FRENCH 17

• See French 17 (1993).

BLACK, JEREMY. European Warfare 1660–1815. London: UCL Press, 1994.

Review: H. Duchhardt in HZ 261 (1995), 923–24: Appreciated for its clarity of presentation and its dependable materials, B.'s volume offers both qualitative and quantitative analyses and a truly European perspective on the subject.

• See French 17 (1995).

BOALCH, DONALD H. Makers of the Harpsichord and Clavichord, 1440–1840. Ed. Charles Mould; with an index of technical terms in seven languages byAndreas H. Roth. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford UP, 1995.

Review: V. J. Panetta in Choice 33 (1996), 1608: P. explains that this is a "substantially expanded and reorganized" edition of a "venerable reference" (earlier editions were published in 1956 and 1974). In this edition, "the first [main section is] devoted to biographies of makers, the second setting forth the details of more than 2,000 surviving instruments." The editor "has assembled a wealth of additional data and commentary on individual instruments, supplied by informants from around the world. Unfortunately," says P., "the volume does not cover instruments by anonymous makers . . . , nor does it take into account all the important scholarship of the past two decades, yet the work is a unique and indispensable compendium."

BÖDEKER, HANS ERICH and ERNST HINRICHS, eds. Alteuropa - Ancien Régime - Frühe Neuzeit. Probleme und Methoden der Forschung. Stuttgart - Bad Cannstatt: Frommann - Holzboog, 1991.

Review: P. Fuchs in HZ 259 (1994), 491–93: Collection of essays based on an international and interdisciplinary colloquium in honor of Rudolf Vierhaus. Includes essays on French monarchy as well as political and social principles in France from 1680 to 1820.

BONNEY, RICHARD. The European Dynastic States, 1494–1660. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1991.

Review: H. Rabe in HZ 259 (1994), 198–201: Short on German language sources, this volume is part of the collection "Short Oxford History of the Modern World." Reliable and richly informative, the study's strong point is political and international relations. Also noteworthy analyses of systems of government, populations, economy and society, cultural and intellectual life.

BONNEY, RICHARD and MARGARET. Jean-Roland Malet, premier historien des finances de la monarchie française. Paris: Comité pour l'Histoire économique et financière de la France, 1993.

Review: Jacques Néré in BSHPF 140 (1994), 488–89: 67 tables and 98 figures reproduced that provide the figures for expenses and income under Louis XIII and XIV drawn up by this client of the Colberts and pioneer in statistics. Insists on the limited understanding of the concept of "national debt," generally, and even the reality status of fiscality. An important contribution with few if any antecedents.

BOUCHER, PHILIP P. Cannibal Encounters. Europeans and Island Caribs, 1492–1763. Baltimore/London: The Johns Hopkins UP, 1992.

Review: C. Schnurmann in HZ 261 (1995), 917–18: Colonial and metropolitan perspectives unite this interesting work which, although its title promises more than it delivers, is impressive for its extensive sources.

BOURGEON, JEAN-LOUIS. "Les 'Memoires' de Tavannes et la Saint-Barthélemy, mode d'emploi." BSHPF 142 (1996), 35–54.

Separates the life written in the 1620's by Jean de Tavannes of his father Gaspard from a series of the father's papers inserted into them that may serve (but have been overlooked) as historical documents. From these, B. publishes extracts and integrally a memoir of 22 Aug. 1572 significantly identifying the causes of the massacre. Follows up historian's research since 1989 and prefaces a work in progress.

BRADY, THOMAS A., JR., HEIKO A. OBERMAN and JAMES D. TRACY, eds. Handbook of European History 1400–1600. Vol. 1: Structures and Assertions. Leiden/New York/Köln: Brill, 1994.

Review: J. Petersohn in HZ 261 (1995), 817–19: Judged of certain interest, the volume nevertheless disappoints by its omission of numerous useful German language sources and its many printing errors. 17th c. scholars will want to note contributions on structures of everyday life, economics, rulers, popular beliefs, France from Charles VII to Henri IV, the art of war, taxation, and the sea. Includes indices of persons and places as well as appendices on coinage and on rulers from 1400–1650.

BRIGGS, ROBIN. "The Theatre State: Ceremony and Politics 1600–1660." SCFS 16 (1994), 15–33.

Discusses the complex interaction of ceremony, display, and politics for the period 1590s–1643. Reservations on interpretation of ceremonial by R. Giesey and S. Hanley. Endorses baroque description and finds especially useful H. Mechoulan's L'Etat baroque. Would-be revisionism with important distinctions that of necessity remain less than fully developed.

BROWN, JOHN RUSSELL, ed. The Oxford Illustrated History of Theatre. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.

Review: Felicia Hardison Londré in TJ 48 (1996), 394–95: The editor's "introduction clearly sets forth what he wants his theatre history to be: a telling of the story of theatre that will also serve as a celebration of the theatre's greatest achievements. The latter goal justifies his use of multiple voices to tell that story, as each of the sixteen authors decides individually 'what seems most vital in their various parts of the past. . . . The result," says L., "is an inviting work, broad in scope and refreshing in the ways it draws upon the present state of knowledge and upon the first hand experience of each author." According to L., Peter Thomson's chapter (on "English Renaissance and Restoration Theatre") "and the subsequent one by William D. Howarth on 'French Renaissance and Neo Classical Theatre' are perhaps the finest in the book for sheer readability and for the smooth incorporation of myriad details that make familiar material seem fresh."

BROWN, JONATHAN. Kings & Connoisseurs: Collecting Art in Seventeenth Century Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1995.

Review: Peter Burke in TLS 4840 (5 Jan 1996), 17: Lively and illuminating treatment of the "mega-collections" (1,500 or more paintings), curators, art dealers, which began as a series of lectures at the National Gallery (Washington). Richelieu, Mazarin, Louis XIV figure (with Charles I. Archduke Leopold, Philip IV). Considers Le Brun as a curator and Rubens as a dealer. Raising "awkward questions about art as a commodity is not the least of its merits." Fine illustrations (including nine paintings of collections themselves).

Review: P. Emison in Choice 33 (1996), 1112: "The Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts, delivered yearly at the National Gallery of Art, are extremely prestigious, and their published versions should be a regular acquisition by any library," says E. "This volume is, if anything, more lavish in its production than normal," according to the reviewer: "photographs, nearly half of them in color, are integrated with the text, and margins are generous." The author of this book "describes collecting in the English, Spanish, Flemish, and French courts during the 17th century, reminding us that paintings were less valuable than lace. His account sticks largely to the level of documented fact and . . . of facts directly related to art transactions; the intersections of this with the realities of political and religious turmoil are glossed over lightly."

BRYSON, NORMAN, MICHAEL ANN HOLLY, and KEITH MOXEY, eds. Visual Culture: Images and Interpretations. Hanover: UP of New England, 1994.

Review: Mary Ann Caws in SoAR 60.4 (1995), 143–44: Essays in this volume treat "the gendering of language and perception." C. states that ". . . the best of these essays and they are a very good group indeed concern themselves with not just gender, but the kinds, sites, and results of transactions between seer and seen." C. discusses Mieke Bal's essay on Rembrandt: "Since readers acquainted with Panofsky on Poussin's Et in Arcadia Ego will be harking back and forth, remembering that voice from the tomb (doubly), the echoes heard and hinted at compose one of the earthly delights of reading all these essays." M. A. Holly's essay "on 'Wollflin and the Imagining of the Baroque' about the baroque ness of W.'s conception and writing of art history sets forth the argument that works of art form the writing of their own inward history, reflecting on each other."

BULST, NEITHARD, ROBERT DESCIMON, and ALAIN GUERREAU, eds. L'Etat ou le roi. Les Fondations de la modernité monarchique en France (XIVe–XVIIe siècles). Paris: Eds. de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 1996.

Papers from 1991 conference organized according to rituals, clienteles, space. Contributions by A. Bourrau, A. Guery, P.S. Lewis, M. Greengrass, A. Guerreau, D. Nordman; introduction and conclusion by R. Descimon. Of particular interest: W. Beik, "A Social Interpretation of the Reign of Louis XIV."

CARRIER, HUBERT. La Presse de la Fronde (1648–1653) Les Mazarinades. Vol. I: La Conquête de l'opinion; Vol II: Les hommes du livre. Geneva: Droz, 1989–1991.

Review: Christian Jouhaud in Annales 49 (1994): Monumental work of 20 years on some 5,000 items provides invaluable storehouse of information. Especially valuable in vol. II with studies of authorship (although 80% remain intractably anonymous), production and diffusion. The notion of "professionnels de l'ecriture" now needs further elaboration on this evidence, as do "clienteles." Many reservations on vol. I, including naive urban psychology (not problematized) and general lack of a critical sense of methodology.

• See French 17 (1993, 1992, 1990).

CARR GOMM, SARAH. The Dictionary of Symbols in Western Art. Facts on File, 1995.

Review: G. M. Herrmann in Choice 33 (1996), 1088: According to H., this "dictionary is an authoritative and easy to use guide to common symbols , primarily Christian, found in Western art. Besides the alphabetically arranged entries on such subjects as saints, martyrs, and mythical characters, there are panels on such topics as the muses, the virtues, and the zodiac. . . . There are 160 line drawings. The dictionary includes a guide to its use and a thoughtful foreword. An index of artists, including dates of works mentioned and their locations, ends the book. . . . There is considerable overlap," says the reviewer, "with Jennifer Speake's The Dent Dictionary of Symbols in Christian Art . . . , but C. G.'s dictionary is geared toward a more general treatment of symbolism.

CHARTIER, ROGER. Forms and Meanings: Texts, Performances, and Audiences from Codex to Computer. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.

Review: R. Cormier in Choice 33 (1996), 1122–23: After noting that "C.'s previous studies have focused on cultural history and the impact of the printed word on early modern European thought," the reviewer states that ". . . this provocative yet modest tome may not reach its intended audience. With little warning," says Cormier, "the two middle chapters deal in great detail with the first representation of . . . George Dandin, offered at Versailles before Louis XIV in 1668. Using a strategy that studies the gaps, the forms, and the receptions in contemporary accounts, C. proposes a new and sociohistorically fuller reading of the play. He illustrates the practice of dedicating a literary work to a prince, then considers the multiple perspectives of writing and political power in the age of court patronage. His first chapter, 'Representations of the Written Word,' "promises much but disappoints," in the reviewer's opinion, "when it fails to distinctly establish the crucial link between 17th century comedy and the revolution of late 20th century electronic representation." Cormier says that "[T]he author has profited from the work of Elizabeth Eisenstein (The Printing Press as an Agent of Change . . .), among others, but ignores Norbert Elias's pertinent classic The Court Society, tr. by Edmund Jephcott . . . as well as Richard Lanham's provocative The Electronic Word: Democracy, Technology, and the Arts . . . ."

CHASTEL, ANDRE. French Art. Vol II: The Renaissance, 1430–1620. Trans.Deke Dusinberre. Paris: Flammarion, 1996.

Review: David Ekserdjian in TLS 4873 (23 Aug. 1996), 21: Posthumous publication without final fine-tuning by the author: "a good book that could have been better." Distinguishes the manuscript illuminations and the so-called minor arts (enamels and stained glass) but shorts sculpture in similar forms. Attributions and iconography are sometimes not fully up-to-date.

Review: C. W. Talbot in Choice 33 (1996), 1112: "This posthumous publication by the distinguished French art historian, who died in 1990, first appeared in 1994 under the title L'art français: temps modernes, 1430–1620. Flammarion is issuing C.'s lengthy but unfinished manuscript in four profusely illustrated volumes. This one was preceded in 1994 by French Art: Prehistory to the Middle Ages . . . . The other two, still in preparation, are announced to appear as 'Art under the Ancien Régime 1620–1775' and 'The Age of Eloquence 1775–1820.' The present volume covers a period of French art that has been relatively less accessible through publications in English," says T., "than is the case with the periods treated by the three companion volumes. Moreover," adds the reviewer, "C. was, above all, an authority on the Renaissance. For both reasons this volume provides an especially welcome introduction to the subject."

CHRISTOUT, MARIE-FRANÇOISE, ed. Saint-Hubert: La manière de composer et faire réussir les ballets. Geneva: Minkoff, 1993.

Review: Guy Boquet in RHT 185 (1995), 91–92: A laser reproduction of a modest opuscule (32 pages) by the enigmatic Saint-Hubert, published in 1641 by François Targa at the "Galerie du Palais": "Ancien danseur plus familier avec le ballet que des théoriciens comme l'Abbé de Pure ou le jésuite Ménétrier, Saint-Hubert écrit en praticien et semble avoir assez de connaissances en peinture". In her introduction, Françoise Christout summarizes the history of "ballet de cour." The reviewer makes no judgement.

CHRISTOUT, MARIE-FRANÇOISE. Le Ballet occidental: naissance et métamorphose (XVIe–XXe siècles). Paris: Desjonquères, 1995.

Review: Guy Boquet in RHT 187 (1995), 287–288: "Dans ce bref survol d'une longue histoire" the author "peut déceler une suite de cycles." Among these cycles, she examines the "ballet de cour" and the "comédie-ballet" of the French seventeenth century. In short, it is a "brillante synthèse aux illustrations bien choisies."

CITTON, YVES. Impuissances. Défaillances masculines et pouvoir politique de Montaigne à Stendhal. Paris: Aubier, 1994.

Review: M. Brix in RF 107 (1995), 204–05: Finds C.'s treatment of this theme which is significant if seemingly marginal from a literary point of view. Considers Bussy-Rabutin's Histoire amoureuse des Gaules.

CLARK, SAMUEL. State and Status: The Rise of the State and Aristocratic Power in Western Europe. Montreal: McGill Queen's UP, 1995.

Review: D. R. Scopp in Choice 33 (1996), 1002: The author "examines 'two large European zones, southern Britain and its peripheries and the Paris region with its peripheries,' thereby including smaller, but still significant European nations in this remarkably clear, cohesive, and genuinely comparative study." C. focuses on "the uneven pace of 'differentiation' the process whereby status becomes distinct 'from other kinds of power, especially economic, cultural, political, and military power.' As he traces this pattern, he considers other sociopolitical and even geographic variables associated with aristocratic status and power. By illustrating the blurring and shifting of these variables over time, C. provides," according to S., "a crisper, more refined, historically valid perspective on aristocratic roles in the early modern Western European state. Strongly recommended," adds the reviewer, for "[U]pper division undergraduates and above."

CLAYTON, MARTIN. Poussin. Works on Paper. Drawings from the Collection of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. London: Merrell Holberton, 1995.

Review: P. Rosenberg and L.-A. Prat in Burlington Magazine 137 (1995), 690–691: Exhibition catalog containing reproductions of one of the most important collections of the artist's drawings.

CONISBEE, PHILIP. Georges de La Tour and his World. New Haven: Yale UP, 1996.

COPE, KEVIN, ed. 1650–1850: Ideas, Aesthetics, and Inquiries in the Early Modern Era. Vol. 1. New York: AMS Press, 1994.

Review: Mona Scheuermann in SoAR 61.1 (1996), 166–69: S. finds that "[T]he inaugural volume of [this journal] is impressive. The essays are first rate, representing a broad range of scholarship in terms of subject matter but not, thankfully, in terms of approach. That is, the great preponderance of these essays represent solid work that is shaped by scholarly rather than political agendas," according to the reviewer. The editor "sees the focus of his journal demarcated not by what he considers arbitrary dates but by cultural criteria. 'Dedicated to the early modern era,' he explains, 'this journal will investigate both the idea of modernity and early modern ideas, whether those ideas are parading in the pageant of political culture, rattling in the alchemist's test tube, or expanding in the mind of a literary genius. It will amplify rather than evade the problem of periodicity, looking at the interval from Cromwell to Coleridge as a whole rather than bisecting it along an arbitrary axis' . . . . Interdisciplinary approaches are welcome . . . ."

COUTON, GEORGES. La chair et l'âme. Louis XIV entre ses maîtresses et Bossuet. Grenoble: Presses Universitaires de Grenoble, 1995.

Review: P. Hourcade in PFSCL 23 (1996), 672–673: A scholarly study of the king's love life. C. juxtaposes the various events of this history with B.'s sermons: "Aussi se comprend mieux l'arrière-fond de scrupule et de culpabilité confuse ou intermittente sur lequel s'est déroulée la vie galante de Louis XIV, . . . ." Overall the reviewer finds the study "convincing."

DAMS, BERND H., and ANDREW ZEGA. Pleasure Pavilions and Follies: In the Gardens of the Ancien Régime. Paris: Flammarion, 1995.

Review: T. J. McCormick in Choice 33 (1996), 1298: "Divided into four chronological sections by reign (from Louis XIII to Louis XVI), each preceded by a brief but excellent introduction, this is a serious study of the pavilions built in French gardens from 1630 to the Revolution," states the reviewer; "it is illustrated with excellent modern watercolors of each of the major ones, including those destroyed. . . . In keeping with current concerns, patronage and context are given considerable space. The building discussions include such famous chateaus [sic] as Richelieu, Marly, and . . . Versailles, . . . as well as 'independent' pavilions at Louveciennes, Chateloup, and La Chasse; buildings in such gardens as those at Ermenonville, the Désert de Retz, and the Parc Monceau are considered in detail. Lesser known buildings at Betz and Courbert are also included." This book "[S]hould have a wide appeal," says M., who "[H]ighly recommend[s]" it.

D'ARUNDEL DE CONDE, COMTE. Dictionnaire des Normands maintenus ou réhabilités par Lettres patentes (1600–1790). Rouen: La Mémoire normande, 1993.

Review: Denis Vatinel in BSHPF 139 (1993), 673–76: Supplements the author's dictionary of the Normand nobility (1975) with records of royal commissions for the full century. Part I contains the records of cases maintained and Part II rehabilitations by "lettres de relief de derogeance" including widows of commoners.

DAVIS, NATALIE ZEMON. Women on the Margins. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1995.

Review: Anon. in VQR 72 (1996), 56–57: D., "using memoirs and other sources, gives us the lives of three women, living 'on the margins' in the 17th century: Glikl as Judah Leib, Marie de l'Incarnation, and Maria Sibylla Merian, a Jewish merchant of Hamburg, [a] French Catholic mystic, and a German Protestant painter and naturalist. By 'margins' the author means that these women were removed from the centers of political power. With her characteristically deft skills as a storyteller, . . . D. brings her subjects alive in vivid stories that will surely be much discussed by historians."

Review: Londa Schriebinger in Isis 87 (1996), 359–60: A "masterful" setting of these lives into "rich intellectual, political, economic and religious contexts." Footnotes provide bibliographical guides at every point touched. Reviewer plays up the contrast of Marie de l'Incarnation's missionary goals to save the "unclothed Hurons" and the Protestant Marie Merian's field work in Surinam.

DEFFAIN, DOMINIQUE. Un voyageur français en Nouvelle-France au XVIIe siècle. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1996.

Analyzes the ten accounts that Père Paul Le Jeune sent back (1632–1641), an accounting directed to the Order and to Richelieu and propaganda.

DEJEAN, JOAN. "Did the Seventeenth Century Invent Our Fin de Siècle? Or, the Creation of the Enlightenment That We May at Last Be Leaving Behind." CritI 22 (1996), 790–816.

D.'s essay is taken from the forthcoming study Ancients against Moderns: Culture Wars and the Making of a Fin de Siècle. The author contends that ". . . the initial fin de siècle, in seventeenth century France, was bound up with a period of intense intellectual controversy with striking resemblances to the conflict that is currently dividing American society the culture wars that are a sure sign that our fin de siècle is following the earlier French model rather than what is commonly considered the only pattern for a fin de siècle, the nineteenth century fall into decadence. "In fact," adds D., "the end of the seventeenth century in France may well be the only prior fin de siècle with any clear relation to the phenomenon Americans are living today."

DESSERT, DANIEL. La Royale. Vaisseaux et marins du Roi-Soleil. Paris: Fayard, 1996.

DIEFENDORF, BARBARA B. and CARLA HESSE, eds. Culture and Identity in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800): Essays in Honor of Natalie Zemon Davis. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1993.

Review: M. Heath in RenQ 48 (1995), 157–58: More than half of these essays dealing with spiritual, social and cultural identities treat France. Judged "an interesting mixture . . . of close-ups and panoramas, linked by the conviction that portrayal of the past cannot ignore the past's own perspectives." Includes a preface which develops the theoretical underpinnings and a bibliography of Davis' works.

DOUGLASS, FENNER. The Language of the Classical French Organ: A Musical Tradition before 1800. New Haven: Yale UP, 1995.

Review: J. M. Perrault in Choice 33 (1996), 958–59: "The original edition of this title . . . has become a standard work on the French baroque classical pipe organ. D. has made very few changes in this 'new and expanded' edition, but he has added a somewhat testy 16 page chapter ('Toward the Restoration of Grace in Early French Organ Ornamentation') and increased the bibliography from about 160 to 190 entries . . . . The purpose of the new chapter is to make the point that playing or hearing organs built in the classic period will do more to help the present day organist understand how to do the ornaments with proper grace than any amount of reading of treatises or instructional notes."

DUCHHARDT, HEINZ. Altes Reich und europäische Staatenwelt 1648–1806. München: Oldenbourg, 1990.

Review: U. Muhlack in HZ 261 (1995), 921–23: Focus is foreign policy of Germany; 17th c. specialists will appreciate treatment of the imperial politics of Louis XIV. Impressive by its historiographical presentation and its bilan of research, the volume makes an important contribution to the Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte.

DUCHENE, JACQUELINE. Henriette d'Angleterre, duchesse d'Orléans. Paris: Fayard, 1995.

Review: Marie-Odile Sweetser in FR 70 (1996), 111–12: Well written and documented life that animates the dramas of it as well as the important links offered in it with writers and artists.

EL ANNABI, HASSEN. Etre notaire à Paris au temps de Louis XIV. Henri Boutet, ses activités et sa clientèle (1693–1714). Tunis: Faculté des Sciences humaines et sociales, 1996.

ENOS, THERESA, ed. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition: Communication from Ancient Times to the Information Age. New York: Garland, 1996.

Review: R. H. Kieft in Choice 33 (1996), 1614: "As discourse bids to become the foundation of all the sciences, this admirable volume joins other literary, communication, cultural, gender, and ethnic/area studies works that have oozed up through recently opened cracks in the disciplinary terrain to overlay knowledge with new language oriented metadisciplinary maps. It presents [what K. calls] a suggestive array of 467 signed entries . . . for terms, people, historical periods, species (American Indian, electronic, feminist, religious) and valences (film, technology, science) of rhetoric, and such related topics as advertising, dialogics, and poetics. Entries have selective bibliographies and are both well chosen and lucidly written." In the reviewer's opinion, "[T]he cross reference structure is inadequate . . . . A master entry for 'Rhetoric' is oddly absent."

FARAGO, CLAIRE, ed. Reframing the Renaissance: Visual Culture in Europe and Latin America, 1450–1650. New Haven: Yale UP, 1995.

Review: Anon. in VQR 72 (1996), 103: "This lavishly illustrated volume brings together the work of eminent art historians on the cultural interactions of the Old and New Worlds as they bear on artistic production. The essays explode the myth of an Eurocentric Renaissance by laying bare the manifold ways intellectual, economic, social the two worlds on either side of the Atlantic actually interpenetrated. A European Renaissance without the cultural presence of Latin America is unimaginable. Most impressive about this volume," says the reviewer, "is its willingness to debate matters of intense disagreement in art historicism, and to do so with the tools of theoretically informed approaches."

Review: J. Howett in Choice 33 (1996), 1367: The editor, says H., "has assembled an excellent anthology of essays on the period of the Italian Renaissance considered mainly from the point of view of various contemporary cultures and people the 'others' of that period." The reviewer states that "[T]he title probably comes from the concept of 'framing' used in some semiotic studies to avoid the idea that social history is a cause in the development of art. A 'frame' is merely a context or setting for art." "An important epilogue essay by the theorist W. J. T. Mitchell discusses the problem of cultural encounter." This volume is "[H]ighly recommended for anyone interested in the Renaissance and its global 'frame'."

FAVIER, RENE. Les Villes du Dauphine aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Grenoble: P.U.G., 1993.

FEINBERG, LESLIE. Transgender Warriors: Making History from Joan of Arc to Rupaul. Boston: Beacon P, 1996.

Review: M. A. Gwynne in Choice 34 (1996), 545: "'Transgender' describes a person of either sex, defined by anatomy, who has 'transed the gender barrier' to play the role opposite that suggested by anatomy. Such terminology takes a bit of getting used to," declares F., "but this book quickly becomes engrossing. A cross cultural and historical overview of sex and gender, copiously illustrated and referenced, and peppered with personal insights, it argues that 'male' and 'female' are points on a continuum rather than poles . . . ." G. says that ". . . the book's main points are well taken. F. shows that transgender people were honored in some early societies, but that more often, they have been ostracized as antisocial or comic. The author asserts that their oppression is historically and culturally linked with other forms of discrimination based on race, class, and religion; that they have played important roles in social movements throughout history . . . . This is a consistently absorbing, clearly written, and cogently argued book," declares the reviewer.

FERAL, JOSETTE. Rencontres avec Ariane Mnouchkine: Dresser un monument à l'éphémère. Montréal: XYZ éditeur, 1995.

Review: Brian Singleton in ThR 21 (1996), 91: "Somewhat disturbing," in the reviewer's opinion, "has been the recent trend of the devoted disciples of European theatre practitioners turned gurus, less keen on cultural analysis than on blind defence of their spiritual leaders . . . . A. M.'s work has not escaped such hagiographic idolatry, but it is refreshing," says S., "to see that J. F.'s admiration permits a measure of critical distance." The reviewer is pleased "to see F.'s judicious editing of the interview tapes steer the reader to a clearer understanding of M.'s practice, of the relationship between actor and character, actor and space, actor and director . . . ."

FIERRO, ALFRED. Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris. Paris: Robert Laffont éd., 1995.

Review: Jean Lacoste in QL (16–30 juin 1996), 5–6: According to L., ". . . [l']érudition [d'A. F.] est impeccable . . . ." This imposing work ("1 580 pages serrées") contains "quatre livres sous un format commode. Il comprend: une histoire de Paris, qui . . . s'attache à décrire . . . les 'activités' des Parisiens (administration, économie, enseignement, etc.); puis, une chronologie ('Paris au jour le jour') . . . ; un dictionnaire alphabétique, composé de notes précises, mais sans sécheresse, qui laissent une large place aux citations des bons auteurs ([y compris] Boileau . . .) . . . . Une bibliographie de plus de trois cents pages modestement intitulée 'Guide des recherches' complète cet ouvrage de référence qui s'adresse à un public bien plus large que les historiens de métier, à tous ceux qui s'intéressent . . . à cette ville prodigieuse . . . ."

FIORINO, FULVIA. Viaggiatori francesi in Puglia dal quattrocento al settecento. Fasano: Schena Editore, 1993.

Review: G. Jucquois in LR 48 (1994), 377: Valuable insights on intercultural encounters of earlier days. Private as well as literary texts offer a complex and varying picture of the French traveler, from pilgrim to soldier, adventurer, artist, spy, historian, diplomat, etc.

FONTANA, JOSEP. The Distorted Past: A Reinterpretation of Europe. Trans.Colin Smith. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.

Review: P. G. Wallace in Choice 33 (1995), 669: "In this critical reinterpretation of 2,500 years of European history by a respected Spanish historian, F. argues that the modern self image of European culture was constructed through a series of distorted historical mirrors. For example, the Greeks forged their identity in contrast to a false image of the Persians as barbarians. In the following centuries, Europeans refined their sense of cultural superiority through biased impressions of Muslims and 'savage' peoples overseas. Within Europe itself, urban and political elites fashioned [an] image of civilization that excluded 'barbarous' peasants, heretics, and much of Eastern Europe. Ultimately, this distorted history of Europe colors contemporary faith in Western superiority and the apparent victory of Western capitalism while obscuring the multiple lessons of the past. F.'s dichotomies of class and culture are at times too facile," says the reviewer. "Nevertheless, this essay offers an excellent counterpoint to traditional Western civilization texts." This book is "[H]ighly recommended for libraries at all levels."

FRANKO, MARK. Dance as Text: Ideologies of the Baroque Body. New York: Cambridge UP, 1993.

Review: Margaret M. McGowan in TDR 40.2 (1996), 131–34: F.'s book is reviewed with Mary Lewis Shaw, Performance in the Texts of Mallarmé: The Passage from Art to Ritual ([University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1993). The author of Dance as Text "sets out to explore the formalized dance figures of the late Renaissance and early 17th century . . . ." "F., in his analyses of Renaissance dance texts, challenges the dominance of the Platonic paradigm and provides a new model that redefines the canon to include the burlesque with its greater sense of experimentation." "The role of the audience and the complex relations between the performance and its public are central concerns in both studies." "In Dance as Text, F. takes much further his earlier analyses from The Dancing Body in Renaissance Choreography (Birmingham, AL: Summa, 1986). He sets them in a theoretical framework based upon the rhetorical refinement of the word figura and definitions of movement given by the dancing masters Domenico and Cornazano . . . . F. also promotes burlesque ballet to a central place in his design, arguing that it was more experimental and more politically volatile than has hitherto been allowed."

FREY, LINDA, and MARSHA FREY, eds. The Treaties of the War of the Spanish Succession: An Historical and Critical Dictionary. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1995.

Review: C. V. Stanley in Choice 33 (1996), 934–35: "Serving a unique purpose, this volume will appeal to a limited but very motivated user group. . . . A clear and scholarly introductory essay, a chronology, and a genealogical chart aid in the study of this complex subject. A substantial bibliography cites sources in several European languages. . . . An excellent, exceedingly useful resource for graduate collections in history."

GAGER, KRISTIN ELIZABETH. Blood Ties and Fictive Ties: Adoption and Family Life in Early Modern France. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1996.

Review: J. E. Brink in Choice 33 (1996), 1849: "The long held contention that adoption was legally discouraged and finally disappeared in ancien régime France is successfully challenged here by a sample study of legal adoption. In 82 cases between 1540 and 1690, which were drawn up before several Parisian notaries, G. confronts legal principle with the social practice among merchant and artisanal sectors of society." According to B., the author "does a good job of steering the reader through the labyrinth of early modern civil law codes in her explanation of how the 'fictive tie' of adoption could carry provisions for inheritance in the face of the convention that property can only pass through 'blood ties.' This 'cultural portrait' opens an intriguing avenue in the burgeoning history of the family."

GALLOWAY, PATRICIA. Choctaw Genesis, 1500–1700. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1995.

Review: L. G. Moses in Choice 34 (1996), 194: M. judges this work to be "a remarkable synthesis of history, anthropology, and cartography. Questions about where and how the Choctaws lived in prehistory have rarely been asked, let alone answered satisfactorily," says the reviewer. "No study of Choctaw adaptation to the European presence, either before or after the more familiar removal period, can be complete without a consideration of what went before. This study attempts to fill that gap."

GATOUILLAT, FRANÇOISE et ROGER LEHNI. Le Vitrail en Alsace du XIe au XVIIIe siècle. Strasbourg: Editions du Signe, 1995.

Review: BCLF 565 (1995), 195: "Le présent volume . . . présente une sélection de vitraux alsaciens, tant religieux que civils, allant de la période romane au XVIIIe siècle." Abondamment illustré.

GELERNTER, MARK. Sources of Architectural Form: A Critical History of Western Design Theory. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1995.

Review: D. P. Doordan in Choice 33 (1996), 778: "The title of this book serves as an excellent description of its theme: theories concerning the genesis of architectural form. In clear prose, G. . . . surveys the history of various Western theories, from antiquity to the present, explaining the sources of form." D. contends that "[T]he author's thematic focus on the origins of architectural form is both the strength and the weakness of this text." According to the reviewer, "[R]eaders looking for a more comprehensive treatment of design theory, including discussions of professional identity, social ends, and ethical concerns, should consult Paul Alan Johnson's The Theory of Architecture: Concepts, Themes and Practices (1994)." G.'s study contains a "useful bibliography."

GOLDGAR, ANNE. Impolite Learning: Conduct and Community in the Republic of Letters, 1680–1750. New Haven: Yale UP, 1995.

Review: T. J. Knight in Choice 33 (1996), 849: "G. extends recent social histories of Enlightenment intellectuals backward into the generation affected by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. She argues that in the transition from the érudits of 'the old Republic of Letters' to the philosophes of the new, the audience shifted from intellectuals themselves to a wider public; the aims, from personal status to social reform; the focus, from style to content; the behavior, from back scratching to backbiting; and the ethos, from mutual obligation to ideological confrontation. Extensively researched descriptions of dealings among scholars via correspondence, journal editing, book publishing, and personal visits enable G. to deduce the unwritten 'code' of the pre Enlightenment generation. "But for the most part," says G., "this scholarly old guard played by the old rules of going along to get along . . . . G.'s claim to have pushed beyond both traditional intellectual history and the social history of ideas seems well founded," in K.'s opinion. The reviewer adds that G.'s "claims that the Republic of Letters, at least in its older form, operated in only an ill organized 'public sphere' and that its denizens were not protobourgeois citoyens are likely to prove controversial, however."

GOLDSMITH, ELIZABETH C., and DENA GOODMAN, eds. Going Public: Women and Publishing in Early Modern France. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1995.

Review: C. E. Campbell in Choice 33 (1996), 1484–85: According to C., "[T]his collection adds valuable insight into French women from the 17th and 18th centuries. The 14 essays treat 'publishing' in its most literal meaning, i.e., putting something in print. Among the printed items are . . . literary works but also memoirs, guild tracts, legal briefs, letters, a manual on midwifery, and a 'lewd novel.' Because this volume can be considered both literature and history or cultural history, it could fall through the cracks and end up being ignored by both literary scholars and historians. "This would be unfortunate," declares the reviewer, "since both groups would profit from reading it." C. considers the book to be "[a] worthwhile addition in feminist scholarship . . . ."

Review: Biancamaria Fontana in TLS 4857 (3 May 1996), 12: In 17th-century salon life, women are protected and at home in a way they will not be during the course of the Enlightenment and with the vulnerability of public life. The essays collected here "present a picture which is far more intricate and problematic than that suggested by Habermas' ecumenical formula, one which does not lend itself to easy generalizations."

GOLDSTONE, JACK A. Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World. Berkeley/Los Angeles/Oxford: U of California P, 1991.

Review: P. Blicke in HZ 259 (1994), 811–12: Treats various origins of revolution and rebellion. France is included along with England and China but reviewer offers no more details on French aspects.

GREEN, AMY S. The Revisionist Stage: American Directors Reinvent Publishing in Early Modern France. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1996. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Review: Ann Daly in TDR 40.1 (1996), 182: The author "coins the verb 'rewright' to describe what directors do when they reinterpret classic texts. Her study begins with a theoretical overview of rewrighting in the United States since 1968, proceeds with a summary of historical precedents in both America and Europe, and then focuses on productions of plays from a single period or by a single dramatist: Greek and Roman plays; Shakespeare; Molière; and opera. G. wraps up the study with a consideration of rewrighting in the context of postmodernism."

Review: Deborah Kaplan in TJ 47 (1995), 566–67: Two examples of recent interpretations of well known plays: "In Lear, a matriarch living in rural Georgia divides her property among her three working class sons at a family barbecue. At the end of The Misanthrope, Célimène sits alone in her room trying to shut out the sounds of yelling and gunfire, as the French Revolution breaks out in the streets below her window." K. informs us that this "well written and unpretentious book explores such revisionary productions of classic plays" as these modern stagings of works by Shakespeare and Molière. "Using the neologism 'rewrighting,' [G.] calls attention to the creative authority of conceptual directors, whose contributions to revivals have more than matched those of playwrights in recent years. Her book provides socio historical, intellectual, and theatrical contexts for these productions," according to K.; "it offers detailed analyses of their construction and reception; and it tackles the very difficult problem of how to assess them." "G.'s study focuses on the last twenty five years because, she argues, the late 1960s inaugurated the most radically revisionary productions. . . . [This book] includes chapters organized around revivals of works by [among others] . . . Molière . . . ." "G. is at her best," in K.'s opinion, ' when analyzing the intentions behind and impact of specific revivals. Her richest case studies for example, . . . Andrei Serban's The Miser (1989) incorporate material from interviews she did with the directors or from her own observations of rehearsals." "But while she is good at evaluating individual productions, G. does not provide the help her opening chapter seems to promise in developing new criteria for judgment," says K., according to whom G.'s "efforts to historicize are also sometimes unsatisfying." "Despite these reservations," adds K., "[this] is a useful and important book, . . . an essential guide to the theory and practice of performing classic plays in the late twentieth century. And G. is surely right," in K.'s view, "in her claims about the significance of this theatrical activity: however controversial they have been, directorial 'rewrightings' have revitalized classic plays, finding for them a new, contemporary audience. G.'s study is important too as a model of critical openness," declares K.

GRUMET, ROBERT S., ed. Northeastern Indian Lives, 1632–1816. Amherst: U of Massachusetts P, 1996.

Review: R. L. Haan in Choice 34 (1996), 527: "This collection of 16 life histories seeks to 'redirect attention' to some 'all but forgotten lives.' Ranging from the obscure . . . to the recognizable . . . , each of these studies draws on research in local records, oral traditions, and new models of cultural interaction to tell their stories. Each essay focuses on how one particular individual responded to the cultural changes that came with early European colonization in what is now Northeastern US."

GRUNEWALD, MICHEL, ed. Méditations/Vermittlungen. Aspects des relations franco-allemandes du XVIIe siècle à nos jours/Aspekte der deutsch-französischen Beziehungen vom 17. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart. 2 vols. Bern: Peter Lang, 1992.

Review: E. Reichel in Archiv 232 (1995), 239: Proceedings of the Saarbruck/Metz colloque of 26–28 April 1990 reunites perspectives of 44 specialists of Romance, Germanics, Philosophy, History and Comparative Studies. 17th c. specialists will appreciate reflections on the concept of "nation" and absolutism.

HARRIS-WARWICK, REBECCA and CAROL G. MARCH, eds. Musical Theatre at the Court of Louis XIV: Le Mariage de la Grosse Cathos. Cambridge: Cambridge U P, 1994.

Review: M.-C. Canova-Green in MLR 91 (1996), 720–21: "Rediscovered and edited by Rebecca Harris-Warwick and Carol G. March, the manuscript of this "mascarade" presents a number of extremely important aspects, well brought out by the editors, and of great significance both historically and aesthetically." Review: Dianne Dugaw in ECS 29.2 (1995–96), 230: A "splendid study that is sure to change dance and music scholarship." Uncovers important, previous ignored intersections between performance practice, signifying texts, social context, and aesthetics. Authors have cracked the Favier system of dance notation, giving historians of baroque dance an alternative to Feuillet's. The full libretto is included as well as Goussier's article "Choréographie" from L'Encyclopédie.

HART, CLIVE, and KAY GILLILAND STEVENSON. Heaven and the Flesh: Imagery of Desire from the Renaissance to the Rococo. New York: Cambridge UP, 1995.

Review: E. K. Menon in Choice 34 (1996), 112–13: The authors of this book "deliver a fresh perspective on religious imagery (both visual and verbal) by exploring the connection between the twin desires of sexuality and ascent to heaven. Unfortunately," says M., "the classic artistic example, Bernini's Ecstasy of Saint Theresa, has been omitted from the study (the authors chose to focus on English poetry, French and Italian easel painting, and baroque and rococo church decoration in Austria and southern Germany). Nevertheless, the authors have drawn on both archival and 'popular culture' to produce a lucid interweaving of Milton and Caravaggio with frankly pornographic poetry and book illustrations." According to the reviewer, "H. and S. should be commended for their unabashed discussion of sexualized religious imagery and exploration of desire from both heterosexual and homosexual viewpoints, although the latter is explored to a lesser extent. The authors do not impose a theoretical construct, preferring to respect the cultural context within the time period considered." M. declares that "[t]he lack of all too familiar Freudian interpretations results in an extremely refreshing presentation, as does the reading of the visual imagery by individuals whose primary training is seated in the verbal."

HARTMANN, PETER C., ed. Französische Könige und Kaiser der Neuzeit. Von Ludwig XII bis Napoleon III. 1498–1870. München: Beck, 1994.

Review: K. E. Born in RF 107 (1995), 204: B. finds conception of the book unsuccessful (it does not qualify as history), yet a number of the essays are good to excellent — in particular: Ilja Mieck on Henri III, Klaus Malettke on Louis XIV and Hinrichs on Henri IV. Rich "bibliographie raisonnée" of 25 pages.

HASKELL, FRANCIS. L'historien et les images. Trad. de l'anglais parAlain Tachet etLouis Evrard. Paris: Gallimard, 1995.

Review: Jean Lacoste in QL (1er 15 juillet 1996), 14–15: 'Les oeuvres d'art qui, disait Ruskin, sont 'irréfutables' peuvent elles être traitées comme des documents historiques? Dans quelle mesure l'historien peut il se fier aux témoignages visuels qu'elles procurent? A cette question simple, mais fondamentale, . . . F. H. . . . donne une réponse nuancée, 'prudente,' non dépourvue de scepticisme, mais que nourrit une immense érudition de sorte que cet imposant volume de plus de 700 pages, abondamment et, surtout, judicieusement illustré, peut se lire comme la méditation d'un historien de l'art sur la genèse et la vocation particulière de sa discipline. C'est aussi," notes L., "une remarquable galerie de portraits d'érudits et de savants, depuis les 'premiers numismates' de la Renaissance jusqu'à J. Huizinga . . . ." The reviewer describes H.'s work as "[C]e livre passionnant, riche d'aperçus multiples, qui en font presque une histoire de la critique d'art depuis la Renaissance . . . ."

HENAFF, MARCEL. "Introduction: Politics on Stage." SubStance 25.2 (1996), 3–5.

"This special issue proposes to investigate the question of the theatricality of power, from the Renaissance to the Age of Enlightenment." H. refers to Jacqueline Lichtenstein's essay on Corneille's political plays. He also mentions Norbert Elias, "who relies heavily on Saint Simon's Mémoires of the reign of Louis XIV. In that era," says H., "ceremony definitively becomes a technique of staging spectacles."

HENAFF, MARCEL. "The Stage of Power." Trans.Jean Louis Morhange andMarie Line Allen. Substance 25.2 (1996), 7–29.

This article includes discussion of Louis XIV. "Indeed, we can trace the mutation between the ways of the medieval monarchy and those of the Renaissance and the early Modern Age at this juncture. A sort of confusion of genres follows, contemporary with the birth of Absolutism. Progressively, all aspects of the person of the king become public . . . . As Norbert Elias has noted, it is this tendency that Louis XIV took to its height in transforming the most ordinary of his private gestures . . . into public rituals. . . . As J. M. Apostolides has noted, it is no longer so much a matter of reaffirming the sacred origin of the monarchic office, whose principle remains a given, as of impressing subjects with the splendor of the king's image." Thus, H. remarks, ". . . the legitimacy of the monarchy is no longer assured by religious evidence, as it was previously, but must be produced by an elaborate process of persuasion and seduction. . . . The ceremonies of 'royal entrances' into cities, such as that of Louis XIV's entrance into Paris in 1660, or the lavish entertainment of the court (as in 1668), must all contribute to that persuasion and seduction. With its ostentatious luxury and sophisticated etiquette," adds H., "the court of Versailles presents itself as the permanent 'staging' of a power whose legitimacy seems to reside in its display . . . ." "Between the medieval monarchy and the monarchy of the early Modern Age," declares H., "something has changed profoundly: we have passed from belief to make believe."

HOFFMAN, PHILIP T. Growth in a Traditional Society. The French Countryside, 1450–1815. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1996.

Review: F. J. Baumgartner in Choice 34 (1996), 340: "In this revisionist work, H. persuasively argues that earlier historians of French agriculture were wrong in maintaining that the French peasantry was sunk in inertia and formed a barrier to agricultural improvement during the ancien régime. Basing his study largely on records of rent payments and contracts, . . . H. employs the methodology of economics to gauge the performance of French agriculture prior to 1789. . . . The records used for H.'s study . . . are too scattered in time and place to allow more than a tentative conclusion," says B., "and the title is misleading in that very few of the data are before 1600 or after 1789. . . . Undergraduates will find this book difficult going," in B.'s opinion, "but advanced scholars in economics and history will discover it rewards the effort to read it."

HOGG, IAN V. Battles: A Concise Dictionary. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace, 1995.

Review: D. Auchter in Choice 34 (1996), 100: A. describes this dictionary as a work "whose strength lies in its succinct, easily understood writing style. Covering battles from all eras, more than 500 entries . . . provide the date, location, vital statistics, and outcome of the battle. Perhaps most useful," says A., "is the brief analysis of the significance of each battle, clearly stated in the entry. Separate appendixes provide a chronology of the development of weapons systems, biographies of notable military commanders, and five detailed battle plans. Many other reference works provide more comprehensive coverage . . . ," says A. But this volume "is a useful and inexpensive alternative for general and undergraduate libraries."

HOURCADE, PHILIPPE. Entre Pic et Rétif. Eustache Le Noble (1643–1711). Paris: Aux Amateurs de Livres-Klincksieck, 1990.

Review: M. Peterson in PFSCL 23 (1996), 684–687: According to reviewer, a "magistral livre" on this second-rank author. Of interest especially to cultural historians.

HULTS, LINDA C. The Print in the Western World: An Introductory History. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1996.

Review: P. Emison in Choice 34 (1996), 444: "The history of prints is a vital complement to the standard history of painting, sculpture, and architecture," says the reviewer, who adds that "anyone tackling this great chronicle should come away convinced of it. Profusely illustrated and equipped with basic bibliographic apparatus . . . , this [book] provides the long wished for replacement for A. Hyatt Mayor's pleasant but unpaginated and generally casual Prints & People . . . . More thoughtful and provocative than some of its sister surveys of the 'finer arts,' H.'s tome is enlivened by its reference to recent research literature, and it is qua subject unencumbered by canon." According to E., the book is "[E]ssential for all libraries."

JACKSON, SHANNON. "Civic Play Housekeeping: Gender, Theatre, and American Reform." TJ 48 (1996), 337–61.

"This essay is in part an attempt to theorize the relationship between highly local and intimate moments such as those recounted by Dorothy Mittelman Sigel and the large network of national and industrial forces charted in the historiography of the Progressive Era." In J.'s view ". . . the arena of theatre and performance . . . provides an illustrative means of reconciling various kinds of interpretive dilemmas in turn of the century American studies, particularly the tension in this field regarding the combined analysis of aesthetic and political practices. More specifically the case of Hull House theatre contributes to our understanding of the relationship between theatre and American social reform . . . ." The essay includes a photo of the program of Edith de Nancrède's Marionette Club's production (10 and 12 April 1920) of Molière's Le Bourgeois gentilhomme, and one in which cast members are performing a scene from this production of the play.

JAOUEN, FRANÇOISE, AND BENJAMIN SEMPLE, eds. Corps mystique, corps sacré. Textual Transfigurations of the Body from the Middle Ages to the Seventeenth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994.

Review: S. Bold in PFSCL 23 (1996), 395–396: Studies of the figural and ideological treatment of the body in the first seven centuries of French literature. 17th century studies focus on the Catholic mystery of the Eucharist as transubstantion of Christ's body and the theocratic mystery of the "King's Two Bodies."

• See French 17 (1995).

JENKINS, RON. Subversive Laughter: The Liberating Power of Comedy. New York: Free P, 1994.

Review: Amy Seham in TDR 40.3 (1996), 192–97: Reviewed with Joel Schechter, Satiric Impersonations: From Aristophanes to the Guerrilla Girls (Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1994). "In [these books] . . . , both authors evince a passionate belief in the political efficacy of comic performance and laughter as 'subversive' or revolutionary acts." The two authors "use different approaches to present compelling examples of comedy as a potent weapon against oppression." In his book, "J. draws on years of firsthand experience to give readers an intimate, almost ethnographic view of several 'communities of laughter' throughout the world. The book's seven chapters and fourteen pages of photographs present a tour of comedy in seven countries on four continents. J.'s own training in the art of clowning enables him to report on his subjects not only as a scholar, but as a practitioner . . . ." After criticizing some aspects of the study, the reviewer calls it, nonetheless, "an important contribution to the field."

JEUX, SPORTS ET DIVERTISSEMENTS AU MOYEN AGE ET A L'AGE CLASSIQUE. Actes du 116e congrès national des sociétés savantes, section d'Histoire médiévale et de philologie, Chambéry, France, du 29 avril au 4 mai. Paris: C.T.H.S., 1994.

Review: BCLF 565 (1995), 172: Congrès qui "a donné lieu à dix-neuf communications consacrées soit à une vue d'ensemble, soit aux divers aspects (dans toute la France) du thème étudié." Ouvrage richement illustré.

JONES, COLIN. The Cambridge Illustrated History of France. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Review: Anon. in FMLS 31 (1995), 372: Judged "excellent" for its contribution to history and historiography, this exciting volume is equated to "a big exhibition of documents and artifacts on 'The making of France and Frenchness'."

• See French 17 (1995).

KAVANAGH, THOMAS M. "Gambling, Chance and the Discourse of Power in Ancien Régime France." RMS 37 (1994), 31–46.

A finely tuned, informative, reflection on the ways Foucault's reshaping of critical theory and historical analysis applied to gambling/chance. The discourse of moralists and aristocrats (e.g. Frain de Tremblay for the former) is intersected by early probability theorists (P. Remond de Montmort, A. de Moivre) in its movement toward the consolidation of it and statistical ethos. A valuable companion to the author's Chance and the Shadows of Enlightenment (1993).

KIELL, NORMAN. Food and Drink in Literature: A Selectively Annotated Bibliography. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 1995.

Review: N. R. Fitch in Choice 34 (1996), 432: "Timely and valuable and the first of its kind, this compendium recognizes a fast growing and underacknowledged interest in food and wine that has become an obsession in Western culture. The scope is international and literary (some television shows and films are included) and focuses on secondary sources (although [some] primary works . . . are included)." The book also contains "works in such areas as alcoholism, anorexia, bulimia, cannibalism, addiction, and sexuality." There are two sections in the volume: "200 pages on food, with twice as many references as the 123 pages on wine."

KINDLEBERGER, CHARLES P. World Economic Primacy: 1500 to 1990. New York: Oxford UP, 1996.

Review: R. Grossman in Choice 33 (1996), 1695: The author "assesses the factors that have allowed different countries to achieve economic primacy at different times during the past 500 years. . . . The book contains 12 chapters. The first three provide background on the cycle of economic primacy. Subsequent chapters focus, in roughly chronological order, on the various holders of economic primacy . . . [including France]. The book contains tables and graphs but is not extremely technical from an economic point of view," says G., in whose opinion "[T]his detailed, scholarly, and well referenced work will be a valuable addition to all libraries."

KIVY, PETER. Authenticities: Philosophical Reflections on Musical Performance. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1996.

Review: Roger Scruton in TLS 4847 (23 Feb. 1996), 20: "The best" of author's works on musical aesthetics, lively and accessible, with a keen sense of reality. A philosophical tour here reached the vantage point from which the modern habit of "authentic performance" can be surveyed and "found wanting."

LAWTON, DAVID. Blasphemy. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1993.

Review: Anne G. Myles in MP 93 (1996), 371–75: "L. is not writing a straightforward history of the transgressive speech acts that orthodoxy labels as blasphemy (he draws repeatedly on an existing history, Leonard W. Levy's Treason against God: A History of the Offense of Blasphemy [New York, 1981]). Rather, L. is attempting to 'write a fuller and contextualized study of the history of blasphemy as text' . . . and to follow that winding thread into patterns of hierarchy, interpretation, and resistance manifested in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic societies, from biblical Israel to the 1990s. At its best, such a project can give one a thrilling sense of coherence," says M., who believes that this book "measurably succeeds in this kind. The challenge it inevitably faces," notes the reviewer, "is that of striking a balance between the historically specific and the theoretically general. For the most part," in M.'s opinion, " the book succeeds here too, although its history is necessarily representative and broad." M. says that this book "is important and compelling reading for anyone concerned with the relationship between language, authority, and culture." M. argues that this study "could become one of the select group of works that influences the way that scholars in wide ranging fields think and communicate with each other about their material, its significance, and its connections."

LEBIGRE, ARLETTE. La vie judiciaire dans l'ancienne France. Paris: Complexe, 1996.

Review: Anne Muratori-Philip in Le Monde des Livres (2 May 1996), 7: Welcome reissue of now classic treatment of the place of law in everyday life that clears away many popular ideas/prejudices concerning injustices.

LEGENDRE, PIERRE. Trésor historique de l'Etat en France. L'Administration classique. Paris: Fayard, 1992.

Review: I. Mieck in HZ 261 (1995), 133: Clearly formulated, extensive and rich, this new augmented edition of L.'s 1968 Histoire de l'administration demonstrates that "la France relève, elle aussi de la logique du 'Jus Commune' élaboré par la scolastique médiévale."

LE PICHON, YANN. "De l'imitation créatrice." RDM (janvier 1996), 161–60.

A l'occasion du troisième centenaire de la mort de Jean de La Fontaine, Le Pichon se penche "sur l'imagination créatrice, l'interdépendance des arts et leurs corrélations . . . ." Il passe en revue l'exposition de la Bibliothèque nationale sur La Fontaine, surtout ses sources d'inspiration et ses illustrateurs [catalogue publié par la Bibliothèque nationale et Seuil]. Le Pichon commente favorablement aussi le livre de Robert Bared sur La Fontaine publié par Seuil.

LEPPERT, RICHARD. Art and the Committed Eye: The Cultural Functions of Imagery. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996.

Review: A. Pappas in Choice 33 (1996), 1631: The author "takes an interesting tack in this study," according to P., in that "[H]e addresses the history of certain image types (money, death, and especially the human body) in an effort to illuminate the cultural function of socialized looking, looking at art. L.'s first two chapters are notable," says the reviewer, "for their clear exposition of the stakes involved and serve as a theoretical overview . . . . The remainder of the book treats each topic through short readings of specific images, mostly culled from western Europe of the 16th through 19th centuries. Although the brevity of each discussion and L.'s reliance on secondary source material may leave specialists a bit uneasy," in P.'s opinion, the work might be used "in a variety of undergraduate courses. L.'s clear, highly readable prose enhances the usefulness of his text as well as its accessibility to the nonspecialist. This book," adds P., "is a fine complement to any general survey text or to standard period surveys from the Renaissance to the modern era."

LERNER, GERDA. The Creation of Feminist Consciousness from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-Seventy. New York/Oxford: Oxford UP, 1993.

Review: H. Röckelein in HZ 259 (1994), 720–21: Defines feminist consciousness as "the awareness . . . [of belonging] to a subordinate group, . . . of having "suffered wrongs as a group," that this is not a natural but "societally determined" condition, that "they must join with other women to remedy these wrongs . . . and provide an alternate vision of societal organization." In a series of individual portraits, including some lesser known women, L. investigates expressions of this feminist consciousness. Reviewer hopes with L. that "we will at last be able to construct a new recorded History based on a synthesis of traditional (Men's) History and the History of women."

MAAG, KARIN. Seminary or University?: The Genevan Academy and Reformed Higher Education, 1560–1620. Scolar, 1995.

Review: D. R. Skopp in Choice 33 (1996), 1700: "Geneva's determination to school pure, erudite, effective Calvinist ministers led to its renowned Academy in 1559. . . . [I]t withstood sieges, financial stress, plagues, and personnel problems in the period under consideration. M. mines the records of the 'small council, the city's ruling magistrates' to describe these vicissitudes, especially as they affected the schola publica, the Academy's higher level. By comparing its history with institutions in France . . . [and elsewhere], M. deepens understanding of the network of early reformed higher education, particularly in Geneva . . . ." According to the reviewer, "[N]either M.'s anecdotal information nor her use of the incomplete statistical record provide more than a glimpse of the day to day life of the Academy. Readers learn little about the actual educational experiences of its 2,741 matriculated students, or about the even greater numbers of students at the other examined institutions." However, the book is "[R]ecommended for libraries specializing in the Reformation and early modern Europe."

MAJOR, J. RUSSELL. From Renaissance Monarchy to Absolute Monarchy: French Kings, Nobles and Estates. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1995.

Review: Theodore K. Rabb in TLS 4849 (8 March 1996), 5–6: Radically alters earlier narratives, first by the inclusion of hundreds of records of representative regional and national assemblies; recasting Louis XIII as "one of the principal architects of the absolute monarchy" (as much or more so than Richelieu); by focusing on the Robe nobility as more obstructionist than landed old nobility. If the picture of Louis XIV's position of power in the mid-1670's looks familiar, the paths to it look considerably different. Excellent index.

• See French 17 (1995).

MARIN, LOUIS. To Destroy Painting. Trans.Mette Hjort. Chicago: Univ. Of Chicago Press, 1995.

Review: Norman Bryson in BookForm (Fall-Winter 1995), 24–25: Fine situation of Marin in terms of art history with emphasis on his work as a guide to its development and that of painting. The Poussin-Caravaggio relation is central and Poussin's consequent stance as Marin sets it out in "Et in Arcadia ego."

MAKARIAN, CHRISTIAN. "Académie française: Les Secrets d'un sanctuaire." Le Point (10 août 1996), 62–71.

This article includes several color photos (provided by Robert Van der Hilst). There are also detailed color drawings (of Grande Salle, Petite Salle, Bibliothèque de l'Institut, La Coupole, Bibliothèque Mazarine, Appartements privés). "Un lieu de coteries et de jalousies, un mode de fonctionnement critiqué, un décorum désuet, autant de clichés qui ridiculisent la vénérable institution." "De toutes les institutions que le monde entier nous envie, selon le lieu commun du chauvinisme," says M., "l'Académie française est en apparence la plus connue. En apparence seulement, car on répand à son sujet toutes sortes de clichés."

MALANDAIN, PIERRE. "Auteur, autorité sous l'Ancien Régime." RSH 238 (1995), 7–11.

Introduction to thematically related articles in this issue, collected by P. M. "Ainsi réunies, ces quinze études font revenir des thèmes qui sont autant d'éléments constitutifs d'une définition de l'auteur: conscience, expérience, initiative, invention, usurpation, responsabilité, propriété, jeu... [sic]; pour peu qu'on puisse l'élaborer, cette définition se distinguerait . . . de celle que devait consacrer, au XIXe siècle, 'le sacre de l'écrivain,' et déconstruire, à partir de 1960, 'la nouvelle critique.'" M. notes that these articles "jalonnent un parcours chronologique où il n'est pas interdit de repérer des cheminements et des relais, de voir, en particulier, le couple auteur oeuvre se transformer d'une manière de plus en plus nette en couple auteur lecteur."

McNEILL, WILLIAM H. Keeping Together in Time: Dance and Drill in Human History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1995.

Review: Anon. in VQR 72 (1996), 44: "The author calls this short, but wide ranging and thought provoking book, which makes very large claims for the importance of rhythmic movements by communities in the development of human civilization, a 'reconnaissance.' That it is a mind stretching exploration of the thesis that 'keeping together in time' army drill, village dances, and the like consolidates group solidarity by making us feel good about ourselves and the group and thus was critical for social cohesion and group survival in the past. M. points to dance as a precursor to religion and as an element in the development of ever more complex societies."

Review: E. F. Gelbard in Choice 33 (1996), 1628: "This scholarly and creative exploration of the largely unresearched phenomenon of shared euphoria aroused by unison movement moves across the disciplines of dance, history, sociology, and psychology. M. . . . expands his personal response to military drill during WWII by researching, imagining, and hypothesizing about the role of 'muscular bonding' in human evolution. . . . The author follows the practice of group movement around the world and across the centuries, citing both obscure and well known manifestations . . . . In the end, it appears that dance, religion, and warfare are unified in their reliance on the preverbal, visceral response to movement. The author argues that such a powerful, though seldom articulated, human phenomenon deserves further investigation. Highly recommended for all collections."

MC TIGHE, SHEILA. Nicolas Poussin's Landscape Allegories. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.

MENTA, ED. The Magic World behind the Curtain: Andrei Serban in the American Theatre. New York: P. Lang, 1995.

Review: Kazimierz Braun in TJ 48 (1996), 390–91: This study, volume 5 in the series Artists and Issues in the Theater, "concentrates on A.S.'s American career, but also explores both its Romanian and international aspects. It is clearly and logically structured," says B., "and its scholarly apparatus is solid and detailed, comprising sources, notes, bibliography, and productions lists . . . ." "In the chapter about 'New Fabulism' (a term coined by Mel Gussow to describe S.'s emphasis on cyclical cultural rituals of birth, death, and regeneration, celebrated in 'an overall atmosphere of playfulness, fancy, and fun,' M. sagaciously analyses . . . An Evening of Molière Farces . . . [among other productions]." Menta's "background as a director allows him to comprehend fully S.'s theatre work at each stage, and his rigorous yet broad scholarly research permits him to situate S.'s work within theatre history and contemporary culture," notes B.

Review: Jennifer Moore in TheatreS 41 (1996), 57–59: This study "focuses on Romanian director A. S. and the inspiration behind his work in the American theatre. The book examines his early avant garde productions to his re staging of Shakespeare and Chekhov. Evidence of M.'s knowledgeable enthusiasm on the subject asserts itself throughout the book," says J. M., who adds that "his vivid recounting of fifteen productions is absolutely riveting." Among the productions that M. discusses is "Sganarelle: An Evening of Molière Farces." According to the reviewer, "[f]or anyone studying the work of A. S., . . . this book provides an authoritative and entertaining read."

MEROT, ALAIN. French Painting in the Seventeenth Century. Trans.Caroline Beamish. New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 1996.

Review: Marc Jordan in TLS 4873 (23 Aug. 1996), 20–21: "Useful and able synthesis" that goes well beyond Blunt's long-standard (rev. 1973) construction, "intelligently and clearly written with copious illustration." Combines broadly chronological narrative with thematic chapters, e.g. on the Academy, genres, changing relationships of painters. Underpinned with enlightening references to the political, social, and cultural history of the century. Reviewer gives valuable overview of factors effecting changes in the writing of art history since the 1970s. First published in 1994 in French.

Review: D. Posner in Choice 33 (1996), 1300: This book is described as "an excellent, up to date account of the history of painting in the years from the reign [of] Henri IV to the death of Louis XIV. Richly illustrated with well chosen images, it will," in the reviewer's opinion, "be of great use in any courses dealing with the subject. While giving ample space to the major painters of the time, M. calls much needed attention to lesser known figures, many active in centers outside of Paris, and many occupied with work in the 'minor' genres of portraiture, landscape, and still life. The book is mainly descriptive rather than interpretative," says P., "and it raises the question of whether the paintings of the period, seen here as so emphatically diverse in character, display any common 'French' denominator."

• See French 17 (1995).

MEYER, JEAN. Frankreich im Zeitalter des Absolutismus, 1515–1789. Trans.Friedel Weinert. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1990.

Review: I. Mieck in HZ 259 (1994), 504–06: Welcome translation of volume 3 in the Histoire de France series edited by Jean Favier in 7 volumes. Time period covered here is 1515–1789 or the period of Absolutism. Includes treatment of kings and subjects, the power of the masses, the art of governing, the French people, and fluctuations of the period.

MOFFITT, JOHN F., and SANTIAGO SEBASTIÁN. O Brave New People: The European Invention of the American Indian. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico P, 1996.

Review: J. C. Arndt in Choice 34 (1996), 526: The authors "focus on European perceptions of the American Indian in the immediate postcontact period. Through examination of the artistic depictions of Native Americans, the authors argue that European views of New World peoples were shaped by preexisting notions that had deep historical roots, and that these perceptions evolved to fit European motives. The authors . . . begin with a lengthy discussion of European attitudes before contact. They demonstrate that following the meeting of cultures, the humanists' initial identification of a long lost Eden ultimately became a world view that justified the conquest of Native American 'savagery' by European 'civilization.' Despite a sound approach to sources and some solid observations, this work suffers from some glaring deficiencies," according to the reviewer. "A general criticism is the book's unevenness . . . . Furthermore," notes A., "the authors occasionally appear to accept only those historical facts and interpretations that suit their argument."

MOLLAT DU JOURDIN, MICHEL. Europa und das Meer. Trans.Ursula Scholz. München: Beck, 1993.

Review: F.-J. Kos in HZ 260 (1995), 155–56: Worthwhile comprehensive treatment of relationship between Europe and the sea is translated from the French. Perspectives range from the geographical to the biographical (the lives of people who were dependent on the sea — for example, fishermen). Finally M. considers how people portrayed the sea in literature, paintings and music.

MONTAGU, JENNIFER. "The Expression of Passions: The Origin and Influence of Charles Le Brun's "Conférence sur l'expression générale et particulière'." New Haven: Yale U P, 1994.

Review: A. Colantuono in Art Bulletin 78 (1996), 356–358: A study of the artist's theory of visual expression and its impact on later 17th- and 18th-century artistic practice. Reviewer calls the book "exemplary in every sense."

• See French 17 (1995).

MOOTE, A. LLOYD. Louis XIII, the Just. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: U of California P, 1989.

Review: I. Mieck in HZ 259 (1994), 220–21. Excellent biography draws its methodology from the "histoire des mentalités" and benefits from the Annales historiography. Two biographical chapters are followed by a third on "French Absolutism in the Making" and a fourth on "The Legacy of Louis XIII." Good bibliography and detailed name and subject index. 16 illustrations and 5 maps.

MORICEAU, JEAN-MARC. Les fermiers de l'Ile-de-France. L'ascension d'un patronat agricole (XVe–XVIIIe siècles). Paris: Fayard, 1994.

Review: Dominique Dinet in RHEF 81 (1995), 466–67: Vast panorama (and 1,069 pp.) that is solidly documented, shaped by a new methodolody (genealogy, cultural history, administrative analysis) and other research conducted since the 1960s. Contains an important presentation of the "crisis" of the 17th century at the time of the Fronde.

MORRIS, NORVAL, and DAVID J. ROTHMAN, eds. The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society. New York: Oxford UP, 1995.

Review: P. T. Smith in Choice 33 (1996), 1563: "In a handsomely illustrated, large format," this volume includes "14 essays on various aspects of punishment in Western society . . . . The word punishment in the subtitle is more descriptive of the book," according to S., "since the institution of prison as it is presently known is an expensive invention of the industrial age, and is only part of this story." The reviewer states that "[S]tudents of the subject have hitherto had to turn either to specialized books or articles, or to unscholarly descriptive accounts. Here, the editors have taken a middle path of having separate essays summarize the subjects in the light of modern research, providing very full bibliographies. Each chapter stands on its own, and each is highly readable," says S., adding that "[S]cholars of the period will also find much to enlighten them."

O'REGAN, MICHAEL. "Spectacle and Literature in Condé's Funeral Ceremonies." SCFS 16 (1994), 83–93.

Presentation of the "total spectacle" of the two ceremonies as "among the finest fusions of spectacle and literature" with a fine situation of Bossuet's funeral oration. Interesting on double duty of funeral decor for the stage. Illustrations would have much enhanced the evocation of scene.

ORSER, CHARLES E. A Historical Archaeology of the Modern World. New York: Plenum, 1996.

Review: D. B. Landon in Choice 34 (1996), 182: "In a primarily theoretical work, O. outlines a research program for historical archaeology emphasizing a global perspective and a focus on past networks of interaction. In his 'mutualist' approach, the goal is not to describe a specific culture, but to understand the interconnected webs of social relations that create history. O. argues that since the late 15th century, social relations have been shaped by four historical factors that should be the primary focus of research: colonialism, Eurocentrism, capitalism, and modernity." Having cited what the reviewer considers to be weaknesses in O.'s analysis, L. says: "[t]hese problems are fairly minor and do not decrease the value of this bold overview of the potential contributions of an explicitly global historical archaeology."

PAGDEN, ANTHONY. Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain and France, c. 1500 c. 1800. New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 1995.

Review: R. J. Palin in Choice 33 (1996), 1197–98: "By masterfully tracing the arguments that fueled and shaped empire building in the Americas, P. . . . thoroughly explains distinctions among Spanish, French, and British patterns of colonization." "Although most thinkers recognized that a transition from conquest to preservation was necessary, execution of that transition proved troublesome. In [what the reviewer calls] a brilliant analysis of the evolution of empires, P. shows how problems of immigration, overextension, cultural cohesion, and greed undermined the European imperial order. A discussion on federation concludes this well written and important book," notes R. J. P., who "[H]ighly recommend[s]" the volume "for all academic collections."

Review: Richard Tuck in TLS 4860 (24 May 1996), 15: Expanded Carlyle Lectures (Oxford, 1993) exploring the theories of legitimation used in annexing the New World and the self-doubt that besets them in a consistently comparative perspective and differentiation of North and South America. Whereas Spain used just war theory and occupied as sovereigns, Britain and France (to a lesser extent) base themselves on rights of farmers over hunters. Organization followed accordingly. A center-piece in on-going debates with many unpublished secondary sources, unique in its survey, and acute in its judgments.

PARKER, DAVID. Class and State in Ancien Régime France. The Road to Modernity. London: Routledge, 1996.

Review: John Hardman in TLS 4880 (11 Oct. 1996), 31–32: Whether or not the author's recycled Marxist approach is accepted, a valuable synthesis of recent work on 17th-century France is given here, at its best on the comparison of British institutions (Parliament, common law) that were not protections or foundations for French monarchs who found as Charles I did that those on whom they depended did not share their opinions.

PASTER, GAIL KERN. The Body Embarrassed: Drama and the Disciplines of Shame in Early Modern England. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1993.

Review: Linda Woodbridge in MP 93 (1996), 378–81: "Wedding the early modern theory of four bodily humors to twentieth century psychoanalysis, G. P. traces through Shakespeare's contemporaries the subjective experience of bodiliness, that 'most rudimentary form of self presence' . . . . She devotes one chapter each to urine, blood, and excrement and two chapters to breast feeding, drawing on physiological texts, conduct books, obstetrical handbooks, almanacs, witchcraft documents, scatological jest books, and a wealth of other contemporary evidence. She strives to move these bodily discourses out of the scholarly footnotes on 'background' and into a more central place in our thinking, by teasing out from obstetrical advice and dirty jokes some underlying cultural anxieties and preoccupations of the early modern period in England." "Particularly admirable," in the opinion of W., "is P.'s feminist and distinctly unfestive rereading of that linchpin of Bakhtinian carnival theory, the birth of Gargantua . . . ." This is, according to W., "an important book . . . [that] unquestionably addresses some fundamental issues."

PASTOUREAU, MICHEL. Traité d'Héraldique. Préface deJean Hubert. 2nd edition. Paris: Picard, 1993.

Review: L. Biewer in HZ 260 (1995), 496–97: B. notes limitation to French published research but appreciates this convincing and clearly arranged book. Excellently illustrated with a glossary of important terms and name and subject indices.

PATSCHOVSKY, ALEXANDER and HORST RABE, eds. Die Universität in Alteuropa. Konstanz: Universitätsverlag, 1994.

Review: A. Schindling in HZ 261 (1995), 819–21: Collection of a series of lectures from 1992 at the U of Constance which celebrated the anniversary of its founding. This wide ranging volume is praised as an excellent and stimulating bilan. 17th c. scholars will appreciate perspectives on the European university and the spirit of knowledge.

PIERRARD, JEAN. "Dans la lumière de Vermeer." Le Point (2 décembre 1995), 56–66.

This cover story, which announces an exposition opening first in Washington, then in the Hague, includes color reproductions of works by V. "Le génie de V. est dans cette invention d'une peinture à l'horizon d'homme et non plus seulement de monarque ou de prince d'Eglise." In V.'s paintings, says P., "l'approche très septentrionale de la réalité se heurte sans cesse à l'idéal italien; chez lui, la lumière du Nord fait bonne figure avec une maîtrise de l'espace scandée par l'esprit de la Renaissance transalpine." "La guerre déclarée par Louis XIV à la Hollande brise net la carrière de l'artiste. Tout à coup, V. ne trouve plus d'acheteurs."

PIERRARD, JEAN. "Des livres de rêve." Le Point (9 décembre 1995), 62–64.

P. comments on a variety of coffee table books. "[Les] beaux livres de fin d'année . . . abordent tous les thèmes. Une caractéristique, cependant: nombreux sont cette année les beaux livres dans lesquels l'illustration se veut plus importante que le texte." The volumes that P. discusses here "se feuillettent plus qu'ils ne se lisent." Books briefly discussed include: André Chastel, L'Art français: Ancien Régime, 1620–1775 (Flammarion): "Historien quand il le faut, plus à l'aise dans l'architecture classique que dans le gothique, . . . A. C. signe là le meilleur volume de son Art français. Un excellent livre . . . dont les reproductions sont parfois excessivement sombres;" John Steer and Anthony White, Atlas de l'art occidental (Citadelles Mazenod): "Une très bonne et très utile idée: raconter l'histoire de l'art occidental avec des cartes. . . . Entre la carte et l'écrit, un échange de savoir précis et précieux qui, chaque fois, éclaire une période de l'histoire de l'art, des premiers âges celtiques à l'art abstrait américain;" Soeur Wendy Beckett, Histoire de la peinture (Solar): ". . . en matière de peinture son regard [celui de cette "religieuse britannique"] est particulièrement perçant . . . . Clair et pédagogique," says P.

POUZET, REGINE, ed. Charles IX. Récit d'histoire par Louis Dauphin et Bossuet. Clermont-Ferrand: Adosa, 1993.

Review: O. Ranum in PFSCL 23 (1996), 408–409: An edition that clarifies the existence of the text: "[T]he account of Charles IX's reign was to be the culmination of a much larger project of learning French history by the prince as he wrote. This edition reveals that while having research and writing techniques in place, Bossuet actually learned the later history of the sixteenth century along with his royal student."

PREAUD, MAXIME. Antoine Lepautre, Jacques Lepautre et Jean Lepautre (I) (Bibliothèque Nationale. Inventaire du fonds français. Graveurs du XVIIe siècle. XI). Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale, 1993.

Review: S. Loire in Burlington Magazine 138 (1996), 198: Volume 11 of the alphabetical repertory, the first of 3 volumes on the Lepautre. Many prints of considerable documentary value, including items depicting the monarchy of Louis XIV.

RANUM, OREST. La Fronde. Trans.Paul Chemla. Paris: Seuil, 1995.

Review: H. Carrier in PFSCL 23 (1996), 410–413: A very important study centered around the political problems involved in the revolution.

• See French 17 (1995).

REINELT, JANELLE, and JOSEPH ROACH, eds. Critical Theory and Performance. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1992.

Review: James M. Harding in ThR 21 (1996), 89–90: "Although [this book] offers the first comprehensive introduction to critical theory's impact on the study of theatre, drama and performance, the volume is by no means solely relevant to theatre scholars. Indeed," says H., "there is a rhetorical suggestion of this wider relevance in the editors' explanation that recent challenges to genre distinctions and disciplinary divisions hampered their categorization of the book's twenty six essays. These essays not only explore the convergence of critical theory and performance studies; the volume as a whole provides a general introduction to critical theory using the study of drama, theatre and performance as an organizing principle."

REMER, GARY. Humanism and the Rhetoric of Toleration. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1996.

Review: R. W. Cape Jr. in Choice 34 (1996), 263–64: C. calls this book "an exceptionally lucid account of the intellectual and political tradition underlying the idea of religious toleration and the implications of that tradition for contemporary policy on free speech. [R.] traces the idea of toleration to the Renaissance humanists and their commitment to the precepts of classical rhetoric on debating both sides of an issue, decorum in expressing one's views, preference for dialogue . . . , and prudent reasoning." Thinkers discussed include Jean Bodin. The author "traces the vicissitudes of the fortunes of both rhetoric and toleration." According to C., "[t]his wide ranging, thoroughly researched, and systematically argued book makes an important contribution to the history of rhetoric, political theory, and Western intellectual history." The reviewer "[h]ighly recommend[s]" R.'s study for an "[u]pper division undergraduate through professional" audience.

RICHARD, MARIE. Jacques Callot. Les Misères et les Malheurs de la guerre, 1633. Nantes: Musées Départementaux de Loire-Atlantique, 1992.

Review: Charles Teissyre in RFHL 84–85 (1994), 402: M. Richard used the latest historical and scientific research on Callot with very convincing results: "le présent catalogue accorde une place de choix aux livres susceptibles de restituer l'environnement de l'oeuvre exposée". One must admire "la sûreté de l'information et l'élégance de la mise en page," and, in particular, the integral reproduction "des dix-huit gravures des Misères (...) de la guerre, rendues dans des dimensions presqu'identiques (sic) aux formats réels".

RICHET, DENIS. De la Réforme à la Révolution, Etudes sur la France moderne. Préface dePierre Goubert. Paris: Aubier, 1991.

Review: P. Fuchs in HZ 260 (1995), 582–84: Stimulating, thoughtful scholarship by the well known author of La Révolution in the collection Les Grandes Heures de l'Histoire de France (1965, 73, 87, 89) and of La France Moderne: L'esprit des institutions (1973, 80). Of particular interest here are analyses of the Fronde, the Grande Mademoiselle, the Ligue, "La France religieuse," French Oratory, Jansenism, the "bourgeoisie d'offices" and the "noblesse de robe," the "serviteurs du roi/de l'Etat," as well as comparisons between England of 1640 and France of 1789.

ROELKER, NANCY LYMAN. One King, One Faith: The Parlement of Paris and the Religious Reformations of the Sixteenth Century. Berkeley: U of California P, 1996.

Review: E. Peters in Choice 34 (1996), 520: "R.'s posthumously published study of the role of the Parlement of Paris in the complex world of the reformations, the wars of religion, and the triumph of Henri IV is immediately the standard work on the subjects of religion and constitutionalism in 16th century France. R. argues persuasively," says P., "that the role of the members of the Parlement over several generations in asserting both the historical identity of the Gallican Church and the constitutional position of the monarchy in France determined both the survival of a particular kind of Catholicism in France and paved the way for the constitutional changes of the 17th century." P. considers this book to be "[A] model of the new and exciting kinds of constitutional history that have been developed for the study of late medieval and early modern Europe."

ROOT, HILTON L. The Fountain of Privilege: Political Foundations of Markets in Old Régime France and England. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.

Review: Ferdinand Mount in TLS 4843 (26 Jan. 1996), 30: Mixes economic theory and social history, "invigorating for both disciplines," while downplaying the misleading suppositions of moral economy and "mentalites." The Kings of France lacked the credit (which Parliament backed up) for sustained long-term economic growth through the ability to keep political contracts. The free market was disabled by cronyism and blocked access for peasants (with more unrest over it than has been admitted). Process for grievances and dispute settlement were wanting at all levels. Root is "surely right in restoring the political element to its old prominence."

• See French 17 (1995).

ROSSO, CORRADO. Felicità vo cercando. Saggi in storia delle idee. Ravenna: Longo Editore, 1993.

Review: G. Jucquois in LR 48 (1994), 380: A valuable text which brings together essays published separately, all of which treat the idea of happiness from early modern times to today. Reviewer hopes that the Europeanization of education will see broader inclusion of subjects such as these which are eminently interdisciplinary and useful.

SANDERS, BARRY. Sudden Glory: Laughter as Subversive History. Boston: Beacon Press, 1995.

Review: S. I. Bellman in Choice 33 (1996), 945: "This is a welcome addition to the literature on humor and laughter in relation to culture," says B. "S. takes readers on a romp through Western culture, via practice and theory of laughter. He begins his inquiry into what has made people laugh and with what effect with the ancient Hebrews and the Torah. He then moves through the ancient Greeks, the early rhetoricians, the medieval world of the church fathers and carnival, Chaucer and his period, Shakespeare and the Renaissance, Swift, and into modern times. . . . This challenging, highly informative, but by no means hilarious study includes a very extensive bibliography."

SARMANT, THIERRY. Le cabinet des médailles de la Bibliothèque Nationale 1661–1848. Mémoires et documents de l'Ecole des Chartes 40. Paris: Ecole des Chartes, 1994.

Review: M. Jones in Burlington Magazine 137 (1995), 692–693: A history of the institution providing insight into Louis XIV's attitudes.

SAUGERA, ERIC. Bordeaux port négrier, XVIIe–XIXe siècles. Karthala éd., 1995.

Review: Yves Bénot in QL (16–30 septembre 1996), 23–24: "Parmi les cinq principaux ports de France qui se sont consacrés à la traite des Noirs . . . , Bordeaux est celui qui a le plus de mal à assumer son passé, ayant plutôt tendance à l'occulter le plus possible." According to Y. B., the author "montre que Bordeaux ne s'est lancé dans l'armement négrier qu'après les autres, à partir de la mort de Louis XIV." "Le livre suit les vicissitudes de la traite bordelaise, contrariée plus d'une fois par les guerres entre la France et l'Angleterre, mais qui est particulièrement intense entre 1782 et la fin de 1792; dans ces années, les négriers bordelais comme tous ceux de France ont l'avantage de bénéficier de primes que nous appellerions des subventions d'Etat."

SAWYER, JEFFREY K. Printed Poison. Pamphlet Propaganda, Faction, Politics and the Public Sphere in Early 17th-century France. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

Review: Christian Jouhaud in Annales 49 (1994), 444–45: Welcome examination of the accumulated pamphlets of 1614–18 (with some 300 in 1615) that confirms their responses to a cascade of striking events. Examination is not as objects but as indicators of political pressures and culture, seems too abstract to be very fertile and would have profited from considerations of social production.

• See French 17 (1993, 1992, 1991).

SCHECHTER, JOEL. Satiric Impersonations: From Aristophanes to the Guerrilla Girls. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1994.

Review: Amy Seham in TDR 40.3 (1996), 192–97: Reviewed with Ron Jenkins, Subversive Laughter . . . (Free P, 1994). In his book, "J. S. considers mimicry and satire as political acts, shifting between discussions of the politics of performance and the performance of politics. Like [R.] J., [J.] S. sees laughter and irreverence as a tool for the subversion of oppressive hierarchies." The reviewer states that "[S]cholars and practitioners alike will find [these two studies] useful and readable texts for the study of comic performance. J. and S. offer valuable insights based on their own experiences and original research and infused with their passion for progressive politics. Both books recognize comedy's relationship to power and knowledge and both authors encourage readers to make their laughter heard."

SCHLEIFER, MARTHA FURMAN, and SYLVIA GLICKMAN, eds. Women Composers: Music through the Ages. Vol. 1: Composers Born before 1599. New York: Prentice Hall International, 1996.

Review: J. L. Patterson in Choice 34 (1996), 438, 440: "Part of a 12 volume set intended to cover all eras and describe the work of women composers who are absent from most music anthologies and reference works, this first volume is devoted to 19 women composers born before 1599. The entries, written and signed by scholars, are arranged chronologically and generally consist of a biographical essay that includes commentary on the composer's work, a bibliography, translations of texts set by the composer, and musical scores. Unfortunately," says P., "the entries are not uniform; some lack discographies or lists of extant works." "The strength of the series is that for the first time a sizable collection of music by women composers will be available in one high qualty reference collection. Highly recommended [by the reviewer] for music libraries that can afford all 12 volumes."

SCHMIDT, CARL B. The Livrets of Jean-Baptiste Lully's Tragédies Lyriques: A Catalogue Raisonné. New York: Performers' Editions-Broude Brothers, 1995.

Review: B. Norman in PFSCL 23 (1996), 703–704: Reviewer call this a "gold mine of information and a remarkable testimony to the immense popularity of the opera libretto as a literary form."

SCHNAPPER, ANTOINE. Curieux du grand siècle. Les collections d'art en France au XVIIe siècle. Paris: Flammarion, 1994.

Review: G. Warwick in Burlington Magazine 137 (1995), 693–694: An empirical study of individual collections. S. contends that collections are best studied as the product of individual preference. According to reviewer, the study raises urgent methodological questions about the history of collecting.

SCHNEIDER, NORBERT. The Art of the Portrait. Munich: Taschen, 1996.

Interesting views of Rigaud's art.

SCOTT, KATIE. The Rococo Interior: Decoration and Social Spaces in Early Eighteenth Century Paris. New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 1995.

Review: T. J. McCormick in Choice 33 (1996), 1466: "Fiske Kimball's The Creation of the Rococo (1943) was the first detailed study of the development that led from the style Louis XIV to the genre pittoresque in French interior design in the first half of the 18th century. Some of K.'s ideas have been superseded," says M., adding, however, that K.'s "book remains a pioneering work on the subject. The same can be said of Michel Gallet's Paris: Domestic Architecture of the Eighteenth Century (. . . 1972) . . . . Both works are concerned primarily with style and biography." The author of The Rococo Interior "builds on these as well as others, but she is equally concerned with the technological, political, social, and economic concerns and movements as they relate to the architecture the actual creation and building, the functions, and the symbolism of the buildings as well as their stylistic development. . . . This carefully balanced, first rate study never loses sight of the work of art," according to the reviewer, who states that the book has "[s]uperb black and white and color illustrations" as well as "very complete notes and bibliography."

SEIFERT, LEWIS C. "Eroticizing the Fronde: Sexual Deviance and Political Disorder in the 'Mazarinades'." ECr 35 (1995), 22–36.

Well documented study argues "that the Fronde had momentous and ambiguous effects on the cultural representations of . . . sexuality." The pornographic pamphlets range in tone from the violent to the humorous or burlesque. Concludes that "the satire of sexual deviance evokes the violence of political disorder as well as the violence of political order."

SILBIGER, ALEXANDER, ed. Keyboard Music before 1700. Schirmer Books/Prentice Hall International, 1995.

Review: E. Gaub in Choice 33 (1996), 1488: "Although music has been written for keyboard instruments since the late 14th century, the literature for organ, harpsichord, and clavichord composed before 1700 is relatively unknown to present day audiences," according to G. The author of this volume "takes some first steps toward forming a canon of pre Bach keyboard music. The book's five sections, each written by a specialist in the music of a particular region (. . . Bruce Gustafson [contributed the section] on France . . .) focus on a selection of 'the composers and pieces that we believe still have most to offer in terms of artistic interest and value'." G. considers this book to be "an essential purchase because its state of the art scholarship approaches this wonderful music entirely on its own terms."

SNODIN, MICHAEL, and MAURICE HOWARD. Ornament: A Social History since 1450. New Haven, CT: Yale UP / Victoria and Albert Museum, 1996.

Review: I. Spalatin in Choice 34 (1996), 115–16: "The stated aim of this expertly written book is to open up discussion of ornament in the area of what might be defined as social history in Europe since the mid 15th century. This is explored through a series of six thematic chapters. Among the topics discussed are ornament and printed image, architectural decoration, the human figure, domestic interiors, and ornament in public and popular culture. Victoria and Albert Museum becomes alive in this large, scholarly book, which is illustrated with excellent color or black and white images on nearly every page." "Highly recommended. General; undergraduate . . . through professional."

SORELIUS, GUNNAR and MICHAEL SRIGLEY, eds. Cultural Exchange between European Nations during the Renaissance. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell International, 1994.

Review: R. A. Foakes in Archiv 232 (1995), 382–83: While praising all of the essays as meritorious, F. questions the term "culture" as a 19th c. concept being applied to the Renaissance as well as "European" to that same period since, as F. declares, "no one appears to have thought of himself as European before the mid-seventeenth century." The 18 essays are the proceedings of the 1993 Uppsala symposium on cultural exchange in Europe between 1500–1715.

STOKSTAD, MARILYN. Art History. New York: Abrams, 1995.

Review: Anon. in VQR 72 (1996), 81: "Some day somebody will write a fascinating sociological study of the art historical textbook, but this is not the place." According to the reviewer, this book "is another ten pound, elephantine survey of European art from its prehistory to modernism (with Asian and African thrown in, de rigueur) and the requisite plates in color and boxes filled with historical or technical bites that add to the story. A glossary of terms rounds out this highly conventional book, which resembles all the other 'surveys' cranked out by Abrams."

STRAHLE, GRAHAM. An Early Music Dictionary: Musical Terms from British Sources, 1500–1740. New York: Cambridge UP, 1995.

Review: S. D. Atwell in Choice 33 (1996), 1104: This book, described as "[w]ell researched and exhaustive, . . . combines rigorous scholarship with ease of reading, and presents material clearly and concisely. The work includes terminology found in French, Italian, Latin, and Spanish dictionaries . . . published in England in the later 16th and 17th centuries, as well as treatise extracts and other miscellaneous writings on music. S. examines terminology in primary sources, covering the areas of theory and composition, genres, instruments, and performance." Although he writes from an "understandably British" angle, S. "includes a plethora of foreign musical terms commonly associated with Continental sources." A., who "recommend[s]" this book "for upper division undergraduates, graduate students, researchers, and practitioners," considers it "indispensable for academic and research libraries desiring to bolster their Renaissance and Baroque music reference collections."

THROWER, NORMAN J. W. Maps & Civilization: Cartography in Culture and Society. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1996.

Review: G. J. Martin in Choice 34 (1996), 182: "T.'s work is a revision of his Maps and Man . . . ." Since he wrote that study "a revolution of ideas and apparatus has overtaken the field of cartography, including the application of the computer. T. believes that the study of the maps provides a needed knowledge for both general readers and geographers. The work treats maps of preliterate peoples, of classical antiquity, early maps of east and South Asia, and cartography in Europe and Islam in the Middle Ages. There are also summaries of cartography in the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment, and the 19th and 20th centuries. Appendixes include selected map projections . . . , a list of isograms, and a glossary of cartographically related terms. The endnotes are useful," says M., "as are map reproductions and the index. The whole constitutes an unusually valuable addition to the literature. All levels."

THUILLIER, GUY. La première école d'administration. L'Académie politique de Louis XIV. Preface byBruno Neveu. Geneva/Paris: Droz-Champion, 1996.

TIMMERMANS, LINDA. L'accès des femmes à la culture (1598–1715). Un débat d'idées de Saint François de Sales à la Marquise de Lambert. Paris: Honoré Champion, 1993.

Review: G. Jucquois in LR 48 (1994), 382–83: Underscores the relevance of the question today, in traditional societies such as the Maghreb. T's revised Thèse de doctorat distinguishes between "la culture profane" and "la culture religieuse" as it demonstrates that the 17th c. was not "antiféministe." T's study offers valuable perspectives as well on the male role. J. mentions in this regard Pierre Darmon's 1979 work on the subject, and the more recent one by Yves Citton, 1994. Impressive 80 page bibliography (in spite of omission noted by J. of Geneviève Reynes' 1987 book Couvents de femmes . . . ), an index of names and a detailed table of contents complete T's welcome study.

• See French 17 (1995).

TOEPEL, ACHIM, ed. John Law. Handel, Geld und Banken. Berlin: Akademie, 1992.

Review: G. Sälter in HZ 260 (1995), 220–22: German translation of important writings of John Law (1671–1729) is based on the Oeuvres complètes edited by Paul Harsin in 1934.

TREXLER, RICHARD C. Sex and Conquest: Gendered Violence, Political Order, and the European Conquest of the Americas. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1995.

Review: Anon. in VQR 72 (1996), 88: "By exploring Spanish writings about the sexual proclivities of Americans, T. sets out to compare European and American sexual behavior around the time of conquest. Second, asserting that discourse on sexuality is primarily a discourse about hierarchies, he explores the relation between power and eros. Finally, he attempts to discern the relationship between sexuality, power and ideas about cultural conquest. Deviant sexual practices justified conquest and the need to convert Americans to Western belief systems. At the same time, asserting the masculine strength of a group also justified complete domination. European culture also confined the discourse available to label the sexual behavior of conquered groups. Exploring the means by which the powerful used both women and boys to foster their own status opens a dialogue into the current relationship between sexual coercion and power."

TURNER, MARGARET E. Imagining Culture: New World Narrative and the Writing of Canada. Montreal: McGill Queen's UP, 1995.

Review: A. L. McLeod in Choice 33 (1996), 1315: "T.'s introduction restates the ideas of several recent literary theorists . . . and proposes that the discovery of the new world was important not geographically but as 'an act of perception and imagination' and that postcolonial peoples find tension between 'imported (and imposed) language' and the surroundings." According to M., "[t]he author does not seem to appreciate the fact that the soldiers and settlers use their native language and that the indigenes do not write, and she fails to acknowledge that the 'imperial' languages are themselves amalgams of many cultural sources."

TURNER, JAMES GRANTHAM, ed. Sexuality and Gender in Early Modern Europe: Institutions, Texts, Images. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993.

Review: Piero Garofalo in TJ 47 (1995), 435–36: "The authors [of the 14 essays in this collection] share in the premise that sex, gender and subjectivity are social constructs and, responding to Foucault's challenge for a new history of sexuality, investigate a broad range of interconnected topics including female subjectivity and representation, sexual politics and appropriation of voice in the creation of just such a history." "Donna [sic] Stanton's essay, 'Recuperating Women and the Man behind the Screen,' challenges Bakhtin's assertion that Caquet (cackle) texts, where a male narrator eavesdrops on women's conversations, represent an abandonment of grotesque realism for bourgeois literature. The gaze of the narrator penetrates the private space to recuperate a subversive discourse which he can then critique in the public space to restore patriarchal rule." "'The Geography of Love in Seventeenth century Women's Fiction' by James F. Gaines and Josephine A. Roberts explores the creation of a new cartography based on the reassessment of physical and emotional space in Mary Wroth's Urania and Madeleine de Scudéry's Clélie. The texts construct an amatory geography that displaces the central position of the love object with the 'production of truth on the part of the lover.' These power relationships operate in a space of ill defined and arbitrary boundaries that deny the possibility of complete possession." G. states that "T. is to be commended for creating an engaging, coherent and extremely suggestive text that provides new perspectives for future research." The reviewer does regret that the essays gathered in this collection focus exclusively on Italy, England, and France. "Under such a broad rubric it's disappointing that other, more marginalized voices of early modern Europe couldn't be included." But for G. "[t]his limitation . . . only serves to underline T.'s thesis: our work has just begun."

VAN KLEY, DALE. The Religious Origins of the French Revolution. From Calvin to the Civil Constitution, 1560–1791. New Haven: Yale UP, 1996.

Review: John Hardman in TLS 4880 (11 Oct. 1996), 31–32: Presents a "dazzling series of theses and antitheses dividing and combining kaleidoscopically over two centuries." Charts the beginning of the end in the Wars of Religion; the destructive force in Jansenism, in which "hijaking" Parlement became more deadly than either institution could have been. Often paradoxical, as is the key to Jansenist discourse. In his own terms, the author is not able to establish a demonstrable link between "Jansenist input and the end result."

VENNING, TIMOTHY. Cromwellian Foreign Policy. New York: St. Martin's, 1995.

Review: M. C. Noonkester in Choice 33 (1995), 672: "To his credit," states the reviewer, "V. relies on precise analysis to clarify the Cromwellian achievement. Neither bold nor flashy, his study disposes of received conclusions regarding the foreign policy of the Protectorate toward the Netherlands, the Baltic countries, and the 'Two Crowns' of France and Spain. . . . C. emerges here as a formidable ruler who was nevertheless limited partly by deficiencies of perception but mostly by financial constraints, the factionalism of army politics, and fear for survival of his regime amid threats of Royalist counterrevolution. . . . This study," says N., "will be extremely useful for specialists in 17th century history, but the publisher should be concerned . . . about the number of typographical errors it contains."

VERGE-FRANCESCHI, MICHEL. Abraham Duquesne. Huguenot et marin du roi soleil. Paris: Eds. France-Empire, 1990. Preface byFrançois Bluche.

Review: Marcel Ducasse in BSHPF 140 (1994), 156–57: Does not supersede the monumental study by Auguste Jal in military matters but does in sociology. A new account of the connections with Colbert.

VERGE-FRANCESCHI, MICHEL, ed. Philippe de Villette-Mursay, mes campagnes de mer sous Louis XIV. Preface byFrançois Bluche. Paris: Tallandier, 1991.

Review: Marcel Ducasse in BSHPF 140 (1994), 157–58: Part I offers a biography (1632–1707); II, memoirs interesting more for administrative and "career" perspectives than for autobiographical details; III, dictionary of sailors, administrators, with much helpful information.

WALZ, RAINER. Hexenglaube und magische Kommunikation im Dorf der Frühen Neuzeit. Paderborn/München/Wien: Schöningh, 1993.

Review: I. Ahrendt-Schulte in HZ 261 (1995), 911–12: Mixed review of this volume which approaches the subject from sociological and communication perspectives.

WEBER, EDITH. Histoire de la musique française de 1500 à 1650. Paris: SEDES, 1996.

Review: Roger Zuber in BSHPF 142 (1996), 137: A valuable, straightforwardly chronological introduction, with a glossary and fine index. Tables present foreign influences. Ch. VI, "Perspectives d'avenir, 1600–1650" follows from chapter treatments of the musical heritage ca. 1500, the Renaissance, humanism, Reformation, and Counter-Reformation.

WELLER, PHILIP. "Stylization and Power: Declamation and the Rhetorical Moment in 'tragédie' and 'tragédie en musique'." SCFS 16 (1994), 179–94.

Shows that Lully's recitative far from being a clumsy and inflated type of diction was a flexible instrument that provided the intelligent singer with what was needed, as well as being a good written record of a lost way of using the language on stage.

WIKANDER, MATTHEW H. Princes to Act: Royal Audience and Royal Performance, 1578–1792. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1993.

Review: Steven Mullaney in MP 93 (1995), 244–48: According to M., this book "is an ambitious study in its design, ranging over more than two hundred years and examining selected plays performed at court in England, France, and Sweden during the reigns of six different monarchs." The author argues that "monarchy and theater were mutually dependent institutions throughout this period and across these national boundaries. Theater relied on the court for royal sponsorship and was also seriously invested in the 'royal mystique' of the king's two bodies. Indeed, W. presents early modern theater as both an educative mirror and a partial embodiment of the monarch." W. treats "what he calls 'royal performances': plays not only acted before royal audiences but also representing, as characters, monarchs in action." Works discussed include Corneille's Cinna and Molière's Tartuffe. In M.'s opinion, ". . . the detailed critical work . . . [in chapters on Louis XIV, Louis XV, and Gustavus Adolphus III] is compelling and persuasive only when it is not being marshalled to support the larger claims of the book." M. contends that "W.'s effort to persuade us that such a wide range of national and court theaters can be viewed as a single tradition defined by fundamentally royalist institutions . . . falters due to the many historical and theatrical distinctions, large and small, that are intentionally blurred or ignored in the service of his argument."

WILLIAMS, GERHILD SCHOLZ. Defining Dominion: The Discourse of Magic and Witchcraft in Early Modern France and Germany. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1995.

Review: J. Harrie in Choice 34 (1996), 189: "Using texts from the period 1400–1650 . . . , [W.] argues that magic as an intellectual and cultural language was used by Europeans to explain the unknown, including witchcraft, the discoveries of the New World, and religious diversity. It was also applied to women, aliens, religious dissenters, and heretics, in an effort to control them by marginalizing them. . . . Methodologically, the book is informed by George Lakoff's notion of experiential realism and other contemporary theories of cultural discourse." H. says that the book's "conceptual framework and dense prose make it of greatest interest to advanced students and specialists in literature and gender studies."

WOOLF, STUART, ed. Domestic Strategies: Work and Family in France and Italy 1600–1800. Cambridge/New York/Port Chester: Cambridge UP, 1991.

Review: P. Fuchs in HZ 260 (1995), 219–20: Collection of five essays originates with the research project "Work and Family in Pre-Industrial Europe" of the European University Institute. Includes L. Fontaine's essay on the Huguenot migration.

WUNDER, HEIDE. "Er ist die Sonn, sie ist der Mond". Frauen in der Frühen Neuzeit. München: Beck, 1992.

Review: U. A. J. Becher in HZ 259 (1994), 810–11. Fills a lacuna since research on this theme has concentrated on 19th and 20th c. W. sees his work as a part of a new history embracing both sexes. B. praises treatment of sources in this vivid picture of women's progress in 15th through 18th centuries.