUES

• See Part III:  Pages, Pierre

VIAU, THEOPHILE DE

DUCHÊNE, ROGER, ed. Théophile de Viau. Actes du colloque du CMR 17, offerts en hommage à Guido Saba. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 65 (1991).

Review: P. Dostie in LR 49 (1995), 158–62: These proceedings of the 1990 colloque at Marseille celebrate the 400th anniversary of V.'s birth and testify to the fine scholarship of Guido Saba which served to rehabilitate the poet. Excellent analyses by preeminent dix-septiémistes treat V.'s poetry, prose and theatre. Jean-Pierre Collinet's essay on V.'s associations with La Fontaine closes the volume.

SABA, GUIDO. "Pyrame et Thisbé de Théophile de Viau au XVIIe siècle." Car demeure l'amitié. Mélanges offerts àClaude Abraham. PFSCL/Biblio 17, 102 (1997), 171–182.

Studies the play's declining fortunes during the century.

• See also Part IV:  Aspley, Keith
• Rizza, Cecilia
• Part V:  BEROALDE DE VERVILLE; Beroalde de Verville

VILLEDIEU

EKSTEIN, NINA. "The Second Woman in the Theater of Villedieu." Neophil 80 (1996), 213–224.

E. reveals V.'s distinctiveness as she examines the second woman and the structural split linked to her presence. The original women characters in Manlius, Nitétis and Le Favori may be said to "call into question not only the value of the patriarchy, but also the conventions of the classical stage, particularly that of unity."

KLEIN, NANCY DEIGHTON. Selected Writings of Madame de Villedieu. New York: Lang, 1995.

Review: D. Shaw in MLR 92 (1997), 189–90: Welcome, if "slightly uneven," modern scholarly edition comprises "a sonnet, a tragi-comedy, a short story, two fables in verse, and a brief extract from her 'Amours des grands hommes'." Reviewer cites distracting misprints, excessive introductory quotations, some overstatement of Mme de Villedieu's importance in redefining "women's space in society" in the 1660's. "This volume amply demonstrates that Madame de Villedieu merits more attention that [sic] she usually receives. Her cause would have been furthered here by more systematic contextualization."

• See French 17 (1995).

PIOFFET, MARIE-CHRISTINE. "L'imaginaire de Madame de Villedieu ou le désir de s'affranchir des stéréotypes sexuels." PFSCL 24 (1997), 475–485.

"En atténuant les stéréotypes, la romancière parvient à intégrer dans le roman la dimension psychologique et bisexuelle de la nature humaine, que la tradition héroïque a trop longtemps ignoré."

• See also Part IV:  Von Stackelberg, Jürgen
• Part V:  PASCAL, FRANÇOISE; Steinberger, Deborah